决定淬火工件表面冷却速度的两个新因素

用标准探棒检测出的油或者水的冷却速度曲线既不能反映探棒表面的冷却情况,也不能用来推测工件表面的冷却过程。因此,应直接观测工件的冷却过程。淬火冷却过程的直接观测和研究发现,除了淬火介质的冷却能力和工件某部位的有效厚度之外,不同工件表面蒸气膜内气体的流动状况和工件表面从蒸气膜向沸腾冷却方式转型的次序,对工件表面的冷却速度和整个工件的冷却均匀性都有很大影响。业已揭示了后两种新因素影响工件冷却速度和冷却均匀性的基本规律,从而可以在淬火冷却过程中对同一工件表面的不同部位的冷却速度分别加以控制,这种控制技术被称为精细淬火冷却技术。     

对自来水作为淬火介质的两大缺点的研究

从自来水淬火时工件容易淬裂、硬度不均且畸变大等现象，列出了自来水作为淬火介质的两大缺点：一是低温冷却速度太快，二是冷却特性对水温变化太敏感。分析了自来水第二大缺点引起淬火硬度不均和畸变的原因。通过与气态介质的对比，指出了液态淬火介质共同的两类缺点：一是任何确定的液态介质，其冷却速度的可调节范围都很有限，以致同一个车间必须配备普通淬火油、中速淬火油和高速淬火油，才能满足不同工件的需要；二是工件从蒸汽膜阶段到沸腾阶段期间，冷却速度突然增大，可能引起较大的淬火畸变。提供了克服液态淬火介质第二类缺点的七类技术方法。     

油污掺杂对PAG水基淬火液冷却特性的影响

为了探究油污对水基型淬火液冷却性能的影响,测试了不同油浓度下淬火液的冷却速率曲线、硬化能力等,通过分析淬火的具体过程和特性值函数,探讨了油污的掺杂影响淬火液冷却性能的机制。结果表明:当淬火液中油污含量大于0.3%时,淬火液的冷却性能明显变差,具体表现为沸腾阶段延后且高温阶段冷却速率明显下降,淬火液的硬化能力也随之降低;但油污的含量对工件的畸变影响较小。     

冷却过程的动态特性与钢的实际淬火冷却

采用带中心电偶的钢探头在淬冷过程中产生的电势信号和信号处理技术获得了冷却过程的瞬时动态曲线。研究了不同尺寸探头和在不同淬火介质中的动态曲线,并与TTT和CCT曲线作了比较。结果表明,钢在具有物态变化的介质中淬火时,冷却速度剧烈波动主要出现在钢被浸入淬火剂的初始阶段,探头尺寸越小,冷却介质的冷却能力越强,冷却过程越不稳定;此外,冷却三阶段在动态曲线上没有明确的分界。在实际淬火操作中,宜选用特性点较高的淬火剂,以利于工件在动态特性变化大的范围内进行自适应调整。而在过冷奥氏体转变的快冷阶段,宜保持匀速冷却,以减少动态波动的干扰。动态波动程度低而又无物态变化的单一阶段冷却最有利于过程控制和减小工件畸变。     

Performance of vegetable oils as a cooling medium in comparison to a standard mineral oil

Immersion quenching is the most widely used quenching technique today and is usually one of the last steps in heat treat processing. Improper hardening to incorrect cooling is generally a great loss and causes a great percentage of manufacturing costs. To avoid a failure in cooling, researchers are committed to describing the cooling effect as precisely as possible. The cooling of immersion cooled workpieces or probes is generally characterized by the process of wetting. Evaporable fluids exhibit the three well known stages of cooling: vapor blanket stage, boiling stage, and convective heat transfer. Therefore cooling behavior is influenced by a wide variety and depends on a number of parameters, that is, type of quenchant used, bath temperature, rate of agitation, and the physical and chemical properties of the quenched parts. Environmental pollution has caused the search for new products in har dening and shock cooling of steels. The use of soybean oils as quenching fluids is new, and compared with standard mineral oils, there are many advantages mainly concerning the environment and the health of workers.     

