红茂草水提取物腹腔注射对小鼠半数致死量的测定

用寇氏法测定了红茂草水提取物腹腔注射小鼠的半数致死量(LD50)。取70只昆明系小白鼠,雌雄各半,体重(20±2)g,按序贯法测出红茂草水提取物腹腔注射小鼠100%致死率的最小剂量和0%致死率的最大剂量,染毒测定其LD50。结果红茂草水提取物腹腔注射小鼠的LD50为1777.5 mg/kg,95%可信限为1585.7mg/kg~1992.5 mg/kg。     

清宫液2号急性毒性试验

为了测定清宫液2号的急性毒性,先经预试验确定最小致死量(Dn)和全致死量(Dm),根据结果将50只小鼠随机分为5组,每组10只(雌、雄各半),分别为清宫液2号每千克体重16500 mg、20000 mg、24000 mg和30000 mg剂量组和生理盐水每千克体重60 mL剂量组,采用改良寇氏法,腹腔注射给药后连续观察7 d,确定清宫液2号的急性毒性,并测定清宫液2号小鼠腹腔注射的LD50。结果表明,小鼠腹腔注射清宫液2号的LD50为(23248.77±692.60)mg/kg,该值大于5000 mg/kg,所以清宫液2号为实际无毒物质,对小鼠腹腔注射无急性毒性作用。     

血根碱的急性毒性研究

为评价血根碱的安全性,采用改良寇氏法进行了血根碱的急性毒性试验。分别采用腹腔注射与灌胃两种给药方式,一次性对小鼠给予不同剂量血根碱,连续观察7 d。结果表明,小鼠腹腔注射血根碱的最大耐受量为15.0 mg/kg,其LD50为9.4 mg/kg,LD50的95%可信限为8.6-10.3 mg/kg;灌胃给药的最大耐受量为2 000 mg/kg,其LD50为1 029.7 mg/kg,LD50的95%可信限为903.7-1 173.2 mg/kg。该结果为血根碱临床剂量的选择奠定了基础。     

新鱼腥草素钠的急性毒性研究

评价新鱼腥草素钠对小鼠、肉鸡的急性毒性。采用常规方法染毒,改良寇氏法计算LD50。结果小鼠腹腔注射新鱼腥草素钠的LD50为119.14mg/kg;小鼠经口染毒,无法测定LD50,内服1日的最大耐受量为12g/kg;肉鸡按1g/kg、2g/kg、4g/kg经口染毒,无任何异常反应。说明新鱼腥草素钠口服无毒安全、腹腔注射有一定毒性。     

连翘酯苷对小鼠的急性毒性及体内诱生IFN-α的研究

测定连翘酯苷对小鼠腹腔注射急性毒性试验的半数致死量(LD50),检测连翘酯苷体内诱生干扰素的效果.腹腔注射连翘酯苷,用改良寇氏法计算半数致死量.眼部采血,ELISA方法测定血清中IFN-α.测得连翘酯苷对小鼠腹腔注射急性毒性的LD50为1 976.5 mg/kg,LD50的95%可信限为1 863.7 mg/kg～2 096.1 mg/kg.连翘酯苷诱生干扰素在48 h达到最高峰845.8 pg/mL±150.92 pg/mL(P＜0.01).表明连翘酯苷为低毒化合物,体内能够诱生IFN-α.     

国产硫酸头孢喹肟对小鼠的急性和蓄积毒性研究

为了研究国产硫酸头孢喹肟对昆明小鼠的急性毒性和蓄积毒性,采用改良寇氏法测定国产硫酸头孢喹肟的LD50;以剂量定期递增法计算蓄积系数,并于给药后第21天给予试验组和对照组小鼠1 LD50的量,观察各组小鼠对硫酸头孢喹肟的耐受性。结果表明,国产硫酸头孢喹肟原料药对小鼠口服LD50大于5 000 mg/kg,其混悬液制剂对小鼠腹腔注射LD50为844.03 mg/kg,LD50的95%可信限为802.05 mg/kg~887.56 mg/kg;蓄积试验中无小鼠死亡,蓄积系数K>5.3;耐受性试验显示,试验组死亡率(10%)显著低于对照组(40%)(P<0.05)。由此可见,国产硫酸头孢喹肟毒性低,临床使用安全,对小鼠没有蓄积毒性,小鼠对本品可产生明显耐受性。     

