不同喷淋量对核废物处置库顶盖毛细屏障效应的实验研究

采用箱体实验方法,通过对粗-细砂交界面水分穿透量和绕流量的定量观测以及基质势的测定,模拟降雨条件,探讨了喷淋量分别为5、10、15、20、25mm/d时对核废物处置库顶盖(粗-细砂交界面)毛细屏障效应的影响。基质势的测定结果表明,在没有达到粗砂进水基质吸力之前,水分在粗-细砂交界面累积量增加并未及时发生横向流动;当交界面的基质吸力达到进水基质吸力后,穿透发生;此后交界面的基质势又很快减小,水分主要发生横向绕流。随着喷淋量的增大,对于粗-细砂交界面,无论是喷淋期间基质势的增加程度还是喷淋结束后基质势的降低程度都很明显;相比较而言,细砂层的基质势变化很小。水分相对绕流量测定结果表明,喷淋量不大于5mm/d时,不会发生穿透;随着喷淋量的增大,通过粗-细砂交界面的穿透量逐渐增大,而横向绕流量随之减小,当喷淋量达到25mm/d时,水分相对绕流量减少至39.7%。     

放射性废物处置库顶盖毛细屏障的研究进展

放射性废物处置库工程屏障的设计对处置库中放射性废物的长期安全具有重要意义.毛细屏障作为处置库顶盖的工程屏障之一,已在国内外得到广泛的应用.阐述了放射性废物处置库顶盖毛细屏障设置的意义,对近年来毛细屏障的一些研究进展进行了分析,提出了一些尚待解决的问题.     

温度及渗透流速影响下的溶解性有机质运移特征

以石英砂为动态模拟实验岩样介质,以平顶山煤田地下水补给源——乌江河水为入渗水样,开展了溶解性有机质运移特征的室内模拟实验,应用软件CXTFIT 2.1进行运移参数的拟合,分析了不同温度及渗透流速条件下溶解性有机质的动态运移特征。结果表明,石英砂中溶解性有机质的运移主要是对流和弥散过程,吸附作用及生物作用均非常微弱;温度升高时,溶解性有机质的弥散度增大,表征对流与弥散作用比率的P指数降低;渗透流速增加时,溶解性有机质的水动力弥散系数相应增大,迁移扩散能力随之增强。     

介质阻挡放电处理甲苯及其放电参量的研究

采用等离子体反应器介质阻挡放电产生低温等离子体处理甲苯,在分析负载等效电路的基础上,利用电压-电荷Lis-sajous图形法对气体放电过程中的放电参量进行测量研究,并探讨了相关工况参数对甲苯去除率的影响.研究结果表明,该反应器所得能量随着电压的增大而增大;气隙等效电容随着外加电压和气隙厚度的增大而减小;电压较低时.电介质等效电容变化不大,随着电压的增大迅速升高,当电压达到一定值后,电介质等效电容变化平缓;该反应器采用粗电极对甲苯的去除率优于细电极;甲苯的去除率随着放电功率的上升而提高,但是能量效率却呈降低的趋势.此外,研究发现甲苯的初始浓度与气体流量与甲苯的去除率呈反比,而与甲苯的绝对去除量呈正比.     

粒径及滤层厚度对石榴石滤料的过滤性能影响研究

以矿物石榴石为新型滤料对黏土原水进行过滤试验,对比粗、中、细3种粒径的滤料的除浊性能和水头损失(以下简称为水损)变化规律,选择最佳的粒径;在600～1 200mm内改变滤层厚度,确定适宜的滤层厚度;调节滤速以实现滤层穿透的同时也达到极限水损,并以此粒径、滤层厚度与滤速为最优工况。结果表明,滤柱装填粒径0.6～1.7mm、厚度900mm的石榴石中砂滤料在滤速8m/h下,具有良好的出水效果和适宜的水损增速,可以达到最优工况。该工况下石榴石滤料对腐殖酸原水中有机物在254nm波长紫外光下的吸光度(UV254)、高锰酸盐指数和总有机碳(TOC)平均去除率分别达30.30%、27.26%和21.65%。     

