浸没式厌氧双轴旋转膜生物反应器的开发

针对浸没式厌氧膜生物反应器的膜污染问题,开发了一套内置双轴旋转膜组件的浸没式厌氧膜生物反应器.系统的容积为120 L,内装填平板超滤膜.膜组件采用双轴同向旋转,由膜旋转形成的湍流可减缓膜表面的浓差极化及凝胶层的形成,从而有效控制膜污染.与传统厌氧膜生物反应器相比,该工艺具有结构紧凑、除污效果好、能耗低和可大幅度减轻膜污染等优点.     

一体式膜生物反应器的在线反冲洗研究

介绍了采用在线空气反冲洗和在线清水反冲洗来解决膜生物反应器膜污染问题的试验研究。结果表明,采用在线空气反冲洗,当时间达80min后,膜生物反应器中的膜通量基本恢复至19L/m2·h以上,且反冲洗周期为6日;采用在线清水反冲洗,当时间达50min后,膜生物反应器中的膜通量基本恢复至19L/m2·h以上,反冲洗周期在11日以上。这种清洗程序和方法可指导膜生物反应器中膜污染的清洗,从而有效地控制膜污染。     

自生动态膜生物反应器处理城市污水的中试研究

分别利用筛绢和钢丝网作为自生动态膜生物反应器的基材并进行了处理城市污水的中试研究.结果表明,钢丝网组件和筛绢组件的出水水质相差不大,出水COD分别为57.5 mg/L和50.4 mg/L,NH 4-N分别为1.39 mg/L和2.84 mg/L;在运行了25 min后出水浊度可降至5NTU以下并保持稳定;出水SS接近于零.钢丝网组件的平均通量为30.3 L/(m2·h),筛绢组件的平均通量为51.9 L/(m2·h),后者比前者高71%,但钢丝网的强度明显高于筛绢.     

抽停比和膜组件放置方式对MBR膜污染的影响

采用PVC新型材料MBR反应器处理模拟生活污水,控制其MLSS在4 500~6 500mg/L之间,探讨了出水抽停比和膜组件的放置方式对膜污染的影响。结果表明,当以12 min为一周期时,其最佳抽停比为9 min/3 min,这一模式是该新型材料MBR反应器的经济出水模式;当进行在线清洗时,膜组件水平放置的MBR反应器的膜污染速率为2.26 kPa/d,膜组件竖直放置的MBR反应器的膜污染速率为1.28 kPa/d;进行在线水洗和0.02%的次氯酸钠清洗,可有效降低膜污染速率,延缓膜污染,降低运行成本。     

一体式膜生物反应器的脱氮除磷效能研究

采用一体式膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水,考察了不同溶解氧浓度下的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,在低溶解氧条件下,膜生物反应器在有效去除有机物的同时还取得了较好的脱氮除磷效果.当控制反应器内溶解氧为0.5 ms/L左右时,进水COD为342～2 500 mg/L.出水COD平均为31.71 mg/L,对COD的去除率可达95%以上;进水TP为4.08～31.45 mg/L,出水TP70%.当溶解氧>2 mg/L时,进水COD为161.3～453.4 mg/L,出水COD为8.32～21.9 mg/L,去除率最高可达99.08%;进水TN为22.52～57.9 mg/L,出水TN为16.3l～24.49 mg/L,对TN的去除率大多为30%～40%;进水TP平均为4.48 mg/L,出水TP大部分在1.0 ms/L以上,去除率为48.07%～93.22%.     

A~2/O型膜生物反应器污水处理工艺设计要点

采用旭化成化学株式会社生产的中空纤维膜组件,建立了处理能力为20m3/d的A2/O型膜生物反应器(MBR)系统,对城市污水的深度处理进行了中试研究。试验结果表明系统运行稳定,各项出水指标均达到或优于国家一级A标准。在此基础上,重点介绍了处理规模为30000m3/d,采用A2/O型膜生物反应器系统的总体概念设计。通过计算总结了设计要点,并得出单位经营成本为0.84元/m3,较其他同类工艺成本低。     

