Effect of changing injection pressure on Mahua oil and biodiesel combustion with CeO2 nanoparticle blend on CI engine performance and emission characteristics

Alternative fuels have sparked a lot of interest as oil deposits have decreased and environmental concerns have grown. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is being researched as a possible replacement for fossil fuels. In the current investigation, the combustion performance, and emission characteristics of CI(Compression Ignition) engine were examined by changing the fuel injection pressure (180, 200, 220 and 240 bar). The biodiesel (B20) used in this analysis was obtained from Mahua oil at 20% v/v blended with neat diesel (20% Mahua Biodiesel + 80% Diesel). CeO₂(Cerium Oxide) nanoparticles were introduced to the B20 fuel at four distinct concentrations are 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Performance characteristics such as BTE(Brake Thermal Efficiency) and BSFC(Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) were inferior to diesel, at 240 bar B20 with 25 ppm CeO₂ indicated 1.9% increased BTE and 3.8% reduced BSFC compared B20 and 6% lower EGT (Exhaust Gas Temperature) compared diesel. At 200 bar, fuel samples indicated slightly higher In-Cylinder pressure and lower HRR (Heat release rate) compared to diesel. At 200 bar FIP(Fuel Injection Pressure), HC(Hydro Carbon) and CO(Carbon Monoxide) emissions were reduced significantly compared to diesel. The largest reduction in smoke opacity and NOx(Nitrous Oxide) emissions were observed at 240 bar with 75 ppm dosage, but CO₂(Carbon Dioxide) emissions were higher at 220 bar.     

Investigation on emission characteristics of alcohol biodiesel blended diesel engine

The present study analyzes the emission pattern of Decanol combined Jatropha biodiesel (JBD100) fueled diesel engine and compared with conventional diesel fuel (D100). Experiments were conducted in a single-cylinder, 4-stroke naturally aspirated diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer at a constant speed of 1800 rpm. Modified fuel was prepared using a mechanical agitator, in which the Decanol concentration was varied from 10 to 20% to JBD100. The physicochemical properties of Decanol combined biodiesel are within ASTM limits. JBD100 promotes a lower level of carbon monoxide (CO) hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke emissions with notable increases in NO_x and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. An inclusion of 20% Decanol in JBD100 reduces the NO_x, Smoke, CO, and HC emission by 7.4%, 4.4%, 5.7%, and 5.9%, respectively, under full brake power.     

Performance of a diesel engine fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel

A direct injection diesel engine fueled by a diesel/biodiesel blend from waste cooking oil up to B100 (a blend of 100% biodiesel content) indicated a combustion efficiency rise by 1.8% at full load. The soot peak volume fraction was reduced by 15.2%, while CO and HC concentrations respectively decreased by 20 and 28.5%. The physical and chemical delay periods respectively diminished by 1.2 and 15.8% for engine noise to pronounce 6.5% reduction. Injection retarding by 5° reduced NO_x to those original levels of B0 (a blend of zero biodiesel content) and combined respective reduction magnitudes of 10 and 7% in CO and HC at 75% load. Increasing the speed reduced CO and HC respectively by 26 and 42% at 2.36 times the droplet average strain rate. By coupling the turbulence model to the spray break-up and chemical kinetics models, increasing the injection pressure simultaneously reduced CO, HC and NO_x at 17% exhaust gas recirculation ratio.     

Performance and emission characteristics of CIE using hydrogen,biodiesel, and massive EGR

Hydrogen is considered as an excellent energy carrier and can be used in diesel engines that operate in dual fuel mode. Many studies have shown that biodiesel, which is sustainable, clean, and safe, a good alternative to fossil fuel. However, tests have confirmed that using biodiesel or hydrogen as a fuel or added fuel in compression ignition engines increases NOx concentrations. Cooled or hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) effectively controls the NOx outflows of diesel engines. However, this technique is restricted by high particulate matter PM emissions and the low thermal efficiency of diesel engines.In this study, gaseous hydrogen was added to the intake manifold of a diesel engine that uses biodiesel fuel as pilot fuel. The investigation was conducted under heavy-EGR conditions. An EGR system was modified to achieve the highest possible control on the EGR ratio and temperature. Hot EGR was recirculated directly from the engine exhaust to the intake manifold. A heat exchanger was utilized to maintain the temperature of the cooled EGR at 25 °C.The supplied hydrogen increased NOx concentrations in the exhaust gas emissions and high EGR rates reduced the brake thermal efficiency. The reduction in NOx emissions depended on the added hydrogen and the EGR ratios when compared with pure diesel combustion. Adding hydrogen to significant amounts of recycled exhaust gas reduced the CO, PM, and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions significantly. Results showed that using hydrogen and biodiesel increases engine noise, which is reduced by adding high levels of EGR.     

