高应变率下多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的非线性力学行为

采用添加造孔剂的方法制备了4种不同孔隙率的未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷。采用基于超高速相机与数字图像相关性方法的试样全场应变测量技术以及分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）技术,对多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷进行高应变率单轴压缩实验研究。全场应变测量结果显示:轴向应变仅在试样中部分布较均匀,将该区域的平均应变作为应力-应变关系中的试样应变测量值较为合理,而由SHPB原理计算的试样应变值明显偏大,需要摒弃或修正传统的SHPB数据处理方法。通过波形整形技术实现了恒应变率加载,弱化了径向惯性效应的影响,揭示出多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的压缩强度具有显著的应变率效应。通过分析试样轴向应变和径向应变随着加载应力的变化,阐明多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的非线性变形行为的物理机制是畴变和相变共同作用,并发现畴变临界应力和相变临界应力都随着应变率升高而增大。保持加载应变率不变,讨论了孔隙率对多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷动态力学行为的影响,发现随着孔隙率的升高,动态压缩强度呈非线性衰减,而畴变临界应力和相变临界应力则基本呈线性衰减。     

铁电陶瓷PZT53复杂力电耦合行为的实验研究

通过实验研究了平行和垂直于极化方向的正应力对铁电陶瓷锆钛酸铅(PZT53)的电滞回线(E3-P3)和电致应变曲线(E-ε)的影响. 实验发现平行于极化方向的压应力对PZT53陶瓷的电滞回线、电致应变曲线形状以及矫顽场大小都有明显的影响,但是垂直于极化方向的拉、压应力只对PZT53陶瓷的电致应变曲线形状有明显的影响,但对电滞回线形状和矫顽场大小都没有显著影响. 采用畴翻转的模型详细解释了观察到的实验现象,所得结果为建立铁电陶瓷的多轴力、电耦合本构模型,提供了物理基础.     

铁电陶瓷PZT53多轴力电耦合下的屈服行为

研究了不同拉-扭与压-扭比例载荷和电场耦合作用下铁电陶瓷PZT53的屈服行为。通过自己设计的力电加载装置,结合材料试验机和电压放大器对PZT53在多轴力电耦合载荷作用下应力-应变行为进行测量,结合陈和卢的理论,得出了极化和未极化的PZT53陶瓷在多轴力载荷下的初始屈服面和破坏面。结果表明初始屈服面类似于Drucker-Prager屈服面,本文提出了一个屈服准则,较好的符合实验结果。实验发现PZT53陶瓷破坏行为符合最大拉应力破坏准则。对于极化的PZT53陶瓷,还研究了偏置电场对应力-应变行为的影响,结果表明偏置电场大于0．6kV／mm时,PZT53陶瓷的屈服现象消失。本文工作为发展铁电陶瓷PZT53的多轴力电耦合唯象本构模型提供了实验基础。     

多孔铁电陶瓷冲击压缩响应与损伤演化的离散元数值模拟

采用flat-joint粘结模型，建立多孔铁电陶瓷在一维应变冲击压缩下的PFC (particle flow code)颗粒流离散元模型，通过数值模拟再现了平板撞击实验中实测的自由面速度剖面历史，并揭示了多孔铁电陶瓷在冲击压缩下的响应过程与损伤演化机制。多孔铁电陶瓷在冲击压缩下的响应过程可分4个阶段:弹性变形、失效蔓延、冲击压溃变形、冲击Hugoniot平衡状态；其中，失效蔓延的内在机制是由剪切裂纹的成核与增长，而冲击压溃变形的主要机制是孔洞的塌缩以及层状剪切裂纹的形成与扩展；冲击速度与孔隙率对铁电陶瓷的响应有显著的影响，Hugoniot弹性极限强烈依赖于孔隙率，但与冲击速度的大小无关，宏观损伤累积随着冲击速度和孔隙率的增加而增加。     

铁电单晶Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.32PbTiO3的实验及本构模型研究

对压力作用下沿[001]晶向极化的Pb(Mg弛豫型铁电单晶;极化旋转(相变);黏塑性模型;本构;细观力学国家自然科学基金，教育部全国优秀博士学位论文作者专项基金2006-11-06对压力作用下沿[001]晶向极化的Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.32PbTiO3(PMN0.32PT)弛豫型铁电单晶的应力应变行为进行了实验研究,实验结果表明铁电单晶〈001〉晶向的应力应变行为和铁电多晶有本质的不同,是传统的电畴翻转机理所难以解释的,所提出的极化旋转(相变)模型合理地解释了实验中观察到的现象;基于提出的极化旋转(相变)模型,采用细观力学方法建立了铁电单晶的细观本构模型.在模型中采用黏塑性公式描述铁电单晶可能的8个相变系统的相变行为.为了验证模型的可靠性,用该模型模拟了铁电单晶〈001〉晶向的应力应变实验曲线.计算表明,该模型能较好地模拟铁电单晶〈001〉晶向的相变行为.     