高通量自生动态膜生物反应器的运行特性

自生动态膜生物反应器利用过滤过程中在粗网材料表面形成的动态膜进行泥水分离 ,与由微滤、超滤构成的传统膜生物反应器相比具有组件费用低、过滤压力小等优点。考察了动态膜生物反应器在高通量 [4 0L/ (m2 ·h) ]下处理生活污水的运行特性 ,结果表明 ,反应器稳定运行33d后动态膜的过滤压差从零上升到 2 4 5Pa ;系统对COD和氨氮的平均去除率分别为 78%和91 %。     

膜生物反应器净化微污染原水的试验研究

以某微污染河网水为原水,考察了膜生物反应器/粉末活性炭(MBR/PAC)工艺对其处理的效果和运行特性,并与超滤工艺进行比较。膜组件采用聚乙烯中空纤维超滤膜,膜孔径为0.2μm,面积为2 m2;组合工艺的活性炭和污泥浓度分别为0.5、2 g/L;通过时间控制器控制出水泵间歇运行,开/停时间比为8 min/2 min。结果表明:与超滤工艺相比,MBR/PAC工艺对CODMn、TOC、UV254、UV410等有机污染指标的去除效果显著提高,其中对UV410的去除率为85%~100%,对CODMn、TOC、UV254的去除率均可达50%以上,出水CODMn满足生活饮用水卫生标准。对氨氮、铁和浊度的去除率分别超过80%、87%和90%,出水值分别低于0.5 mg/L、0.1 mg/L和0.5 NTU,满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的要求。     

固定化膜生物反应器处理焦化废水的运行特性

针对采用传统生物法处理焦化废水时系统停留时间长、除污效率低的现状,将固定化技术引入膜生物反应器(MBR),并开展了处理COD为2598 mg/L、氨氮为378 mg/L的高浓度焦化废水研究.结果表明:其对COD的去除率为98.7%,对氨氮的去除率为95.03%,出水水质达到了国家一级排放标准;冲击负荷对反应器的处理效果影响较小,厌氧段的反应时间宜为14h,好氧段的较佳反应时间为10 h; pH值为7.5～8.5时对氨氮能保持较高的降解率;好氧段应保持较高的溶解氧浓度,反应8 h后宜减少曝气量以降低能耗;在反应器长期运行的过程中膜通量的衰减速度较慢,运行30d后膜通量下降了37.2%,且用水冲洗就可使膜通量得到基本恢复.     

一体化改性膜生物反应器处理城市污水的效果

利用亲水性的纳米TiO2对强疏水性的聚偏氟乙烯膜进行改性以减缓膜污染,并应用于膜生物反应器(MBR)。原水来自常州市某城市污水厂,经加装改性和未改性膜组件的MBR处理后出水水质均能达到GB 18918—2002中的一级A标准。尽管进水COD浓度不稳定,但两套膜组件对COD的去除率均保持在85%以上,改性膜组件对COD的平均去除率更高,可达94%;对SS的去除率几乎能达到100%;在对TN和TP的去除上,改性膜组件略有优势,但不明显,这是因为N、P的去除主要依靠微生物的降解作用,膜的分离作用不大。在运行一段时间后,两套膜组件的膜通量均有所下降,经在线反冲洗及化学清洗后,通量均有所恢复,分别为73%和78%。对比处理出水水质及抗污染能力,改性膜组件均优于未改性膜组件。     

Novel method for enhancing permeate flux of submerged membrane system in two-phase anaerobic reactor

A two-phase anaerobic reactor system with a submerged membrane in the acidogenic reactor was designed for the enhancement of organic acid conversion and methane recovery. A submerged membrane system in a two-phase anaerobic reactor was tested to increase the sludge retention time (SRT) of acidogen and to enhance the solid separation. The pilot plant experiment was performed for piggery wastewater treatment for a year. The membrane material used was mixed esters of cellulose of 0.5 micron pore size. COD removal efficiency was 80% and the methane production showed 0.32 m3/kg COD removed for the submerged membrane system in the anaerobic digester. As the cake resistance of the membrane caused a serious problem, a stainless-steel prefilter and air backwashing methods were applied to minimize the cake resistance effectively. Among the tested prefilters, the 63 microns pore prefilter showed the best performance for reducing cake resistance and a successful long-term operation. By cleaning with alkali first and acidic solutions later, the permeate flux decreased by long-term operation was recovered to 89% of that with a new membrane.     