The effect of HRG gas addition on diesel engine combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions

Extensive studies have been dedicated in the last decade to the possibility to use hydrogen in the dual-fuel mode to improve combustion characteristics and emissions of a diesel engine. The results of these studies, using pure hydrogen or hydrogen containing gas produced through water electrolysis, are notably different.The present investigation was conducted on a tractor diesel engine running with small amounts of the gas—provided by a water electrolyzer—aspirated in the air stream inducted in the cylinder. The engine was operated at light and medium loads and various speeds.It was found that the addition of HRG gas has a slight negative impact, up to 2%, on the engine brake thermal efficiency. Smoke is significantly reduced, up to 30%, with HRG enrichment, while NO_x concentrations vary in both senses, up to 14%, depending on the engine operation mode. A relative small amount of HRG gas can be used with favorable effects on emissions and with a small penalty in thermal efficiency.     

Effect of nanoparticle on emission and performance characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with cashew nut shell biodiesel

High-rise in the air pollution levels due to combustion of the fossil fuel gives us the opportunity to discover environmentally friendly and clean fuels for the engines. Biodiesel originated from cashew nut shell oil through transesterification process can be blended or used as a neat fuel in unmodified engines. This work investigates the effect of alumina nanoparticles on emission and performance characteristics of cashew nut shell biodiesel. Neat cashew nut shell biodiesel prepared by conventional transesterification is termed as BD100 and biodiesel prepared by modified transesterification with the addition of alumina nanoparticles is termed as BD100A. Experimental results on unmodified diesel engine revealed that emission parameters such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke were decreased by 5.3%, 7.4%, 10.23%, and 16.1% for BD100% and 8.8%, 10.1%, 12.4%, and 18.4% for B100A, respectively, compared to diesel fuel. At full load conditions, compared to diesel fuel, the BTE dropped by 1.1% and 2.3%, whereas the BSFC increased by 3.8% and 5.1% for B100A and B100 correspondingly.     

Hydrogen supplemented natural gas effect on a DI diesel engine operating under dual fuel mode with a biodiesel pilot fuel

In order to slow down the continuing environmental deterioration, regulations for pollutant emissions limitations are increasingly rigorous. The development of new alternative fuels for internal combustion engines is a very interesting solution not only to overcome the pollution problem but also because of the petroleum shortage. In this context, the present work investigates the improvement of a DI diesel engine operating at constant speed (1500 rpm) and under dual fuel mode with eucalyptus biodiesel and natural gas (NG) enriched by various H₂ quantities (15, 25 and 30 by v%). The eucalyptus biodiesel quantity injected into the engine cylinder is kept constant, to supply around 10% of the engine nominal power, for all examined engine loads. The engine load is further increased using only the gaseous fuel (NG+H₂), which is introduced with the intake air. The effect of H₂/NG blending ratio on the combustion parameters, performance and pollutant emissions of the engine is investigated and compared with those of pure NG case. An important benefit in terms of brake specific fuel consumption, reaching a decrease of 4–10% with the 25% H₂ blend compared to the pure NG case, is achieved. Concerning the pollutant emissions, NG enrichment with H₂ is an efficient solution to enhance the combustion process and hence reduce carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and soot emissions at high loads where they are important for pure NG. However for the nitrogen oxide emissions, NG blending with H₂ is attractive only at low and medium loads where their levels are lower than pure NG.     

