中试螺旋式厌氧反应器处理安乃近制药废水的运行性能

采用50 m3螺旋式厌氧反应器(SPAC反应器:反应器主体直径2.4m,高11m)试验了高浓度安乃近制药废水厌氧生物处理的性能.中试结果表明,在进水COD为10000～ 14000 mg·L-和水力停留时间(HRT)为12 h的工况下,容积COD去除速率(VRR)达到(26.54 ±4.61)kg·m-3·d-1,容积产气速率(VPR)达到(9.55±1.66) m3·m-3·d-1,COD去除率达到94.8％.根据Monod方程拟合结果和负荷冲击试验结果推测,SPAC反应器的最大容积效能可分别达46.08和75.00 kg·m-3·d-1.螺旋式厌氧反应器具有很强的抗冲击能力,在基质浓度跃升到原浓度的3倍及进水流量跃升到原流量的1.5倍时,容积效能没有明显波动,COD去除率保持在95％以上;SPAC反应器处理高浓度制药废水的适宜操作条件为进水COD 30000 mg·L-1,HRT长于12h.     

EGSB反应器水力流态研究

用高效厌氧反应器(EGSB)处理高浓度有机废水,CODCr最高容积负荷达46kg/(m3·d),CODCr去除率在90%以上。采用脉冲示踪法,以LiCl作示踪剂,对反应器的膨胀特性、水力流态规律进行研究。结果表明,水力负荷是影响膨胀特性的主要因素,EGSB的适宜膨胀率应保持在15%~19%。     

串联垂直流人工湿地去除河水中磷的效果

利用在温室内构建的串联垂直流人工湿地模拟装置,以芦苇为湿地植物,填充砾石,研究两种水力负荷(0.2和0.4 m/d)、3个串联级数、有/无植物等对处理北京市清河河水磷去除的影响,试验共持续144 d. 结果表明:①在进水ρ(TP)为0.50~1.77 mg/L(平均值为1.15 mg/L)、ρ(DTP)为0.41~1.53 mg/L(平均值为0.9 mg/L)的条件下,TP去除率随进水ρ(TP)的升高而升高. ②水力负荷为0.2 m/d时,有、无植物3级串联系统磷的去除率分别为38.36%、26.85%;水力负荷为0.4 m/d时,分别为32.42%,23.99%,说明低水力负荷与有植物的条件利于除磷. ③有植物3级串联系统TP去除率平均值为38.36%,大于2级串联系统(28.30%);无植物3级串联系TP去除率平均值为26.85%,大于2级串联系统(21.81%)和1级串联系统(14.98%),串联级数增加,磷去除率升高. 研究显示,水力负荷为0.2 m/d时,有植物3级串联系统的TP去除率最高.      

磷酸酯酶活性对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化抑制的预警作用

为了研究磷酸酯酶活性对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化抑制的预警作用,考察了单相CSTR反应器在容积负荷2.0~8.5kgVS/(m3·d)条件下的酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶活性,并同步分析了挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、容积产气率、pH值的变化.结果表明,酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶活性在容积负荷为2.0~4.0kgVS/(m3·d)时,平均值为14.1,9.8μgNP/(h·mL);容积负荷为5.0~7.5kgVS/(m3·d)时,其平均值为138.4,23.6μgNP/(h·mL);容积负荷为8.5kgVS/(m3·d)的超负荷阶段达到峰值318.1,51.5μgNP/(h·mL)后快速下降.磷酸酯酶活性骤升的时间较VFAs、容积产气率骤降超前2d、较pH值的骤降提前1d.磷酸酯酶活性较常规指标VFAs、容积产气率和pH值等对单相厌氧消化抑制具有一定的预警作用.     

厌氧工艺处理金霉素废水的比较研究

对升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、厌氧复合床(UBF)、内循环厌氧反应器(IC)3种厌氧工艺处理金霉素废水进行了比较研究.研究了反应器的结构特点,从反应器内污泥浓度和传质过程、工程投资等方面分析了3种厌氧工艺对金霉素废水的处理效果.结果表明:IC反应器在容积负荷(N_v)为5.5 kg/(m3·d)(以COD_Cr计)时, COD_Cr去除率平均值为84.36%;UBF反应器在容积负荷为3.5 kg/(m3·d)时,COD_Cr去除率平均值为75.04%;UASB反应器在容积负荷为3.0 kg/(m3·d)时,COD_Cr去除率平均值为71.43%.IC反应器与UASB和UBF反应器相比,在容积负荷,COD_Cr去除率和工程投资方面都具有明显的优势,是处理金霉素废水可取的厌氧工艺.      