非均匀铁弹畴变对离面极化压电陶瓷应力强度因子的影响研究

基于文献中报道的试验结果，本文考虑非均匀的畴变过程区，它包含一个位于中心的饱和区和环绕饱和区的渐变区．为了描述外加应力引起的部分铁弹畴变，本文采用一个显式的基于最小能量原理的非均匀畴变准则．考虑离面极化的压电陶瓷，假设其初始极化矢量平行于离面方向．畴变后的电畴位于面内，具体方位由最大释放功来确定．基于非均匀畴变准则，本文给出了裂尖处非均匀畴变区几何及畴变体积分数的分布．并在静止裂纹和稳态扩展裂纹两种特殊情况下计算了铁弹畴变对裂尖处应力强度因子的影响．结果表明：(1) 静止裂纹尖端处的畴变减小了材料的起裂强度；(2) 准静态稳态裂纹附近的畴变增加了材料的断裂强度．且理论预测的R曲线渐近值与试验结果定量吻合．     

不同应变率下蓝宝石透明陶瓷玻璃的力学响应

蓝宝石（A1₂O₃）是透明陶瓷玻璃,它相较传统陶瓷（A1₂O₃）有优良的透光性,而且保留了陶瓷优良的力学性能。利用电子拉伸机和分离式霍普金森杆设备对试样进行准静态应变率为(10?4、10?3、10?2 s?1)和4种动态应变率(850、1 100、1 300、1 450 s?1)下的单轴压缩力学行为,用高速摄像机记录了蓝宝石透明陶瓷玻璃试样在准静态和动态压缩下的破坏过程。实验结果表明:从加载过程中的应力应变曲线是由加载段和失效段组成的,该材料是典型的脆性材料,并且有明显的应变率效应,随着应变率的提高,蓝宝石透明陶瓷玻璃的抗压强度也会提高;准静态和动态压缩下蓝宝石透明陶瓷玻璃都是在宏观裂纹扩展作用下失效破坏。通过分析不同应变率下蓝宝石透明陶瓷玻璃的破坏过程,分析得到该材料的失效是在加载的过程中,在蓝宝石透明陶瓷玻璃承载能力最低的区域出现裂纹源,然后裂纹成形并沿着加载方向扩展,然后裂纹之间相互交错,最终达到饱和状态破坏失效;在高应变率下,极短的时间内产生多处裂纹源,需要更大的能量去使裂纹成形、扩展,宏观上就表现为应变率效应。     

柱形爆电换能器的理论研究

本文根据冲击波加载铁电陶瓷的换能原理,建立了斜冲击波加载PZT柱形组件的电响应珲论模型。所考虑的换能装置特点是:(1)柱形组件由n块PZT空心圆盘并联堆叠而成:(2)PZT样品在冲击波压缩区具有恒定电导率r:(3)外电路由串联的电感L和电阻R以及并联电容C_p组成。数值计算结果表明,这种柱形爆电换能器用来提供大电流,大能量(如2000A、100J)是适宜的。     

PZT压电陶瓷高温变形与失效的实验研究

随着工业设备集成化进程的加快,PZT压电陶瓷获得越来越广泛的应用,其工作环境也越来越复杂.例如,新一代节能环保型发动机中起致动作用的压电陶瓷叠层驱动器,工作时要承受力-热-电载荷的共同作用.因此,研究PZT压电陶瓷在高温下的变形与失效行为,对工业设计具有重要的指导意义.为此,本文利用自行搭建的压电陶瓷高温下电滞回线、蝶形回线和应力退极化曲线的测试装置,研究了PZT压电陶瓷在不同温度下的电致变形和应力退极化行为,得到了材料在不同温度下的电滞回线、蝶形回线、应力电位移曲线和应力应变曲线.实验结果表明,随着温度的升高,由电滞回线测得的剩余极化逐渐减小,蝶形回线逐渐变扁;由应力退极化产生的剩余极化和剩余应变也逐渐减小.极化量的改变是由材料的热释电效应(自发极化随温度的升高而减小)造成的,而应变量的变化是由晶胞畸变随着温度升高而减小所致.     

伪弹性TiNi合金圆薄板的准静态力学行为实验研究

采用阴影云纹和应变片方法对伪弹性TiNi合金圆板在固支条件下的准静态力学行为进行了实验研究,得到了载荷位移曲线、全场离面位移和局部应变等数据.载荷位移曲线呈现非线性、滞回耗能和无残余变形的特性,表明试样已经发生马氏体相变.应变测量显示,相变局限于加载中心较小区域,相变区内,环向应变大于径向应变,且拉伸侧应变大于压缩侧的应变.有限元模拟揭示出相变区内两侧表层的相变范围、相变铰区和马氏体相含量的不对称分布规律.     

Two-scale micromechanics-based probabilistic modeling of domain switching in ferroelectric ceramics

A two-scale micromechanics model is developed in this paper to analyze domain switching in ferroelectric ceramics, using a probabilistic domain switching criterion based on energetic analysis. The microstructure of ferroelectric ceramics at two distinct length scales, domains and grains, has been carefully analyzed. The interaction at domain level is accounted for by energy minimization theory, while the fluctuation at grain level is analyzed using ellipsoidal two-point correlation function. The model has been implemented by Monte Carlo method, and applied to simulate the electric poling and mechanical depoling of Pb(Zr_xTi_1-x)O₃ (PZT) ceramics across morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The drastically different switching characteristics of PZT ceramics across MPB has been captured, and good agreement with experiments has been observed. The effects of the transformation strains and spontaneous polarizations are highlighted, confirming the proposition of Li et al. [2005. Domain switching in polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. Nature Materials 4, 776–781] that the strain compatibility plays a dominant role in domain switching in ferroelectric ceramics.     