双层填料生物滞留设施对磷的去除效果研究

生物滞留设施广泛应用于城市径流污染控制,但除磷效果不佳。考察了河沙、黏土、炉渣、粉煤灰、细石英砂、粗石英砂6种单一填料和黏土及粉煤灰的混合填料的磷吸附和解吸效果。结果表明,石英砂适宜作为双层填料生物滞留设施的上层填料;90%(质量分数,下同)河沙+5%黏土+5%秸秆和90%河沙+5%粉煤灰+5%秸秆适宜作为下层填料。磷浓度随双层填料生物滞留设施介质厚度的增加而降低。双层填料生物滞留设施的磷去除率可以达到77.3%~97.1%。     

Ag@SiO_2核壳粒子SERS快速检测辛基酚

以Ag@SiO_2核壳粒子为基底,利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术实现酚类内分泌干扰物的快速检测。采用柠檬酸钠还原硝酸银制得银纳米粒子,以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,在银纳米颗粒表面包裹不同厚度的SiO_2得到Ag@SiO_2核壳粒子。通过透射电镜、紫外光谱、X射线衍射等表征手段对Ag@SiO_2核壳粒子进行了表征和分析。以辛基酚为探针研究Ag@SiO_2粒子表面增强拉曼效应与SiO_2厚度、核壳粒子浓度的关系及辛基酚的检测限,并以此法检测实际环境样品中辛基酚的含量。结果表明,辛基酚的表面增强拉曼效应随着Ag@SiO_2壳厚的增加而减弱,随着辛基酚浓度的增大而增强,且在1 390 cm~(-1)处的峰强信息与浓度有着良好的线性关系,辛基酚最低检测限浓度为1μg·L~(-1),可以实现辛基酚的SERS检     

正渗透复合膜的制备及表征

通过在聚砜铸膜液中加入混合添加剂氯化锂和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),用相转移法制备出多孔支撑层,然后通过界面聚合制备聚酰胺正渗透复合膜,重点研究了添加剂和聚砜浓度对膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,氯化锂使得膜支撑层指状孔更加均一,提高孔隙率,并降低海绵层的厚度,提高了水通量;PVP增强了膜的亲水性,并易于成膜,在保持截盐率的同时提高了水通量;随着聚砜浓度增大,支撑层孔隙率变小,海绵状孔层变厚,生成的聚酰胺层更加致密,加重过程内浓差极化,水通量降低。采用质量分数为9%聚砜同时添加氯化锂和PVP的膜支撑层结构均一,孔隙率较大(68.0%),表面亲水性较强(接触角48.5°),优于2种商用三醋酸纤维素正渗透膜的孔隙率(32.6%和25.4%)和接触角(76.5°和73.5°);在正渗透过程中的自制膜水通量为21.9 L/(m2·h),均高于2种商用三醋酸纤维素正渗透膜(9.5和14.4 L/(m2·h))和文献报道的正渗透复合膜通量水平,并维持了一定的截盐率(盐通量为19.9 g/(m2·h)),表现出优异的正渗透性能。     

Triton X-100在土壤颗粒上的吸附特征研究

采用平衡振荡法,研究了砂土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100的吸附特征。结果表明,砂颗粒对Triton X-100的吸附能力总体较低,单位吸附含量均＜1.1 mg/g;砂颗粒吸附Triton X-100过程中存在显著的吸附剂浓度效应,砂颗粒上Triton X-100含量随着固液比（吸附剂浓度）的增大而减小;吸附容量q_m与平衡常数K_L值随固液比变化而变化,Langmuir方程适用范围是起始浓度C₀相对较小的固液吸附体系;0.5～1 mm石英砂的吸附能力略＞0.2～0.5 mm石英砂,0.5～1 mm和0.2～0.5 mm石英砂吸附Triton X-100变化特征具有显著的一致性,采用高斯拟合模型可以反映出石英砂吸附Triton X-100的变化规律,相关系数R²均＞0.98。     

基于非稳态静电收尘理论的电除尘器运行参数的研究

为了进一步提高电除尘器的收尘效率,满足国家新的烟尘排放标准,依据研究建立的非稳态静电收集理论,提出了电除尘器供电电压及振打周期的优化措施.非稳态静电收尘理论研究与实验研究表明,收尘效率对供电电压存在一最大值,且此最佳供电电压是随极板沉积粉尘层比电阻、粉尘层厚度等动态变化的;振打周期的长短与粉尘层比电阻有关.据此提出的运行参数优化结果表明,对于比电阻不同的粉尘,电除尘器收尘效率最高时对应的供电电压随粉尘层比电阻的增大而降低,对于同一粉尘,最佳供电电压随粉尘层厚度的增长而提高;粉尘层比电阻低于1011Ω·cm时,一般保持极板粉尘层厚度在3～5 mm以内为佳,对于高比电阻粉尘应寻求适宜的清灰方式保障极板处于清洁状态.     

