赣南地区变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床地质特征及找矿方向

通过对赣南地区变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床进行岩石学、稀土元素地球化学和矿床地质特征研究,探讨变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床的控矿因素、矿床成因及下一步找矿方向.赣南地区变质岩的原岩时代主要为青白口纪-奥陶纪,变质岩的稀土元素丰度较高,属轻稀土富集型.已发现的离子吸附型稀土矿床主要赋存于震旦纪-青白口纪变质岩中,以青白口纪库里组和南华纪寻乌岩组为主.石城-宁都-瑞金浅变质岩区和会昌-安远-寻乌中深变质岩区可作为离子吸附型稀土矿勘查的首选地区.     

赣南某离子吸附型稀土矿床浅变质岩的矿化特征

近几年在赣南新元古代浅变质岩风化壳中发现了离子吸附型稀土矿床,对矿区及南岭科学深钻中的浅变质岩样品进行了岩石、矿物及地球化学特征研究.矿区内主要出露神山组和库里组（南华系）,前者以千枚岩为主,含少量片岩,后者以厚层变质沉凝灰岩和中厚层变质砂岩为主;南岭科学深钻1 165~1 170.77 m库里组（青白口系）以变质沉凝灰岩为主夹薄层凝灰质板岩.浅变质岩类中新生变质矿物有绢云母、绿泥石、磁铁矿、堇青石、白云母、黑云母等,稀土矿物有新奇钙铈矿、独居石、磷钇矿、水独居石等;稀土含量为162×10-6~723×10-6,富集轻稀土.新奇钙铈矿是矿体中离子相稀土的主要来源;赣南青白口纪-南华纪中厚层变质沉凝灰岩和变质凝灰岩风化壳具有较好的稀土成矿前景.      

赣南宁都地区变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床地球化学特征及找矿意义

赣南浅变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床是江西省近些年来新发现的稀土矿类型.文章主要研究赣南地区新元古代青白口纪库里组和神山组浅变质岩稀土矿点,通过野外地质调查和室内综合研究,总结了该类稀土矿床的地球化学特征.结果表明:该区浅变质岩以SiO2含量中等、K2O/Na2O值较高、全碱含量中等、TFe2O3+MgO及CaO较低为特点;稀土元素总量较高,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,轻稀土富集,Eu中等亏损,部分矿点已达到化学风化晚期阶段;各矿点风化壳的稀土元素配分模式与原岩类似,稀土元素富集程度主要受控于原岩稀土元素丰度和风化指数CIA.     

广西云开地区风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿矿床特征及成矿模式

广西云开地区位于武夷一云开岩盆系武夷岩浆弧广宁深成岩带、华夏古陆与南华活动带的交切部位,其花岗岩侵入岩体风化壳内常富集离子型稀土矿,特别是中性、基性、超基性杂岩体风化壳内找矿前景较好。文章从区域地质、物化探特征和矿床形成条件等方面分析了风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿矿床特征,同时列举了云开地区典型的风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床。     

赣南新元古代变质岩稀土矿物及其地球化学特征

近年来赣南地区首次报道了变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床的发现,为离子吸附型稀土的找矿提供了新思路。赣南地区新元古代变质岩大面积分布,风化壳也广泛发育。文章对30件稀土元素含量(300×10~(-6))高的变质岩矿物样品进行了详细的电子探针分析,旨在查明赣南新元古代不同类型变质岩中的稀土矿物种类及特征,探讨其成因、对全岩稀土元素含量的贡献以及离子吸附型稀土元素的成矿潜力。研究表明,区域上变质岩可大致分为6类,分别是变质凝灰岩类、板岩类、千枚岩类、片岩类、变砂岩类和变粒岩类,不同类型变质岩的稀土矿物组合不同,除了普遍存在的、难风化的独居石、磷钇矿和锆石外,部分岩性中出现易风化的褐帘石、含稀土元素绿泥石和含稀土元素金红石,及表生的水磷酸盐和磷铝酸盐等矿物。这些富稀土矿物贡献了全岩中大部分稀土元素,且部分矿物成因与后期流体作用相关,为成矿提供了良好的条件。文章总结分析认为,赣南地区广泛分布的变质岩中,片岩类、变砂岩类和变质凝灰岩类均具有相对易风化的稀土矿物组合,尤其变质凝灰岩类和变砂岩类,能为离子吸附型稀土成矿提供充足的物质来源,具有可观的离子吸附型稀土成矿潜力。     