On twinning and domain switching in ferroelectric Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3—part I: twins and domain walls

We study the electromechanical behavior of lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric ceramics (PZT), by means of a three-dimensional continuum model for deformable ferroelectric bodies in their polar phase characterized by spontaneous polarization and strain. Spontaneous polarization and strain organize into a domain structure which minimizes electrostatic and elastic energies and which can be modified by the application of electromechanical loads. Such process, which is called “domain switching”, is associated with electrical and mechanical hysteresis and can be studied as a minimization problem for a functional which reminds the micromagnetic energy of deformable ferromagnetics. In this paper, which is the first of two, we deal with the electromechanical model and related constitutive assumptions, as well as with the analysis of domain structure in PZT. In particular, following the discover of a new monoclinic phase in PZT carried by Noheda and co-workers, we analyze twinning between spontaneous strain at the various phase boundaries and show that both non-generic, non-conventional twins and finely-twinned laminates are possible, and also that the presence of a monoclinic phase may explain PZT exceptional properties.     

A one-dimensional continuum model for ferroelectric ceramics

In this article, we introduce a one-dimensional continuum model for ferroelectric ceramics within a thermodynamical framework. The model consists of a free energy potential, a switching criterion, and a kinetic relation. The free energy potential is given as a function of polarization, strain, and two internal variables – remanent polarization and remanent strain. A polarization switching is described by evolutions of the two internal variables and evolution laws called kinetics are proposed based on the second law of thermodynamics. The predictions of the model are compared with experimental observations. It is suggested to model unpoled domains in the fully poled state for improved model responses.     

A micromechanics method to study the effect of domain switching on fracture behavior of polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics

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Analysis of the electromechanical behavior of ferroelectric ceramics based on a nonlinear finite element model

A nonlinear finite element (FE) model based on domain switching was proposed to study the electromechanical behavior of ferroelectric ceramics. The incremental FE formulation was improved to avoid any calculation instability. The problems of mesh sensitivity and convergence, and the efficiency of the proposed nonlinear FE technique have been assessed to illustrate the versatility and potential accuracy of the said technique. The nonlinear electromechanical behavior, such as the hysteresis loops and butterfly curves, of ferroelectric ceramics subjected to both a uniform electric field and a point electric potential has been studied numerically. The results obtained are in good agreement with those of the corresponding theoretical and experimental analyses. Furthermore, the electromechanical coupling fields near (a) the boundary of a circular hole, (b) the boundary of an elliptic hole and (c) the tip of a crack, have been analyzed using the proposed nonlinear finite element method (FEM). The proposed nonlinear electromechanically coupled FEM is useful for the analysis of domain switching, deformation and fracture of ferroelectric ceramics.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10025209, 10132010 and 90208002), the Research Grants of the Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (HKU7086/02E) and the Key Grant Project of the Chinese Ministry of Education (0306)     

A ferroelectric and ferroelastic 3D hexahedral curvilinear finite element

An isoparametric 3D electromechanical hexahedral finite element integrating a 3D phenomenological ferroelectric and ferroelastic constitutive law for domain switching effects is proposed. The model presents two internal variables which are the ferroelectric polarization (related to the electric field) and the ferroelastic strain (related to the mechanical stress). An implicit integration technique of the constitutive equations based on the return-mapping algorithm is developed. The mechanical strain tensor and the electric field vector are expressed in a curvilinear coordinate system in order to handle the transverse isotropy behavior of ferroelectric ceramics. The hexahedral finite element is implemented into the commercial finite element code Abaqus® via the subroutine user element. Some linear (piezoelectric) and non linear (ferroelectric and ferroelastic) benchmarks are considered as validation tests.     

Fracture behaviors of piezoelectric materials

Theoretical analyses and experimental observations of the failure and fracture behaviors of piezoelectric materials are presented. The theoretical analyses are based on the Stroh formalism. A strip dielectric breakdown model is proposed to estimate the effect of electrical non-linearity on the piezoelectric fracture of electrically insulated cracks. The reviewed experiments include the indentation fracture test, the bending test on smooth samples, the fracture test on pre-notched or pre-cracked samples, the environment-assisted fracture test, etc. For electrically insulated cracks, the experimental results show a complicated fracture behavior under combined electrical and mechanical loading. Fracture data are greatly scattered when a static electric field is applied. For electrically conducting cracks, the experimental results demonstrate that static electric fields can fracture poled and depoled lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics. A charge-free zone model is introduced to understand the failure behavior of conducting cracks in the depoled lead zirconate titanate ceramics under electrical and/or mechanical loading. These theoretical and experimental results indicate that fracture mechanics concepts are useful in the study of the failure behaviors of piezoelectric materials.