Infiltration and redistribution of LNAPL into unsaturated layered porous media

Enhanced understanding of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) infiltration into heterogeneous porous media is important for the effective design of remediation strategies. We used a 2-D experimental facility that allows for visual observation of LNAPL contours in order to study LNAPL redistribution in a layered porous medium. The layers are situated in the unsaturated zone near the watertable and they are inclined to be able to observe the effect of discontinuities in capillary forces and relative permeabilities. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of LNAPL infiltration into a fine sand matrix with a coarse sand layer, and the second experiment consisted of a coarse sand matrix and a fine sand layer. The numerical multi-phase flow model STOMP was validated with regard to the experimental results. This model is able to adequately reproduce the experimental LNAPL contours. Numerical sensitivity analysis was also performed. The capillarity contrast between sands was found to be the main controlling factor determining the final LNAPL distribution.     

Infiltration and redistribution of perchloroethylene in partially saturated, stratified porous media

Contamination of the subsurface by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) is a widespread problem. To investigate the behavior of a nonspreading, dense NAPL (DNAPL) in the vadose zone, we conducted perchloroethylene (PCE) infiltration experiments in nominally 1- and 2-dimensional (D), stratified porous media. In addition, the usefulness and limitations of a multifluid flow simulator to describe PCE infiltration and redistribution under the experimental conditions were tested. The physical simulations were conducted in a column (1-D) and a flow container (2-D) which were packed with two distinct layers of coarse-grained sand and a fine-grained sand layer in between. Volumetric water and PCE contents were determined with a fully automated dual-energy gamma radiation system. While migrating through the drier parts of the coarse-grained sand layers, PCE appeared to wet the water–air interface rather than displacing any water. In the wetter parts of the porous medium, PCE displaced water and behaved as a true nonwetting fluid. PCE showed a limited response to gradients in capillary pressure and rather high values for the volumetric PCE content were measured in the fine-grained sand layers. This was attributed to the nonspreading nature of PCE. The multifluid flow simulator appeared to predict the initial PCE movement in the vadose zone reasonably well. However, the model was not capable of predicting the final amounts of PCE retained in either the unsaturated or saturated part of the flow domain, mainly because the simulator does not consider the nonspreading flow behavior of NAPLs.     

Remediation of NAPL below the water table by steam-induced heat conduction

Previous experimental studies have shown that NAPL will be removed when it is contacted by steam. However, in full-scale operations, steam may not contact the NAPL directly and this is the situation addressed in this study. A two-dimensional intermediate scale sand box experiment was performed where an organic contaminant was emplaced below the water table at the interface between a coarse and a fine sand layer. Steam was injected above the water table and after an initial heating period the contaminant was recovered at the outlet. The experiment was successfully modeled using the numerical code T2VOC and the dominant removal mechanism was identified to be heat conduction induced boiling of the separate phase contaminant. Subsequent numerical modeling showed that this mechanism was insensitive to the porous medium properties and that it could be evaluated by considering only one-dimensional heat conduction.     

Transport of Escherichia coli through variably saturated sand columns and modeling approaches

A sand column leaching system with well-controlled suction and flow rate was built to investigate the effects on bacterial transport of air-water interface effects (AWI) correlated to water content, particle size, and column length. Adsorption of Escherichia coli strain D to silica sands was measured in batch tests. The average % adsorption for coarse and fine sands was 45.9+/-7.8% and 96.9+/-3.2%, respectively. However, results from static batch adsorption experiments have limited applicability to dynamic bacterial transport in columns. The early breakthrough of E. coli relative to bromide was clear for all columns, namely c. 0.15 to 0.3 pore volume earlier. Column length had no significant effects on the E. coli peak concentration or on total recovery in leachate, indicating retention in the top layer of sands. Tailing of breakthrough curves was more prominent for all fine sand columns than their coarse sand counterparts. Bacterial recovery in leachate from coarse and saturated sand columns was significantly higher than from fine and unsaturated columns. Observed data were fitted by the convection-dispersion model, amended for one-site and two-site adsorption to particles, and for air-water interface (AWI) adsorption. Among all models, the two-site+AWI model achieved consistently high model efficiency for all experiments. Thus it is evident from experimental and modeling results that AWI adsorption plays an important role in E. coli transport in sand columns.     

