阜康葡萄双层覆膜防寒越冬效果分析

阜康葡萄双层覆膜防寒越冬实验结果表明:丰雪年雪被保温效果明显,双膜内平均气温升高11.3℃,双膜内最低温度在1.74.5℃间;枯雪年双膜内平均气温上升83℃,双膜内最低温度在0.39.2℃之间,葡萄可安全越冬。双膜内20 cm处最低温度在丰雪年升温15.0℃,在枯雪年升温14.2℃。影响双膜内温度的主要因子为外界的平均气温、最高气温、最低气温及日照时数等。经分析,选用透光性好的覆盖物促使膜内地温快速回升,揭膜日期提前可避免春季的高温热害。根据天气变化灵活掌握揭膜和覆膜时间可有效避免葡萄遭受倒春寒危害。     

石河子绿洲棉区覆膜内5cm地温变化与气温的关系及膜内5cm地温预报分析

膜内5cm地温稳定通过10-12℃即可播种为棉花适宜播种温度指标,找出地膜内5cm地温与气温的定量关系并进行地温预报,同时确定对应的日平均气温的稳定界限指标值,就成为开展棉花适宜播种期预报的关键所在。以石河子绿洲覆膜栽培棉区为研究对象,分析了2008-2014年棉区春播期膜内5cm地温、气温的变化趋势以及气温与覆膜内、外地温的关系,并建立了膜内5cm地温预报模型。结果表明：近年来石河子棉区春播期内气温和膜内外5cm地温变化趋势一致,均有所上升,且膜内5cm地温显著高于膜外地温和日平均气温。棉田覆膜内外5cm地温与气温之间显著相关（P≤0.01）,石河子棉田覆膜内5 cm地温稳定通过10-12℃时,对应的日平均气温界限范围为6.3-8.2℃;利用逐日气温建立膜内5cm地温预报模型,回代检验绝对误差平均为1.01℃,2014和2015年预报检验绝对误差分别为0.5、0.7℃。预报模型可为更好地开展棉花播种期气象服务提供参考依据     

覆盖与揭膜时间对越冬人参和西洋参出苗影响

人参和西洋参冬季需要覆盖防寒才能安全越冬,覆盖时间和揭膜时间对安全越冬及出苗影响很大,为确定最佳防寒覆盖时间和揭膜时间,2021年11月—2022年6月在吉林省抚松县开展分期覆盖和分期揭膜试验,研究不同覆盖时间和揭膜时间对人参和西洋参越冬期地温及出苗影响。结果表明:人参和西洋参出苗率随着覆盖时间推迟而下降。5 cm地温降至0℃时覆盖防寒,人参和西洋参出苗率最高,是最佳覆盖防寒期;5 cm地温降至-12℃以下覆盖西洋参大部或全部冻死;5 cm地温瞬时低至-14℃时人参出苗率仍达75%;5 cm地温在-14～-8℃之间波动,极端最低为-16℃的裸地人参全部被冻死。人参出苗时5～20 cm地温约为8～9℃,西洋参略高于人参。用高绝热纤维被覆盖防寒,揭膜越晚地温越低,出苗越晚,揭膜时间影响出苗进度,与最终出苗率相关不明显;最佳揭膜时间需根据地形具体分析,早春常发生霜冻地块可结合气候预测,通过揭膜时间控制出苗进度避免春季冻害的发生。     

黄土高原旱作区旬播回荐麦一膜两用带田增产效应分析

１９９０～１９９３年在渭北陇东黄土高原布置了晚播回荐麦一膜两用的田间试验,分析试验结果得：晚播回荐小麦覆膜,增温保墒效应明显,可提高地温２～４℃,节水３０ｍｍ以上,促进了作物早发,保证了小麦安全越冬,比单作回荐麦增产５３．０％,小麦返青揭膜覆于相邻作物带,做到一膜两用,集水调水效应显著,协调了不同作物需水的供需平衡,带田总产８２１２．５～９１２５．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,比单作增产４５％～１６６％。     

