白花地胆草单体EM-12诱导2774-C10细胞G_1/S期阻滞及细胞凋亡的分子机制研究

目的:研究白花地胆草(Elephantopus mollis H.B.K.)的乙醇提取物EM-12抗肿瘤作用分子机制。方法:MTT检测EM-12对卵巢癌细胞活性影响;克隆形成抑制实验检测EM-12对卵巢癌细胞增殖能力的影响;GO功能分析(gene ontology analysis)分析EM-12对卵巢癌2774-C10细胞的影响;PI单染检测细胞周期;Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡;Western blotting检测细胞凋亡、周期相关蛋白。结果:MTT实验结果表明,EM-12可以显著抑制卵巢癌细胞的活性;RNASeq及GO功能分析表明EM-12诱导2774-C10发生G1/S期阻滞;克隆形成抑制实验结果表明,EM-12可以显著抑制卵巢癌细胞的增殖;流式细胞术结果表明,随着药物浓度的增加,凋亡率逐渐增加,并且G_1期细胞比例逐渐增加,S期细胞比例减少,发生G_1/S期阻滞。Western blotting结果表明,随着药物浓度的增加cyclin E_2、cyclin D_1、CDK2、CDK6蛋白水平下降,并伴随caspase-8、caspase-3活化及多聚ADP核糖聚合酶PARP酶切失活。结论:EM-12诱导卵巢癌细胞发生G_1/S期阻滞,且通过死亡受体通路诱导细胞凋亡。     

Gö6976转变8-氯-腺苷引起的G2/M期阻滞为S期阻滞并促进K562细胞凋亡

8-氯-腺苷可抑制多种人类肿瘤细胞生长．8-氯-腺苷可引起细胞有丝分裂异常、G2/M 期阻滞和晚期凋亡．为探索增强8-氯-腺苷的抗肿瘤作用,本研究以人慢性髓性白血病细胞株K562为靶细胞,联合使用Chk1抑制剂Gö6976与8-氯-腺苷,观察Gö6976处理后肿瘤细胞对8-氯-腺苷的增敏效果,探索其作用机制．流式细胞分析发现,Gö6976 可消除8-氯-腺苷引起的K562细胞G₂/M期阻滞,使转换为S期阻滞．蛋白质印迹及免疫共沉淀实验显示,Gö6976可灭活Chk1,激活Chk2,使Chk1-Cdc25C-CDK1级联反应转换为Chk2-Cdc25A-CDK2级联反应,从而引起细胞周期阻滞发生改变．蛋白质印迹实验证明,Gö6976 可明显增强8-氯-腺苷作用引起的凋亡相关分子procasepase-3和PARP的激活;流式细胞分析显示,Gö6976促进8-氯-腺苷引起的细胞凋亡．研究结果提示,Gö6976增强了靶细胞对8-氯-腺苷的敏感性,通过转换8-氯-腺苷引起的G₂/M期阻滞为S期阻滞,促进细胞凋亡．     

ATM和ATR：在G2—M期阻滞与凋亡中的作用及相互关系

ATR和ATM是DNA损伤引起的G2—M期阻滞的主要信号因子,它们通过调节不同的细胞因子在细胞G2—M期阻滞中发挥不同的作用,并且它们相互作用在诱发细胞凋亡方面也有重要意义。本文着重阐述了近年来报道的有关ATR和ATM在G2—M期阻滞与凋亡中的作用及相互关系方面的研究进展。     

八氯腺苷诱导SH-SY5Y和SK-N-SH细胞G2/M期阻滞的分子机制不同

为探索八氯腺苷的抗肿瘤作用机制,以神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y和SK-N-SH细胞为对象,采用四唑盐比色实验（MTT法）证明,八氯腺苷具有明显的抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的作用,这种抑制作用呈剂量-时间依赖性.流式细胞分析显示,10 μmol/L八氯腺苷作用48 h后可导致靶细胞生长停滞于G ^₂/M期;SH-SY5Y细胞发生明显细胞凋亡,但SK-N-SH细胞却未见凋亡.Hoechst 33342染色显示,SK-N-SH细胞发生了核分裂异常.蛋白质免疫印迹分析证明,10 μmol/L 八氯腺苷处理SH SY5Y 48～72 h后,G^₂检验点调节蛋白ATM、Chk1、Cdc25C和Cdc2磷酸化形式明显上调,同时伴有caspase-3的激活,提示SH-SY5Y细胞发生了G^₂检验点通路和细胞凋亡途径的激活.与SH-SY5Y细胞不同,在SK-N-SH细胞中,八氯腺苷处理24～96 h时,磷酸化ATM、磷酸化Chk1/Chk2、磷酸化Cdc25C以及磷酸化Cdc2的水平呈现逐渐降低的趋势.结果提示,SK-N-SH细胞在八氯腺苷处理后发生了G^₂检验点失败.蛋白质免疫印迹分析还显示,八氯腺苷可诱导p53在SH-SY5Y细胞的表达,但却不能影响SK—N-SH细胞的p53组成性表达水平.p21在SK-N-SH的组成性表达随八氯腺苷处理时间延长而逐渐减少,但在处理前后的SH-SY5Y细胞均未检测到p21蛋白的表达.上述实验结果提示,八氯腺苷抑制两种细胞增殖的机制不同：在SH-SY5Y细胞,八氯腺苷可激活ATM-Chk-Cdc25C-Cdc2/cyclin途径和凋亡通路,使细胞发生G_²/M期阻滞和细胞凋亡;在SK-N-SH细胞,八氯腺苷诱导G^₂检验点失败,导致细胞阻滞在有丝分裂期,并发生有丝分裂异常.2种不同的细胞命运可能还与p53和p21表达不同有关.     