Methanogenic population dynamics and performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating swine manure under high shear conditions

A 6-L, completely mixed anaerobic bioreactor with an external ultrafiltration membrane module was operated for 300 days to evaluate the startup and performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating swine manure. The reactor had a successful startup at the initial loading rate of 1g volatile solids (VS)/L/day. After a two-fold increase in loading rate followed by a sudden, two-fold increase in flow velocity through the membrane module on day 75, the performance of the AnMBR deteriorated as measured by volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation, decrease in pH, and decrease in biogas production. The methanogenic population dynamics in the reactor were monitored with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Changes in the relative levels of Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaetaceae were consistent with changes in VFA concentrations, i.e., high and low levels of acetate corresponded to a high abundance of Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaetaceae, respectively. The levels of hydrogenotrophic methanogens of the order of Methanomicrobiales increased during decreased reactor performance suggesting that syntrophic interactions involving hydrogenotrophic methanogens remained intact regardless of the degree of shear in the AnMBR.     

序批式一体化膜生物反应器的脱氮除磷效果

采用序批式一体化膜生物反应器(SBSMBR)处理模拟生活污水,考察了其脱氮除磷效果.该工艺通过合理控制单个反应器的曝气时间和曝气量来构建交替式厌氧/好氧环境,试验中反应器内混合液的污泥沉降性能始终保持良好,平板膜没有进行化学清洗,未产生不可逆的膜污染;不同工况下系统对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别达到96.39%、97.79%、89.30%和43.79%,且系统的抗冲击负荷能力强.     

Membrane fouling mechanisms in the membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor

This study focused on the membrane fouling mechanisms during the longtime operation of a membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor (MCAB) system designed for the treatment of alcohol-distillery wastewater. This system provided interesting information on anaerobic digestion and membrane performance associated with the fouling mechanisms in the membrane bioreactor. Enhanced COD removal was achieved with the complete retention of biomass either inside the anaerobic reactor or on the membrane surface. Membrane fouling was mainy attributed to external fouling, which was closely related to the movement of cell population to the membrane surface and inorganic precipitation at the membrane surface. The major composition of the inorganic foulant was identified as MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O (struvite), whose deposition together with the microbial cells attached at the membrane surface played a significant role in the formation of the strongly attached cake layer limiting membrane permeability. The struvite precipitation/deposition mechanisms were examined thoroughly in relation to the chemical composition of the influent wastewater and the subsequent anaerobic decomposition in the membrane bioreactor. The conceptual resistance-in-series model was applied to assess the fouling characteristics.     

Performance of single chamber biocatalyzed electrolysis with different types of ion exchange membranes

In this paper hydrogen production through biocatalyzed electrolysis was studied for the first time in a single chamber configuration. Single chamber biocatalyzed electrolysis was tested in two configurations: (i) with a cation exchange membrane (CEM) and (ii) with an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Both configurations performed comparably and produced over 0.3 m3 H2/m3 reactor liquid volume/day at 1.0 V applied voltage (overall hydrogen efficiencies around 23%). Analysis of the water that permeated through the membrane revealed that a large part of potential losses in the system were associated with a pH gradient across the membrane (CEM DeltapH=6.4; AEM DeltapH=4.4). These pH gradient associated potential losses were lower in the AEM configuration (CEM 0.38 V; AEM 0.26 V) as a result of its alternative ion transport properties. This benefit of the AEM, however, was counteracted by the higher cathode overpotentials occurring in the AEM configuration (CEM 0.12 V at 2.39 A/m2; AEM 0.27 V at 2.15 A/m2) as a result of a less effective electroless plating method for the AEM membrane electrode assembly (MEA).     