云南中基性火山岩风化壳离子吸附稀土成矿作用分析 ——以腾冲龙井山安山岩风化壳型稀土矿床为例

近年来在云南发现了多个离子吸附型稀土矿,特别是滇西的腾冲—陇川地区、临沧—勐海地区成为了找矿突破最大、最受关注的地区.本次工作在腾冲火山岩带南部龙井山发现一套富含轻稀土的第四系中基性火山岩建造,该含矿建造稀土元素丰度平均值达532×10–6.经过系统的调查研究及采样工作,结果表明腾冲龙井山新近纪中的辉石安山岩富含轻稀土,为一种年轻火山岩形成的风化壳型稀土矿床,矿体平均厚度9.15 m,平均品位(TREEO)0.11％,矿体品位、厚度变化与风化壳厚度呈正相关.该中基性火山岩离子吸附型稀土矿床的发现丰富了云南稀土矿床类型.这种年轻的中基性火山岩型稀土矿的成矿地质背景、地球化学特征等,为寻找中基性岩有关的稀土矿床提供参考.     

赣南西港伟晶岩型钽铌锂辉石矿床地质特征及成因

矿床位于华南褶皱系之武夷山褶皱带中的中武夷山隆起区西缘南段,付坊花岗岩体西缘、会同花岗岩体北东缘与震旦纪洪山组片麻岩、片岩接触带伟晶岩密集区.矿化伟晶岩大多受NE、NW、NEE向节理控制.矿区内已发现14个矿体,它们常呈脉状,延伸40~150 m.矿石为花岗伟晶结构,似文象结构和块状、条带状构造.含锂的矿物主要为锂辉石、含铌、钽的矿物主要钽铌铁矿、铌钽铁矿.它们主要分布于分异晚期的块体带中.地球化学和同位素研究表明,该矿床为岩浆一交代花岗伟晶岩型矿床,成因上与付坊和会同岩体有关.     

地质因素对离子吸附型稀土矿床勘查类型的影响

现行《稀土矿产地质勘查规范》采用矿体延展规模、矿体的矿化连续性、矿体形态复杂程度、厚度稳定程度、有用组分分布均匀程度5个地质因素来确定离子吸附型稀土矿的勘查类型。随着实践的积累,发现了其存在的一定的局限性。矿体延展规模、矿体形态的复杂程度基本上也反映了矿体的矿化连续性特征。风化壳中往往含有未风化彻底的夹层或风化球,进而提高矿床勘查的难度,在现行的勘查规范的地质因素中未能体现。本文提出将五大地质因素中的"矿体的矿化连续性"调整为"矿体内部结构的复杂程度",调整后勘查类型划分的标准不变,将有利于更好指导稀土矿产的勘查。     

江西宁都葛藤嘴浅变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿成矿模式

江西宁都葛藤嘴离子吸附型稀土矿床是新近发现的新类型稀土矿床,成矿母岩为一套浅变质岩系。本文对矿区内的浅变质岩岩石类型、稀土元素含量及风化壳中稀土分布特征进行了研究,总结了成矿模式。矿区内岩石类型有变质砂岩、变质凝灰岩、千枚岩及片岩类。稀土元素含量普遍偏高,平均为384×10-6,变质凝灰岩类可达723×10-6,属于LREE型。风化壳钻孔样品中稀土含量增高,稀土配分继承了母岩特征。此类矿床最为特殊的是成矿母岩呈层产出,母岩的岩石类型、厚度及层位是重要的找矿要素。宁都地区浅变质岩类中良好的成矿母岩主要为变质砂岩和变质凝灰岩,两者不仅稀土含量较高,产出厚度较大,风化壳矿体也较为连续。     