塞来昔布诱导HCT-116结肠癌细胞G2/M阻滞

目的:研究选择性COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布诱导结肠癌细胞株HCT-116细胞周期阻滞的作用及其可能的机制。方法:应用流式细胞仪检测塞来昔布对HCT-116细胞周期的影响,定量PCR检测细胞周期素cyclinB1及COX-2 mRNA表达水平,Western-Blot检测细胞周期素cyclinB1的蛋白水平。结果:塞来昔布诱导HCT-116细胞G2/M阻滞的作用呈剂量依赖性,塞来昔布在mRNA及蛋白水平下调HCT-116细胞的cyclinB1。结论:塞来昔布能在体外抑制HCT-116细胞的增殖,诱导G2/M的阻滞,其作用与下调细胞周期素cyclinB1有关。     

E1/E3缺失型腺病毒载体引起细胞周期G_2/M阻滞

腺病毒载体广泛应用于基因治疗和转基因研究 ,目前常用的E1 E3缺失型复制缺陷腺病毒载体虽然失去了病毒复制必需的E1基因 ,但载体上的其它病毒基因仍能在宿主细胞内表达 .为研究这些基因对细胞的毒性作用 ,选择了 3种携带没有明显细胞毒性外源基因的腺病毒载体 ,观察感染 2种肿瘤细胞后细胞核形态改变 ,并用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期及凋亡情况 .发现大剂量重组缺陷型腺病毒感染细胞后引起细胞变圆 ,核增大 ,细胞周期阻滞于G2 M期 ,继而染色质凝聚 ,细胞发生坏死或凋亡 ;各种腺病毒载体造成G2 M阻滞所需感染量不同 ,但都随时间延长和感染量增加而加重 .这些结果提示腺病毒基因对细胞的影响是多方面的 ,在以此类病毒载体进行基因转移和基因治疗的研究中 ,精确滴定病毒滴度和转导效率非常重要 ,腺病毒基因表达造成的毒副作用给此类研究增加了变数     

DADS诱导HL-60 G2/M期阻滞消减文库的构建与初步筛选

目的:构建DADS诱导HL60-细胞G2/M期阻滞的差异表达文库,初步筛选相关基因.方法:分别提取无DADS和有DADS处理HL-60细胞的总RNA和mRNA,构建消减cDNA文库.随即挑选正向SSH的阳性克隆,PCR检测插入片段,将含插入片段的克隆测序.Blastn分析差异cDNA片段的同源性.结果:构建了DADS诱导人白血病HL-60细胞G2/M期阻滞差异表达文库,其中包含120个正向SSH的克隆和100个反向SSH的克隆.50个随机正向SSH的克隆测序、比较同源性,发现5个新EST片段,已经在GenBank中登录.结论:所构建的DADS诱导人白血病HL-60细胞G2/M期阻滞消减文库为进一步筛选白血病HL-60细胞G2/M期阻滞相关基因奠定了基础.     

TAB182对电离辐射诱发细胞周期G2/M阻滞的调节作用

TAB182是一个端锚聚合酶1（tankyrase 1）结合蛋白,它在体外能够被tankyrase 1发生二磷酸腺苷核糖基化(PAR)修饰,其生物学功能目前尚不明确.本研究发现,TAB182蛋白水平受电离辐射诱导表达,HeLa细胞经过4 Gy照射处理时,TAB182在2 h表达含量最高; 经过不同剂量照射处理,2 h后2 Gy、4 Gy照射剂量组HeLa细胞中TAB182的表达有明显增加. 通过shRNA沉默HeLa细胞中TAB182基因表达,导致其对4 Gy及以下剂量 辐射的敏感性增加,但对8 Gy大剂量照射的敏感性没有明显变化. 与对照组相比,4 Gy照射诱发TAB182基因沉默细胞的G2/M期阻滞时间显著延长.抑制TAB182表达导致细胞中DNA损伤反应蛋白DNA PKcs、ATM、Chk2的表达水平显著降低. 实验结果提示,TAB182蛋白参与放射DNA损伤信号反应和调控细胞周期G₂/M进程.     

尼古丁通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路抑制自噬诱导BEAS-2B细胞凋亡

吸烟是慢性呼吸系统炎症疾病最主要危险因素.尼古丁是烟草烟雾中最主要成分,与尼古丁相关的慢性呼吸系统疾病的发病率与日俱增.因此,寻找与尼古丁相关的慢性呼吸系统炎症疾病的潜在靶点是急需解决的问题.本研究旨在探究尼古丁对BEAS-2B细胞凋亡的影响及其潜在作用机制.采用蛋白质印迹法检测各组中的细胞内凋亡、自噬和PI3K/Ak...     