地下水中轻质有机污染物(LNAPL)透镜体研究

在二维砂槽模型中模拟了轻质油在均匀多孔介质地下水非饱和区中的运移过程。模拟结果表明,地下水毛细区是轻质油污染的重点区,除了ＬＮＡＰＬ的残留以外,进入地下水饱和的ＬＮＡＰＬ终将被地下水顶托回到毛细区中,毛细区以上的约大多民将在重力作用下进入毛细区中,试验中观察到达稳定状态时ＬＮＡＰＬ透镜体的上边缘略微高出毛细区。利用多孔介质毛细管模型,建立了利用界面张力、接触角、介质特征孔隙直径等物理量估算不同位置     

Effect of soil moisture dynamics on dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) spill zone architecture in heterogeneous porous media

The amount, location, and form of NAPL in contaminated vadose zones are controlled by the spatial distribution of water saturation and soil permeability, the NAPL spill scenario, water infiltration events, and vapor transport. To evaluate the effects of these processes, we used the three-phase flow simulator STOMP, which includes a new permeability-liquid saturation-capillary pressure (k-S-P) constitutive model. This new constitutive model considers three NAPL forms: free, residual, and trapped. A 2-D vertical cross-section with five stratigraphic layers was assumed, and simulations were performed for seven cases. The conceptual model of the soil heterogeneity was based upon the stratigraphy at the Hanford carbon tetrachloride (CT) spill site. Some cases considered co-disposal of NAPL with large volumes of wastewater, as also occurred at the Hanford CT site. In these cases, the form and location of NAPL were most strongly influenced by high water discharge rates and NAPL evaporation to the atmosphere. In order to investigate the impact of heterogeneity, the hydraulic conductivity within the lower permeability layer was modeled as a realization of a random field having three different classes. For six extreme cases of 100 realizations, the CT mass that reached the water table varied by a factor of two, and was primarily controlled by the degree of lateral connectivity of the low conductivity class within the lowest permeability layer. The grid size at the top boundary had a dramatic impact on NAPL diffusive flux just after the spill event when the NAPL was present near the ground surface. NAPL evaporation with a fine grid spacing at the top boundary decreased CT mass that reached the water table by 74%, compared to the case with a coarse grid spacing, while barometric pumping had a marginal effect for the case of a continuous NAPL spill scenario considered in this work. For low water infiltration rate scenarios, the distribution of water content prior to a NAPL spill event decreased CT mass that reached the water table by 98% and had a significant impact on the formation of trapped NAPL. For all cases simulated, use of the new constitutive model that allows the formation of residual NAPL increased the amount of NAPL retained in the vadose zone. Density-driven advective gas flow from the ground surface controlled vapor migration in strongly anisotropic layers, causing NAPL mass flux to the lower layer to be reduced. These simulations indicate that consideration of the formation of residual and trapped NAPLs and dynamic boundary conditions (e.g., areas, rates, and periods of different NAPL and water discharge and fluctuations of atmospheric pressure) in the context of full three-phase flow are needed, especially for NAPL spill events at the ground surface. In addition, NAPL evaporation, density-driven gas advection, and NAPL vertical movement enhanced by water flow must be considered in order to predict NAPL distribution and migration in the vadose zone.     