厌氧-好氧移动床生物膜工艺处理冰淇淋废水的试验研究

研究了厌氧污泥复合床 好氧移动床生物膜反应器串联工艺 ,处理冰淇淋生产废水的工艺性能和影响因素。试验结果表明 ,在进水CODCr 浓度平均为 3 0 0 0mg L ,厌氧反应器容积负荷 7～ 2 0kg m3·d ,好氧反应器容积负荷 1～5kg m3·d ,系统总水力停留时间 13 1～ 2 8h的条件下 ,该串联工艺的CODCr总去除率大于 90 %     

厌氧迁移式污泥床反应器的水力特性研究

采用脉冲示踪法以NH4Cl作示踪剂,通过其在反应器中的停留时间分布来研究厌氧迁移式污泥床反应器(AMBR)的水力特性。反应器的结构决定了反应器的流态,从而控制着可能达到的处理效率。为优化设计反应器结构研究了反应器的构型、导流板与器壁间距对水力特性的影响。研究发现,反应器的流态介于推流式和完全混合式之间,带有导流板的反应器推流程度更大一些,而底部有孔的反应器推流程度弱,反应器的水力死区较小,均小于20%;导流板与器壁间距为8 mm时最佳。     

有机负荷对秸秆床反应器厌氧生物产沼气的影响

在实验室条件下,以打捆麦秸为固定相,以猪场废水为流动相,采用半连续进料方式,考察了不同猪场废水容积负荷对秸秆床反应器产沼气的影响.结果表明:发酵前25d,较高的猪场废水有机负荷对反应器产气有一定抑制,之后日产气量和容积产气量迅速增加,并明显高于低猪场废水有机负荷的处理,当猪场废水容积负荷为7.2kgCOD/(m3×d)时,厌氧反应器最大容积产气量达2.29m3/(m3×d),产气稳定后维持在1.52~1.76m3/(m3×d),较猪场废水容积负荷为2.4,1.44kgCOD/(m3×d)的处理分别提高了50%和130%以上,对产气中甲烷含量无明显影响;较高的猪场废水容积负荷不利于麦秸厌氧发酵产沼气,发酵后麦秸干物质损失率、纤维素和半纤维素分解率均与猪场废水容积负荷成反比,红外的结果与之一致.对发酵后麦秸水浸提液的DGGE检测表明,维持反应器高有机负荷、低发酵液HRT,促进了厌氧微生物在麦秸表面定植,微生物种群数量和丰富度均明显高于低有机负荷、高发酵液HRT的处理,反应器耐高有机负荷冲击的能力增强.采用秸秆床反应器处理农村常见的秸秆和畜禽养殖污水产沼气是可行的,且较高的废水有机负荷有利于提高反应器容积产气率.     

产甲烷改良UASB启动试验及最优水力条件研究

在中温两相厌氧工艺处理玉米酒精废水的基础上,进行产甲烷改良UASB的启动试验和颗粒污泥的培养,考察水力条件对反应器处理效果的影响。试验采用低负荷启动方式,通过增大处理量和提高进水COD浓度逐级提高容积负荷,通过强制内回流控制反应器中水力条件,使产甲烷改良UASB在最佳条件下运行。63 d后反应器中形成的污泥床颗粒化程度高,粒径>0.7 mm的颗粒污泥占82%以上,产气速率和COD去除率分别达到539 L/d和90%,产甲烷改良UASB启动顺利完成;改良UASB作为两相厌氧工艺的产甲烷相可以自行调节其进水pH,启动时pH的人工调节可以在反应器进入颗粒污泥成熟期时停止;反应器的最佳水力条件为:上升流速为0.62 m/h、回流比300%;最优操作条件下产甲烷改良UASB具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力。     

乙酰螺旋霉素废水生物处理的试验研究

采用相同体积 (6 2L)的升流厌氧污泥床和厌氧复合床处理乙酰螺旋霉素废水 ,当容积负荷为 6 0kg(COD) (m3 ·d)时 ,升流厌氧污泥床和厌氧复合床反应器对SS、COD、BOD5的去除率分别为 6 7 4 %、85 1%、91 2 %和 75 6 %、91 7%、96 1%,结果表明厌氧复合床是高效实用的厌氧生物反应器 ;厌氧出水采用相同体积 (6 4L)的生物接触氧化工艺和周期循环活性污泥系统进行处理 ,当容积负荷为 1 6kg(COD) (m3 ·d)时 ,生物接触氧化反应器和周期循环活性污泥系统对SS、COD、BOD5的去除率分别为 87 9%、85 1%、92 8%和 91 6 %、88 7%、95 4 %,结果表明周期循环活性污泥系统是高效实用的好氧生物反应器 .     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.