Evaluation of fuel consumption and vibration characteristic of a compression ignition engine fuelled with high viscosity biodiesel and hydrogen addition

Viscosity property of a fuel is a crucial point for internal combustion engine characteristics. Performance and emission parameters as well as injector's life of an engine is primarily effected by viscosity of the fuels. In present study, effect of high viscosity biodiesel fuels with hydrogen addition was investigated in a compression ignition engine. Biodiesels that are produced from Pongamia Pinnata and Tung oils were used as pure biodiesels as well as blended with low sulphur diesel fuel at the volume ratios of 50% and 75%. Furthermore, hydrogen gas was injected into intake manifold in order to evaluate its effect with the usage of high viscous liquid fuels. The results revealed that brake specific fuel consumption was increased with biodiesel fuels, whereas hydrogen addition into intake manifold improved the consumption. Total vibration acceleration of the engine reduced with biodiesel and hydrogen additions. Frequency spectrum indicated that this decrement was primarily lowered due to less energy transmitted through engine pistons that converted from chemical energy of fuels.     

Assessment of tree seed oil biodiesel: A comparative review based on biodiesel of a locally available tree seed

The present investigation is undertaken to investigate prospect of seeds of a locally available tree (koroch) for biodiesel production. The middle-size, evergreen koroch tree with spreading branches are available in Assam. The characteristics of koroch biodiesel and engine performance fueled by koroch biodiesel are also analyzed reviewing similar results available in the literature so as to ascertain its status. Twelve number of different tree seed oils, reported earlier, are considered for making the present comparative assessment. Though transesterification has been the common process for converting tree seed oil into biodiesel, as evidenced from the literature consulted in this study, but there have been variations of the chemical processes. Variations of the transesterification are attributed to (i) types of catalysis viz., acid (H₂SO₄) or base (KOH, NaOH, and NaOCH₃), (ii) reaction temperature, (iii) molar ratio, (iv) nature of reaction viz., single stage or multi-stage. The outputs of the reaction have also been found varying in terms of yield as well as quality. Quality of biodiesel, however, was found to influence by the nature of feedstock. The assessment of quality parameters was made either by ASTM D 6751 or EN 14214 standards. The major fuel properties such as calorific value, kinematic viscosity, cetane number and cloud point of the reference biodiesel (koroch biodiesel) are compared with the properties of five biodiesel obtained from non-edible tree seed (karanja, mahua, polonga, jatropha and rubber seed) and then ranked them in order of desirable property. No single biodiesel type could be found at top rank with reference to more than one property. With regards to viscosity, except rubber seed biodiesel, all other biodiesels (karanja, mahua, polonga, jatropha and koroch) fulfilled the ASTM D 6751 (1.9-6 cSt) as well as EN14214 (3.5-5) standards. Koroch biodiesel ranks 3rd, 3rd and 6th in case of kinematic viscosity, cetane number and calorific value amongst the biodiesel types considered for the present study. Cloud point of koroch, polanga, mahua, rubber, karanja and jatropha biodiesels are 4, 13.2, 5, 4, 12 and 4 °C. Further, properties of biodiesel were found to have influencing correlation with the fatty acid characteristics of the feedstock. Therefore, biodiesel with desirable properties could be expected form optimum mixing of different feedstock.Eleven number of different engine performance results pertaining to uses of biodiesel are also reviewed in this paper. Varying test conditions with reference to fuel types and blends, engine size and loading pattern are discussed. Engine performance results of koroch biodiesel were then compared with five similar tree-based biodiesel. It is observed that tree seed oil with more unsaturated fatty acids exhibits lower thermal efficiency compared to biodiesel having more saturated acids.     

Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions

In this research, effects of hydrogen addition on a diesel engine were investigated in terms of engine performance and emissions for four cylinders, water cooled diesel engine. Hydrogen was added through the intake port of the diesel engine. Hydrogen effects on the diesel engine were investigated with different amount (0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 lpm) at different engine load (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% load) and the constant speed, 1800 rpm. When hydrogen amount is increased for all engine loads, it is observed an increase in brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency due to mixture formation and higher flame speed of hydrogen gas according to the results. For the 0.80 lpm hydrogen addition, exhaust temperature and NOx increased at higher loads. CO, UHC and SOOT emissions significantly decreased for hydrogen gas as additional fuel at all loads. In this study, higher decrease on SOOT emissions (up to 0.80lpm) was obtained. In addition, for 0.80 lpm hydrogen addition, the dramatic increase in NOx emissions was observed.     