A high-resolution non-invasive approach to quantify oxygen transport across the capillary fringe and within the underlying groundwater

Oxygen transport across the capillary fringe is relevant for many biogeochemical processes. We present a non-invasive technique, based on optode technology, to measure high-resolution concentration profiles of oxygen across the unsaturated/saturated interface. By conducting a series of quasi two-dimensional flow-through laboratory experiments, we show that vertical hydrodynamic dispersion in the water-saturated part of the capillary fringe is the process limiting the mass transfer of oxygen. A number of experimental conditions were tested in order to investigate the influence of grain size and horizontal flow velocity on transverse vertical dispersion in the capillary fringe. In the same setup, analogous experiments were simultaneously carried out in the fully water-saturated zone, therefore allowing a direct comparison with oxygen transfer across the capillary fringe. The outcomes of the experiments under various conditions show that oxygen transport in the two zones of interest (i.e., the unsaturated/saturated interface and the saturated zone) is characterized by very similar transverse dispersion coefficients. An influence of the capillary fringe morphology on oxygen transport has not been observed. These results may be explained by the narrow grain size distribution used in the experiments, leading to a steep decline in water saturation at the unsaturated/saturated interface and to the absence of trapped gas in this transition zone. We also modeled flow (applying the van Genuchten and the Brooks-Corey relationships) and two-dimensional transport across the capillary fringe, obtaining simulated profiles of equivalent aqueous oxygen concentration that were in good agreement with the observations.     

Three-fluid retention in porous media involving water, PCE and air

A classical way to obtain three-fluid retention curves in porous media from measured two-fluid retention curves is based on the Leverett concept, which states that the total volumetric liquid content in a water-wet porous medium, containing water, a nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) and air, is a function of the capillary pressure across the interface between the continuous NAPL and air. This functional relationship results from the assumed condition that in a three-fluid porous medium, the intermediate wetting fluid spreads over the water-air interface. Application of Leverett's concept may not be valid, however, for nonspreading NAPLs like perchloroethylene (PCE). This paper discusses measurements of both PCE-air and water-PCE-air retention curves using a long vertical column in conjunction with a dual-energy gamma radiation system. The data indicate that the Leverett concept was applicable only until a critical PCE saturation had been reached.     

Impact of varying soil structure on transport processes in different diagnostic horizons of three soil types

When soil structure varies in different soil types and the horizons of these soil types, it has a significant impact on water flow and contaminant transport in soils. This paper focuses on the effect of soil structure variations on the transport of pesticides in the soil above the water table. Transport of a pesticide (chlorotoluron) initially applied on soil columns taken from various horizons of three different soil types (Haplic Luvisol, Greyic Phaeozem and Haplic Cambisol) was studied using two scenarios of ponding infiltration. The highest infiltration rate and pesticide mobility were observed for the Bt₁ horizon of Haplic Luvisol that exhibited a well-developed prismatic structure. The lowest infiltration rate was measured for the Bw horizon of Haplic Cambisol, which had a poorly developed soil structure and a low fraction of large capillary pores and gravitational pores. Water infiltration rates were reduced during the experiments by a soil structure breakdown, swelling of clay and/or air entrapped in soil samples. The largest soil structure breakdown and infiltration decrease was observed for the Ap horizon of Haplic Luvisol due to the low aggregate stability of the initially well-aggregated soil. Single-porosity and dual-permeability (with matrix and macropore domains) flow models in HYDRUS-1D were used to estimate soil hydraulic parameters via numerical inversion using data from the first infiltration experiment. A fraction of the macropore domain in the dual-permeability model was estimated using the micro-morphological images. Final soil hydraulic parameters determined using the single-porosity and dual-permeability models were subsequently used to optimize solute transport parameters. To improve numerical inversion results, the two-site sorption model was also applied. Although structural changes observed during the experiment affected water flow and solute transport, the dual-permeability model together with the two-site sorption model proved to be able to approximate experimental data.     

改良型慢滤池处理垃圾渗滤液

为了对慢滤池处理垃圾渗滤液工艺的基本参数进行研究,实验采用改良的小试规模的慢滤池模型,处理来自济南生活垃圾卫生填埋场中后期年龄段高浓度的垃圾渗滤液。重点考察活性炭粉末添加层的厚度、细粗滤料配比以及滤料层上部水层的高度等诸多因素对系统去除污染物效果的影响。实验结果表明,在垃圾渗滤液经过预处理进入慢滤池系统之后,此时调节细粗滤料配比例为2,水层高度为30 cm,活性炭粉末添加层厚度为1 cm,使得系统对各种污染的整体去除效果较好。此时,氨氮、总磷、浊度、色度和COD的去除率分别为75%、65%、90%、97%和81%。