“寨背式”离子吸附型稀土矿床多类型稀土矿化及其成因

赣南寨背离子吸附型稀土矿床产于寨背复式花岗岩体的风化壳中,自20世纪80年代发现以来一直以轻稀土型开采,近年在轻稀土型花岗岩风化壳中发现了重稀土矿。为了探讨轻稀土型花岗岩风化过程中重稀土元素的迁移、分馏和富集机制,本文选择了区内三个具有代表性的风化壳钻孔（ZK1、ZK2和ZK4）对其进行了全相和离子交换相稀土元素地球化学研究。结果显示：钻孔ZK4中离子交换相稀土含量介于14.90×10^-6~835.8×10^-6之间,并富集轻稀土（LREE/HREE=2.28~10.78）;钻孔ZK1中离子交换相稀土含量达1470×10^-6（9件样品均值）,具有从轻稀土型向重稀土型过渡的配分特征（LREE/HREE=1.30~1.65）,并且剖面自上而下显示轻、重稀土逐渐富集的趋势;钻孔ZK2中离子交换相稀土含量为492.4×10^-6（8件样品均值）,自上而下稀土配分类型从轻稀土型过渡至重稀土型（LREE/HREE=0.43~2.25）,且轻稀土富集在全风化层上部而重稀土则富集在下部。三个钻孔的Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值与寨背花岗岩过渡相的黑云母正长花岗岩比值范围相近。此类岩石的稀土配分类型具有从轻稀土型（LREE/HREE>3.20）向过渡型转变的特征（LREE/HREE=1.45~2.65,Y/REE=15%~25%,前人称之为中钇轻稀土型）。由此推测：风化壳ZK4的母岩可能是轻稀土型黑云母正长花岗岩,其稀土配分类型继承了母岩特征。风化壳ZK2和ZK1的母岩可能为中钇轻稀土型黑云母正长花岗岩。ZK2中从母岩释放出的较高浓度的重稀土向剖面下部迁移,逐渐增大了轻、重稀土的分馏程度,最终使风化壳的稀土配分类型从轻稀土型转变为重稀土型。与ZK2相比,ZK1具有较高的风化蚀变指数（CIA值）,随风化程度增加富集在风化壳上部的轻稀土逐渐向下迁移,而已富集在下部的重稀土部分从剖面中迁出至地表水从而缩小了轻、重稀土的分馏程度,剖面ZK1的稀土配分类型均为过渡型。可见,华南地区中钇轻稀土型母岩风化后可形成重稀土矿体/矿层。

     

赣南峰山离子型稀土矿床成矿机理探讨

以赣南大埠岩体西部峰山钻孔风化壳剖面为研究对象,在风化壳剖面各层地质特征研究的基础上,对风化壳剖面各层中含稀土矿物开展了扫描电镜和电子探针分析,探讨了风化壳剖面各层主、微量（包括稀土）元素和离子相稀土元素特征。研究表明,风化壳中稀土元素呈“弓背式”分布,矿体位于风化壳剖面2~9 m,w(REE)平均为516.8×10^-6,离子相稀土元素浸出率为51%~84%,离子相与全项稀土元素总量分布特征一致。风化壳中稀土元素主要以离子吸附态形式和独立矿物（次生方铈矿和风化残余的磷钇矿、褐钇铌矿）形式存在,以离子吸附态形式为主。峰山风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿为轻、重稀土元素共生型稀土矿,以重稀土元素占主导,矿体上部相对富集轻稀土元素,下部相对富集重稀土元素。风化壳剖面中稀土元素的富集分异主要受轻重稀土元素地球化学行为的差异性、风化程度和黏土矿物含量联合控制。     