Challenges to Introduce Advanced Cooling Technology by the Utilization of Plural Cooling Velocity

The control of cooling power is very important to introduce desired properties. Usually, higher the cooling rate higher the quench hardness and distortion and the optimization of cooling power is the base for good heat treatment. The change of cooling speed during quenching is one of the effective methods to balance hardness and distortion. Different form the general knowledge of the demerit of vapor blanket stage, oil with long vapor blanket stage is also one of effective methods to reduce distortion. The reduction of distortion with enough quench hardness seems to be possible by optimization of cooling condition by the help of computer simulation. The exhibition of higher core hardness than surface in through hardening steels experienced in the “Inverse quench hardening” was introduced by Prof. Tamura and Shimizu. This mechanism is well explained by Arimoto et al, by analysis of computer simulation. In this paper, plural steps cooling methods are compared, in relation with cooling curve and heat transfer coefficient that is necessary to simulate quench results and the possibility of advanced cooling technology is discussed.     

淬火剂SST101冷却机制的探讨

本文对淬火剂ＳＳＴ１０１在其不同浓度、温度下冷却曲线及４０Ｃｒ钢在该介 淬火后的淬透性、变形开裂性的测定,探讨了其冷却机制。结果表明,该淬火剂在冷却金属时,在钨表面形成一层聚合物隔离膜,此膜能降低金属淬火时产生的热应力和组织应力,避免了冷却不均现象,减小了工件变形与开裂。     

新型淬火剂SST201冷却特性研究

本文简述了淬火剂SST201的基本特性,并对其冷却特性进行了探讨。结果表明:SST201的冷却能力随其浓度增大,温度升高,重复使用次数增多而降低,并揭示了该介质在冷却金属时能在金属表面形成一层聚合物隔离膜,此膜能避免因零件的几何形态的差异造成的冷却不均匀现象,有效地防止开裂与变形。     

液态淬火介质的两个共性的缺点及对策

适用范围有限和工件淬火变形大是液态淬火剂的两个带有共性的缺点,提出了克服第一个缺点即扩大液态淬火剂的应用范围的8种技术措施,指出,工件的淬火变形量除淬火介质的冷却速度外,还与其特性温度有关,应选用特性温度稳定的介质淬火。     

Elimination of Quench Cracking by Controlling Agitation Uniformity

Uniform agitation of the quenchant is a critically important control parameter in optimizing distortion control and reducing steel cracking. Quenching with ultrasonic agitation or in the presence of electrical and magnetic fields provide uniform agitation leading to improved uniformity of the stress fields within the metal not readily achievable with more traditional agitation methods such as propeller pumps and sprays. These methods provide the additional potential advantage of varying agitation throughout the cooling cycle to achieve a wide range of cooling profiles not readily achievable with quenchants and more traditional agitation systems currently in use.     

淬火剂SST102的冷却特性

对SST102淬火剂的冷却特性进行了探讨。结果表明，SST102的冷却能力随其浓度的增大、温度的升高及重复使用次数增多而降低。并揭示了该介质在冷却金属时能在金属表面形成一层聚合物隔离膜，此膜能避免因零件几何形态差异造成的冷却不均匀现象，有效地防止开裂和变形。     

Identification of Heat Transfer Coefficients by Use Conditions of Quenching Oil

Heat transfer coefficients of the quench medium are necessary for heat-treatment simulation. Cooling characteristics of quenching oil vary with kinds and usage greatly. Users are selecting oil solutions that come up to their desired hardness and quenching distortion requirements. In particular cooling performance rises by agitation and decompression. Therefore we identified a heat transfer coefficient by usage and kinds of quenching oil. Cooling characteristics are different greatly by a kind of quenching oil. A difference of a cooling characteristic by a kind of oil depends on a temperature range of a boiling stage and the maximum heat transfer coefficient mainly. On the other hand, in a convection stage, there are few changes in a boiling stage. Even if quenching oil temperature is changed, heat transfer coefficients do not change greatly. When quenching oil stirred, heat transfer coefficients of vapor blanket stage and a convection stage rise, but there are a few changes in a boiling stage. When quenching oil is decompressed a temperature range of a high heat transfer coefficient moves to the low temperature side. In addition, a heat transfer coefficient in a vapor blanket stage comes down. For precision improvement of heat-treatment simulation, it is important that the heat transfer coefficient is calculated in conformity to the on-site use reality.     