Effect of hydroxy and hydrogen gas addition on diesel engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel

Owing to high growth rate, being non-edible, and environmental friendliness; microalgae is a promising third generation biodiesel raw material. In this study, hydrogen and hydroxy gas aspirated compression ignition engine which was fuelled with microalgae biodiesel and low sulphur diesel fuel blend were investigated in order to evaluate their combined effect. The results showed that the brake power and torque output of the test engine decreased with microalgae biodiesel usage. Moreover, microalgae biodiesel addition results in lower carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, and higher carbon dioxide. The introduction of hydrogen and hydroxy gas compensated the decrement of torque and power output and increment of carbon dioxide emission. The study enlightened that usage of microalgae biodiesel with hydrogen and hydroxy gas addition is a very promising combination from the environmental viewpoint.     

Transesterification of non-edible seed oil for biodiesel production: characterization and analysis of biodiesel

Evaluation of Radish (Raphanus sativus) seed oil (RSO) as a non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production was the main target of the present study. Extraction by solvent disclosed that radish seeds contains 33.50 wt.% of oil. Therefore, biodiesel production from it could be beneficial. Optimized base-catalyzed transesterification of RSO with methanol, ethanol and mixed methanol/ethanol was performed, to produce fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters and mixed fatty acid methyl ethyl esters, respectively. The optimal yields of the methyl esters, ethyl esters and mixed methyl ethyl esters, were 95.55wt.%, 90.66 wt.% and 93.33 wt.%, respectively when the optimal reaction conditions were attained. Fuel properties of the parent oil were positively changed as consequence of transesterification reaction such that they fulfilled the standard limits as prescribed by ASTM D6751. Moreover, fuel properties of (biodiesels + petro diesel) blends conformed ASTM D7467-17 standards indicating their suitability as a fuel for diesel engines. Biodiesels form RSO were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and FTIR spectroscopy, and both techniques conformed its conversion into its corresponding alkyl esters.     

Investigation on combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen-enriched dual-fuel engine operated under waste frying oil biodiesel

Using nonedible waste frying oil (WFO) as biodiesel and hydrogen in the mix composition may partly replace significant quantities of diesel fuel and help reduce fossil fuel reliance. The combination of diesel fuel, waste-fired biodiesel, and hydrogen gas can improve the performance, combustion, and emissions of single-fuel and dual-fuel diesel engines. This may lead to a novel alternative fuel mix pattern and modification for diesel engines, which is the research gap. Although there has been some research on waste-fired biodiesel and hydrogen gas-powered dual-fuel engines with the goal of partly replacing fossil fuels to a larger degree, there has been very little progress in this area. As a result, the current research effort focuses on using diesel fuel (100%, 30%, and 60%), waste-fired biodiesel (at 100%, 70%, and 40%), and hydrogen gas as fuel sources (5 and 10 liters per minute [LPM]). According to the current experiment, it was perceived in both dual-fuel and single-fuel modes. Under duel-fuel mode, the engine results for WFOB70D30 + H10 fuel blend had higher 4.2% (brake thermal efficiency [BTE]), 19.72% (oxides of nitrogen [NO_x]), and 9.09% (ignition delay [ID]) with a minimal range of (in-cylinder pressure, MFB, volumetric efficiency and heat release rate [HRR]) and a dropped rate of 4.34% (brake-specific energy consumption [BSEC]), 33.33% (carbon monoxide [CO]), 39.28% (hydrocarbons [HC]), 9.43% (smoke), and 6.97% (combustion duration [CD]) related to diesel fuel at peak load. However, single-fuel powered diesel engines provide minimal performance for the WFOB40D60 fuel blend with (11.32% lower BTE and 2.04% higher BSEC) and minimal rate of combustion (lower cylinder pressure, 2.12% minimal CD, 14.72% higher ID, minimal HRR combustion, volumetric efficiency, and MFB). Emitted fewer emissions (9.09% less CO, 4.87% less HC, 0.92% higher NO_x, and 1.69% more smoke) than diesel fuel at peak load. Therefore, it was concluded that adding 10 LPM of hydrogen gas to the biodiesel under a dual-fuel condition leads to better combustion, better performance, and less pollution than the single-fuel mode of operation.     