由温度论陕西地膜冬小麦种植适宜区北界

选取可以代表从渭北旱塬至陕北北部顺次过渡的 6个站点 ,采用线性回归方程拟合了代表站点的地温与气温之间的关系 ,以此为依据 ,推算出地膜覆盖增加的地温相当于气温拟增加量 ;采用覆膜后 ,各站点累计负积温拟减少 1 2 2～2 1 0℃ d ,极端最低温度平均拟升高 1 8℃计 ,最后再根据小麦安全越冬所能忍受的最大负积温为 4 0 0℃ d及极端最低温度为 -1 8℃ ,区划出地膜覆盖后小麦适宜种植北界。     

黄土高原旱作区晚播回茬麦一膜两用带田增产效应分析

1990～ 1 993年在渭北陇东黄土高原布置了晚播回茬麦一膜两用的田间试验 ,分析试验结果得 :晚播回茬小麦覆膜 ,增温保墒效应明显 ,可提高地温 2～ 4℃ ,节水 3 0 mm以上 ,促进了作物早发 ,保证了小麦安全越冬 ,比单作回茬麦增产 53 .0 %。小麦返青揭膜覆于相邻作物带 ,做到一膜两用 ,集水调水效应显著 ,协调了不同作物需水的供需平衡 ,带田总产 82 1 2 .5～ 91 2 5.0 kg/hm2 ,比单作增产 4 5%～ 1 66%。     

石河子垦区蟠桃越冬不同覆盖方式的安全性对比试验

通过在石河子垦区2个年度开展的草帘膜覆盖法、纸箱塑料膜覆盖法、玉米杆覆土覆盖法等保护蟠桃越冬的对比试验,分析不同覆盖方法覆盖物内外温、湿度资料与冻害发生状况,初步得到：覆盖后蟠桃树周边所处的极端最低温度要高于-22℃~-24℃,相对湿度保持在70~90%才能较好地保证蟠桃树安全越冬。玉米杆覆土覆盖法是三种方法中保证蟠桃越冬效果最好,但又是花费最高的方法。     

关于使用极端最低温度资料的一点看法

目前,在使用整编资料或其它资料分析极端最低温度时,往往用全年极端最低温度进行统计分析。笔者认为,全年极端最低温度只是表示了年度内的极端最低值,而在分析各地越冬期间的极端最低温度时,如求取其多年平均值或80%保证率值,以及各级极端最低温度可能出现频率等,它并不能确切地表示越冬期间这些指标的真正含义。举杭州例,1974—1975年的冬季是一个暖冬,其极端最低气温为-1.8℃,但在该温度出现的年度里,极端最低气温却为-4.8℃;而1967—1968年的冬季,极端最低气温为-6.5℃,但1968年的最低气温是-     

葡萄越冬防寒技术研究综述

葡萄冻害严重影响着我国北方葡萄的正常生产和品质,采取适宜的越冬防寒技术是确保葡萄产业健康发展的关键。通过查阅我国北方地区有关葡萄防寒越冬的相关方法和技术,以葡萄冻害入手,分别从覆盖保温被、保温膜、草帘等保温材料,埋土覆盖越冬防寒措施以及积雪覆盖的保温作用等多方面,分析对比了各防寒越冬技术的材料、原理、效果及优缺点。提出了以下建议:(1)葡萄安全越冬应采取因地制宜的措施,对于葡萄本身来说应采用综合的葡萄抗寒性锻炼,提高葡萄抗寒能力。(2)在探索不同地区切实有效、经济实惠的防寒越冬措施时,需要充分注重细节;不同覆膜技术和埋土技术应因地制宜,选择适合的安全越冬方式;在温度不是太寒冷的地区可采用机械埋土技术。(3)应该继续开发机械覆膜技术,以节约经济和劳力投入。(4)基于双层膜技术的保温效果及经济投入状况,以及自身在环保、耐磨以及人力投入较大等自身不足等特点,建议选择双层膜环保耐磨新材料,结合机械化覆膜新技术,在寒冷且风沙强烈的地区加以大力推广,这可能是未来葡萄防寒越冬措施的发展趋势。     

一次及时的天气预报服务

1986年4月25日至26日,哈密市内出现了重霜冻,气象台所在地最低气温达-1.2℃,地面0厘米最低温度达-7.9℃;红星二场气象哨测得最低气温-5.3℃,地面0厘米最低温度达-11.0℃.市郊已出土的瓜苗、蔬菜苗、棉花苗、苹果、梨、葡萄等都受到     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;