齿轮的淬火冷却和变形控制

淬火冷却是齿轮生产中的重要工艺，它对齿轮精度和质量有着显著影响，从装夹方式、淬火介质状态以及淬火设备等方面进行改进，力求做到齿轮的均匀冷却，可以大幅度减小齿轮的变形量，并提高其变形规律性。     

网带炉油槽机构对深沟球轴承淬火锥度畸变的影响

深沟球轴承常使用网带炉进行热处理,网带炉油槽机构和淬火油的粘度及冷速对轴承的淬火畸变影响较大。基于6206/01轴承套圈,探讨了其锥度畸变的产生机理。结果表明:轴承套圈热处理锥度畸变与淬火冷却均匀性相关较大,将小网带运行翻转速度调整为15 s时,可改善该轴承套圈的淬火冷却均匀性,较好控制6206/01轴承套圈的锥度畸变。对其他规格的轴承套圈也具有借鉴意义。     

双介质淬火冷却时间计算方法的研究

双介质淬火是钢件淬火重要方法之一，在双介质淬火中从一种介质中冷却转至另一种介质冷却的适当时刻是获得良好效果的关键。根据现有淬火介质冷却速度特性曲线，建立数学模型，计算出换热系数h，从而计算出冷却过程的时间，为完善和发展双介质淬火工艺开拓了新的途径。     

A357铝合金大型复杂薄壁构件的淬火温度场、残余应力及变形的有限元分析(英文)

基于ABAQUS软件,采用有限元模拟计算的方法对A357铝合金大型复杂薄壁构件的淬火过程进行研究。通过采用传统的反传热方法,对不同淬火介质在不同温度下的换热系数进行精确求解。精确的换热系数确保对A357铝合金大型复杂薄壁构件淬火过程中温度场预测的准确性。采用3种淬火介质(水、机油,5%-UCON淬火试剂A)。通过综合考虑淬火介质及温度因素,对薄壁构件的残余应力及变形的分布和大小进行有限元预测,得到构件淬火结束后的最大残余应力及变形。     

UconE聚合物淬火剂的应用

介绍了UconE聚合物淬火剂的特性,选定浓度的简便方法以及使用中浓度、温度和搅拌力度的控制.实践证明,合理调整热处理工艺参数、操作条件及设备结构可以提高热处理件的质量,取代淬火油,从而扩大UconE淬火剂的应用范围,达到节能减排的目的.     

Thermal flow simulation and visualisation of PAG quenchants in cooling evaluation equipment with twin stir

Abstract

In this research, the formation and movement of bubbles in boiling film during quenching process was investigated with high speed video camera and particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology as the visualisation method. Cooling curves of surface temperature during quenching of a silver cylinder were measured and the heat transfer coefficients between quenchant and quenching parts were identified. The cooling ability of the coolant used for the quenching technology was evaluated relative to the quality the machine part. As for this paper, the cooling capacity of the PAG quenchants (polyalkylene glycol solutions) was evaluated. In addition, the heat transfer behaviour in the quenching process is clarified with regard to the generation and the destruction of the thermal flow and collapse of the steam film by using the PIV method of visualisation. The effect of mechanical stirring of the quenchant on the steam film and heat transfer is also studied.     

聚合物淬火剂的冷却机制及在热处理中的应用

对淬火剂SST101在其不同浓度下冷却曲线及40CrMn钢在该介质中淬火后的淬透性，变形开裂性及力学性能进行了测定，并探讨了其冷却机制，所得结果对淬火剂SST101的应用，具有重要的指导意义。     

铝件浸液式非标淬火设备的研制

通过介绍铝件淬火工艺基本原则、铝件在水介质中浸液式淬火可能出现的问题以及换热系数与淬火介质温度和流速的关系,为铝件浸液式淬火设备的非标设计提供科学依据。根据本团队研制的非标铝件浸液式淬火设备工程应用中遴选典型案例,分析其在设计和产业化过程中遇到的一些关键问题,阐明了淬火时保证铝件预期性能的前提下减少畸变的解决方法。