与细胞周期G2/M期进程相关的H2AX磷酸化

γH2AX焦点(foci)被普遍当做DNA双链断裂（DSB）损伤的分子标志物.为探 讨细胞周期进程相关的H2AX磷酸化规律特征,采用胸腺嘧啶双阻滞结合噻氨酯哒唑(nocodazole)的后续处理,将HeLa细胞同步于有丝分裂的前中期．然后,用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期、Western印迹和免疫荧光法,观察γH2AX表达和γH2AX焦点的形成．结果显示,细胞进入G2/M期和有丝分裂过程中,γH2AX水平显著增加 ;在无DNA DSB发生的情况下,部分M期细胞中也存在大量的γH2AX焦点．随着细 胞完成有丝分裂从M期退出再进入G1期,γH2AX的表达水平逐渐降低．这种 γH2AX表达变化特征与G2/M期密切关联的PLK1和Cyclin B1的表达规律相类似． 在4 Gy大剂量照射下,HeLa细胞于照后8 到12 h出现明显的G2/M期阻滞．γH2AX 焦点数在照后1 h达高峰,随后降低,照后8 h又上升,出现了第2个峰值．与之不同的是,在1 Gy低剂量照射下,细胞的G2/M期阻滞微弱,γH2AX焦点数在照后 0.5 h最高,随后下降,且无反弹,符合DNA DSB的修复动力学特征．因此,将γ H2AX当做DNA DSB分子标志物时,还需要考虑细胞周期变化的影响．γH2AX适合 作为1 Gy以下照射的DNA双链断裂损伤的分子标志．     

SNX-2112, a Novel Hsp90 Inhibitor,Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells

SNX-2112 is a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor with anticancer properties currently in clinical trials. This study investigated the effects of SNX-2112 on inhibition of cell growth, the cell cycle, and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, in addition to the various molecular mechanisms. The results of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometric analysis suggest that SNX-2112 inhibits cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner more potently than 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanmycin (17-AAG), a traditional Hsp90 inhibitor, probably as a result of cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and the induction of apoptosis. Downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, upregulation of Bax, cleavage of caspase-9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and degradation of the breast cancer-related Hsp90 client proteins human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), Akt, Raf-1, and nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK) were observed in SNX-2112 treated cells by Western blot assay. These findings suggest that the molecular mechanisms of cell-growth inhibition by SNX-2112 involve activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and the degradation of breast cancer-related proteins.     

Induction of G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis by a novel enediyne derivative, THDA, in chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) cells

We studied the effect of 2-(6-(2-thieanisyl)-3(Z)-hexen-1,5-diynyl)aniline(THDA), a newly developed anti-cancer agent, on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and induction of apoptosis in K562 cells. THDA was found to inhibit the growth of K562 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis showed G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in K562 cells following 24 h exposure to THDA. During the G2/M arrest, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs), p21 and p27 were increased in a time-dependent manner. Analysis of the cell cycle regulatory proteins demonstrated that THDA did not change the steady-state levels of cyclin B1, cyclin D3 and Cdc25C, but decreased the protein levels of Cdk1, Cdk2 and cyclin A. THDA also caused a marked increase in apoptosis, which was associated with activation of caspase-3 and proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. These molecular alterations provide an insight into THDA-caused growth inhibition, G2/M arrest and apoptotic death of K562 cells.     

Cell cycle G2/M arrest and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases associated with low-dose paclitaxel-induced sub-G1 apoptosis

Paclitaxel is a potential anti-cancer agent for several malignancies including ovary, breast, and head and neck cancers. This study investigated the kinetics of paclitaxel-induced cell cycle perturbation in two human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines, NPC-TW01 and NPC-TW04. NPC cells treated with higher concentrations (0.1 or 1 μM) of paclitaxel showed obvious G2/M arrest and then converted to a cell population with reduced DNA content, which was detected as a sub-G2 peak in the flow cytometric histographs. If a low concentration (5 nM) of paclitaxel was used instead, transient G2/M arrest was observed in NPC cells, which subsequently converted to a sub-G1 form during the treatment period. Internucleosomal fragmentation and chromatin condensation were detectable in these sub-G1 and sub-G2 cells, suggesting that persistent or transient G2/M arrest is a prerequisite step for apoptosis elicited by varying doses of paclitaxel. The levels of cyclins A, B1, D1, E, CDK 1 (CDC 2), CDK 2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were unchanged in NPC cells following treatment with any concentration of paclitaxel; however, apoptosis-related cyclin B1-associated CDC 2 kinase was highly activated by paclitaxel even at concentrations as low as 5 nM, which is consistent with the finding that low-dose paclitaxel is also able to induce apoptosis in NPC cells. Activation of cyclin B1-associated CDC 2 kinase seems to be an important G2/M event required for paclitaxel-induced apoptosis, and this activation of cyclin B1/CDC 2 kinase could be attributed to the increased activity of CDK 7 kinase. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.