好氧颗粒污泥技术用于味精废水处理的研究

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,采用人工模拟废水在SBR反应器内培养好氧颗粒污泥,35 d后颗粒污泥成熟,反应器对COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别高于95%和99%。采用该反应器处理味精废水,当COD、NH4+-N的容积负荷分别为2.4、0.24 kg/(m3.d)时,对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别在90%、99%和85%左右,且颗粒污泥未出现解体的现象。以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥、味精废水为进水,在与上述相同条件下培养好氧颗粒污泥,经过60 d的培养,反应器内的污泥以絮状污泥为主,该系统对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为85%、99%和70%。     

Anaerobic filter reactor performance for the treatment of complex dairy wastewater at industrial scale

The wastewaters discharged by raw milk quality control laboratories are more complex than the ones commonly generated by dairy factories because of the presence of certain chemicals such as sodium azide or chloramphenicol, which are used for preserving milk before analysis. The treatment of these effluents has been carried out in a full-scale plant comprising a 12 m(3) anaerobic filter (AF) reactor and a 28 m(3) sequential batch reactor (SBR). After more than 2 years of operation, a successful anaerobic treatment of these effluents was achieved, without fat removal prior to the anaerobic reactor. The organic loading rates maintained in the AF reactor were 5-6 kg COD/m(3) d, with COD removal being higher than 90%. No biomass washout was observed, and most of the fat contained in the wastewaters was successfully degraded. The addition of alkalinity is crucial for the maintenance of a proper buffer medium to ensure pH stability. The effluent of the AF reactor was successfully treated in the SBR reactor, and a final effluent with a COD content below 200 mg/l and total nitrogen below 10mg N/l was obtained.     

一体式膜生物反应器同步硝化反硝化性能研究

构建了气升循环一体式膜生物反应器,将其用于处理城市污水,并对其同步硝化反硝化(SND)的形成过程进行了研究。结果表明,反应器内存在明显的好氧区和厌氧区,并利用曝气推动力实现硝化液在各区间的循环,能够形成良好的硝化和反硝化过程;在反应器结构一定的条件下,曝气强度成为制约溶解氧大小和分布的最主要因素,过大或过小的曝气强度对TN的去除都是不利的,当曝气强度控制在50~70 m3/(m2.h)时,系统对TN的去除效果最好,去除率为48.1%~54.0%,实现了较好的同步硝化反硝化效果。     

Post-treatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket effluent by combining the membrane filtration process: fouling control by intermittent permeation and air sparging

In this study, the membrane filtration process was proposed as a post-treatment process to treat the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) effluent. The flat-sheet membrane modules were submerged into the UASB reactor to retain the suspended solids in the UASB effluent under intermittent permeation and air sparging conditions. The results indicated that intermittent permeation enhanced the sustainability of the submerged membrane and an idle time of 4 min with a 10-min filtration was optimal for reducing membrane fouling under the experimental conditions. Air sparging could also alleviate membrane fouling, and the lowest transmembrane pressure (TMP) change rate (dTMP/d t ) was achieved at the moderate aeration rate of 2 L/min. It appears to be effective to alleviate membrane fouling and achieve high effluent production at a flux of 25 L/m² h and an idle time of 4 min with a 10-min filtration considering the energy consumption.     

Simultaneous organic and nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate using an anaerobic-aerobic system

An anaerobic-aerobic system including simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification was introduced to treat organic and nitrogen compounds in immature leachate from a landfill site. Denitrification and methanogenesis were successfully carried out in the anaerobic reactor while the organic removal and nitrification of NH4+,-N were carried out in the aerobic reactor when rich organic substrate was supplied with appropriate hydraulic retention time. The maximum organic removal rate was 15.2 kg COD/m3 d in the anaerobic reactor while the maximum NH4+-N removal rate and maximum nitrification rate were 0.84kg NH4+-N/m3/d and 0.50kg NO3--N/m3/d, respectively, in the aerobic reactor. The pH range for proper nitrification was 6-8.8 in the aerobic reactor. The organic compounds inhibited nitrification so that the organic removal in the anaerobic reactor could enhance the nitrification rate in the following aerobic reactor. The gas production rate was 0.33 m3/kg COD and the biogas compositions of CH4, CO2, and N2 were kept relatively constant, 66-75, 22-32, and 2-3%, respectively.