Hydrogen enriched waste oil biodiesel usage in compression ignition engine

In the present study, hydrogen enrichment for biodiesel-diesel blends was evaluated to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Biodiesel was obtained from waste oil and blended to pure diesel fuel by volume fraction of 0%, 10% and 20%. After that, pure hydrogen was introduced through the intake air at different flow rates. Effects of pure hydrogen on performance and emission characteristics were investigated by evaluating power, torque, specific fuel consumption, CO, CO₂ and NO_x emissions. Experimental study revealed that waste oil biodiesel usage deteriorated performance and emission parameters except CO emissions. However, the enrichment test fuels with hydrogen fuel can improve performance characteristics and emission parameters, whereas it increased NO_x emissions. Brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were improved when the test fuels enriched with hydrogen gas. Because of absence of carbon atoms in the chemical structure of the hydrogen fuel, hydrogen addition dropped CO and CO₂ emissions but increment in cylinder temperature caused rising in NO_x emissions.     

Investigation on the mixture formation,combustion characteristics and performance of a Diesel engine fueled with Diesel,Biodiesel B20 and hydrogen addition

An experimental and numerical study was performed to investigate the impact of Biodiesel B20 (blends 20% Rapeseed methyl ester with 80 % Diesel volumetric fraction) and different energetic fractions of hydrogen content (between 0 and 5%) on the mixture formation, combustion characteristics, engine performance and pollutant emissions formation. Experiments were carried out on a tractor Diesel engine, four-cylinders, four-stroke, 50 kW/2400 rpm, and direct injection. Simulations were conducted using the AVL codes (HYDSIM and BOOST 2013). Simulation results were validated against experimental data, by comparing the inline pressure, needle lift, in-cylinder pressure curves for Biodiesel B20 and pure Diesel fuels at 1400 rpm and 2400 rpm, respectively, under full load operating conditions. Good agreement with a maximum of 2.5% relative deviation on the peak results revealed that overall operation conditions Biodiesel B20 provides lower engine performance, efficiency, and emissions except the NOx which are slightly increased. The Biodiesel B20 has shorter ignition delay. By hydrogen addition to B20 with aspiration of the intake air flow the CO emissions, smoke, and total unburned hydrocarbon emissions THC decreased, while the NOx kept the same increasing trend for 1400 rpm and has not quite apparent trend for 2400 rpm. The enrichment by hydrogen of Diesel and B20 fuels has not a significant effect on ignition delay.     

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuelled variable compression ratio engine

Experiments has been carried out to estimate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder; four stroke variable compression ratio multi fuel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and its blends with standard diesel. Tests has been conducted using the fuel blends of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% biodiesel with standard diesel, with an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 21 and at different loading conditions. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, brake power, indicated mean effective pressure, mechanical efficiency and exhaust gas temperature. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The results of the experiment has been compared and analyzed with standard diesel and it confirms considerable improvement in the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions. The blends when used as fuel results in the reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide at the expense of nitrogen oxides emissions. It has found that the combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil methyl ester and its diesel blends closely followed those of standard diesel.     

Optimization of diesel engine input parameters running on Polanga biodiesel to improve performance and exhaust emission using MOORA technique with standard deviation

Fast exhausting fossil fuel reserves and high rise in the air pollution levels due to combustion of these fuels bound us to discover some cleaner and environment-friendly fuels for the engines. Biodiesel from edible and non-edible seed oils has been identified as a better alternate of the diesel fuel in engines with a little sacrifice in terms of power output but with an improvement in exhaust emissions. The aim of the present research work is to optimize the input parameters of diesel engine running on Polanga biodiesel to improve performance and exhaust emissions. The input parameters selected for optimization are fuel injection timing, fuel injection pressure, Polanga biodiesel blend, and engine load with respect to brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon emission, smoke opacity, and emission of nitrogen oxides. Relative weights of the response variables were calculated by standard deviation. The optimum combination of input parameters was obtained by Taguchi-based Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis. Experiments were performed according to Taguchi’s L₁₆ orthogonal array in a random manner in which three replicates of each experiment were noted. The optimum combination of input parameters for maximum performance and minimum exhaust emissions found to be as fuel injection timing 27° bTDC, fuel injection pressure –? 220 bar, biodiesel blend –? B40, and engine load –? 60%. The optimum values of the response variables, at the obtained optimum combination of input parameters, were predicted by Taguchi method and then verified experimentally and a good relation was found between them. These optimum values found to be as brake thermal efficiency –? 36.351%, brake specific fuel consumption –? 0.322 kg/kW-h, hydrocarbon emission –? 2.193 ppm, smoke opacity –? 80.925 HSU, and NO_x emission –? 690.987 ppmv.     