副猪嗜血杆菌中草药防制方剂的配制及其毒性药敏试验

选择金银花、连翘、蒲公英、枇杷叶、木通、黄芪、甘草组成中草药方剂。取20只小鼠,雌雄各半,体重(20±2)g,按序贯法测出中草药方剂腹腔注射小鼠100%致死率;采用寇氏法将高剂量组与低剂量组的组间剂量比设定为1.15,染毒测定其半数致死量(LD50),测定腹腔注射对小鼠的LD50,取单方草药及其组方对副猪嗜血杆菌进行药物敏感性试验。结果中草药复方腹腔注射对小鼠的LD50为1 374.358 4 mg/kg,95%可信限为1 375.495 2～1 373.221 6 mg/kg;副猪嗜血杆菌对金银花、连翘、蒲公英高敏,对枇杷叶中敏,对木通、黄芪、甘草低敏,但对金银花、连翘、蒲公英、枇杷叶、木通、黄芪、甘草组方水煎剂高敏。该中草药防制方剂的配制及其基本药理试验将为副猪嗜血杆菌病的有效防治提供参考。     

玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素及黄曲霉毒素B1联合染毒对小鼠睾丸的影响

试验旨在探究玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、呕吐毒素(DON)和黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB₁)联合染毒对小鼠睾丸的毒性作用。选用60只8周龄SPF ICR小鼠，适应性饲养10 d后，将体重相近(38.88±0.29)g的48只小鼠随机分为4组，每组12只，低剂量霉菌毒素联合染毒组(LD组)腹腔注射10mg/kgBWZEN+1 mg/kg BW DON+0.5 mg/kg BW AFB₁，中剂量霉菌毒素联合染毒组(MD组)腹腔注射20 mg/kg BW ZEN+1.5 mg/kg BW DON+1 mg/kg BW AFB₁，高剂量霉菌毒素联合染毒组(HD组)腹腔注射30 mg/kg BW ZEN+2 mg/kg BW DON+2 mg/kg BW AFB₁，对照组(CON组)腹腔注射等量玉米油。腹腔注射24 h后处死小鼠，采集附睾精子及睾丸组织样本。结果表明：与CON组相比，LD组(P<0.05)、MD组(P<0.001)、HD组(P<0.001)精子活性均降低；与CON组相比，霉菌毒素联合染...     

狗舌草抗淋巴性白血病有效部位的急性毒性

利用体重 19～ 2 2 g的 BAL B/ c-C雌性小鼠 ,通过腹腔注射 ,从急性半数致死量 L D50 和供试鼠的临床表现等方面 ,检查了狗舌草 60 %乙醇提取物冻干粉的急性毒性。结果发现 ,狗舌草 60 %乙醇提取物对雌性 BAL B/ c-C小鼠腹腔注射的 LD50 为 ( 791.2 2± 170 .17) mg/ kg,95 %可信限为 63 9.15～ 979.49m g/ kg。急性死亡小鼠 (剂量达到 3 3 6.11mg/ kg以上 )在死前表现四肢抽搐 ,盲目运动 ,呼吸急促 ,翘尾 ;未死亡的小鼠表现食欲减退 ,反应迟钝 ,在随后的长期饲养中 ,临床表现逐步恢复正常     

岗梅根醇提液对小鼠的半数致死量(LD_(50))的测定

用寇氏(k-rber)法测定了岗梅根醇提液腹腔注射对小鼠的半数致死量(LD5)0,结果显示,岗梅根醇提液腹腔注射的LD50为37 786.27 mg/kg,95%可信限为33 744.27～42 315.55 mg/kg。表明岗梅根醇提液属实际无毒级,临床日用量安全。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.