Combustion characteristics of CI engine fueled with WCO biodiesel/diesel blends at different compression ratios and EGR

The present study investigated the effect of compression ratio (CR) with the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology on the performance of combustion characteristics at different CRs and engine loads; the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), volumetric efficiency (VOL.EFF), exhaust gas temperature, carbon dioxide emission (CO₂), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and oxygen content (O₂). The single-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition engine was run on a mixture of diesel and biodiesel prepared from Iraqi waste cooking oil at (B0, B10, B20, and B30). A comparison has been achieved for these combustion characteristics at different blends, load, and CRs (14.5, 15.5, and 16.5) at 1500 rpm constant engine speed. The transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel and ASTM standards have been used to determine the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and compare them to net diesel fuel. The preliminary conducting tests indicated that engine performance and emissions improved with the B20 mixture. Experimental test results showed an increase in BTE when CR increased by 17% and SFC increased by 23%. It also found a higher VOL.EFF by 6% at higher pressure ratios. A continuous decrease in BTE values and an increase in SFC were sustained when the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture was increased. Emissions of carbon dioxide, HC, and NOx increased by 12%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, as CR reached high values. NOx increased with the addition of biodiesel to 35%, which necessitated the use of EGR technology at rates of 5% and 10%. The results indicated that the best results were obtained in the case of running the engine with a mixing ratio of B20 with the addition of 10% EGR, NOx decreased by 47% against a slight increase in other emissions.     

高原地区柴油机燃用生物柴油混合燃料排放特性研究

在高原环境（81kPa）下,对4100QBZL型柴油机燃用不同配比生物柴油混合燃料后的排放特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：与燃用柴油相比,各工况下,HC、CO和碳烟的排放均有不同程度的降低（分别平均下降4．5％～38．4％、15．4％～43．9％和12．5％～65．5％）,高负荷低转速工况下效果尤为明显;NOx的排放也得到明显改善,只有纯生物柴油的NO。排放较柴油上升了0％～2．1％,其他指标均下降（平均下降4．4％～4．9％）。综合考虑,燃用掺混比为30％以内的生物柴油混合燃料,能同时有效地降低HC、CO、NOx和碳烟的排放。     

Hydrogen-enriched palm biodiesel as a potential alternative fuel for diesel engines: Investigating performance and emission characteristics and mitigation strategies for air pollutants

Palm biodiesel is one of the most suitable alternative fuels due to its capability to replace traditional fossil fuel usage in IC engines. Even as palm biodiesel (POBD) reduces harmful pollutant gases, the engine performance is not on an equal scale with neat diesel. To address this shortcoming, an investigation was carried out to examine the application of palm biodiesel (PBD) and hydrogen induction through the intake air at the flow rates of 6 and 8LPM (Litre Per Minute) in the compression ignition (CI) engine. The experimental study shows that POBD has poor engine performance and moderate pollution reduction compared with neat diesel. When compared to POBD and neat diesel, the higher calorific value and other H₂ characteristics improve combustion properties, resulting in higher engine performance and lower pollutant gases (except NOx). When compared to the palm biodiesel blend (BD 30), the results of BD30+8LPM reduced the Specific fuel consumption (SFC) by 0.0885kg/kWh and improved the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 6.67%. The Carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC), and smoke opacity were reduced by 0.047% volume, 29.2 ppm, and 6.52% respectively. A marginal increase in NOx was seen as 297.6 ppm.