贵州平坝白云岩风化壳稀土超常富集层中稀土赋存状态的研究

以平坝白云岩风化壳剖面为例,主要利用化学连续提取的方法,结合透射电镜的分析,对碳酸盐岩风化壳岩-土界面附近的稀土超常富集层中REE的赋存状态进行了研究,获得了REE在水溶态及可交换态(相态Ⅰ)、碳酸盐结合态及专性吸附态(相态Ⅱ)、非晶质氧化铁锰结合态(相态Ⅲ)、晶质氧化铁锰结合态(相态Ⅳ)、有机质及硫化物结合态(相态Ⅴ)和残渣态(相态Ⅵ)等6种相态的含量及变化规律.结果表明,REE在富集层中主要以专性吸附态、残渣态和有机态为主.风化前缘可溶态稀土所占比例较高,为稀土在风化壳中的迁移、转化提供可能;基岩中原生含磷稀土矿物的风化产生的稀土磷酸盐矿物的聚集导致了残渣态稀土大量存在于风化前缘;此外,由于风化淋溶的不断进行,可溶态的REE在高的pH值条件与剖面中的有机质、铁锰氧化物和粘土矿物共同作用下沉淀、富集,也导致了风化前缘稀土的超常富集.     

江西相山下家岭稀土矿风化壳剖面地球化学特征

在详细野外地质考察的基础上,将相山下家岭稀土矿风化壳剖面自上而下划分为黄壤层、铁盘层、红壤层、球形风化层、母岩层。借助X射线粉晶衍射、X射线荧光光谱、电感藕合等离子体质谱等研究手段对剖面样品开展了岩相学、元素地球化学的研究工作。分析结果表明,岩石风化程度至上而下逐渐减弱,斜长石、钾长石、黑云母含量呈增加趋势,并出现伊利石、高岭石等粘土矿物。从黄壤层到母岩层,易移动元素K、Na、Ca含量以及FeO总量呈增加趋势;氧逸度OX值与Fe_2O_3含量呈先增后减的变化趋势,且最大值都出现在铁盘层;SiO_2的含量先减少后增加,Al_2O_3含量则表现为先增后减。微量元素分析结果表明难活动元素Th、U、Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf、Ga在各层中的含量相近,分异不显著;易活动元素Rb、Ba、Sr含量自上而下逐渐增加。在黄壤层、铁盘层、红壤层以及母岩层中的稀土元素含量远低于球形风化层,分析认为,由于黄壤层、铁盘层、红壤层中粘土矿物与Fe(OH)_3胶体结合,使其对稀土元素吸附量大大降低从而导致稀土元素在球形风化层最富集;Ce在黄壤层、铁盘层、红壤层中富集明显,而在球形风化层中则表现为亏损,母岩层中异常并不明显,可能因为风化壳上层风化过程中形成方铈石等矿物固定了Ce。     

广东禾尚田矿区新类型风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿的发现及意义

在广东禾尚田矿区,通过地表和钻孔岩芯样品的野外硫酸铵浸泡-草酸点滴试验、化学分析、稀土（REE）配分分析、稀土浸取率测定等工作,首次发现了灰岩风化壳中存在离子吸附型富铕稀土工业矿床。稀土矿与坡残积钨锡矿、铷矿共伴生,并伴生锂、镓和铯等元素,具有中稀土富集和高浸取率的特点,是离子吸附型稀土矿的新类型。它的发现将对离子吸附型稀土矿床勘查产生深远的影响,大大拓展找矿思路和对象;并说明了在一个矿田或一个矿区内寻找新的矿种、新的矿床类型、新的含矿层位的重要性。通过成矿地质条件分析,作者认为矿区西部找矿前景甚佳,禾尚田矿区将成为一个集有色、稀有、稀土、贵金属矿产的多矿种、多矿床类型、多含矿层位的矿区。     

Windows of metamorphic sulfur liberation in the crust: Implications for gold deposit genesis

Understanding the source of metamorphic sulfur is critical to clarifying the complete cycle of ore genesis, from source to sink, for several mineral deposit types. In this study, a mass balance approach and the thermodynamic computer programs Thermocalc and PerpleX were used to constrain the P-T range of pyrite breakdown to pyrrhotite (which liberates sulfur) in common metamorphic lithologies. The results suggest that most of the continental crust’s metamorphic sulfur is liberated in a relatively narrow temperature-pressure window corresponding to the terminal breakdown of chlorite at moderate to low pressures. This is because pyrite stability is controlled partly by temperature and pressure, and partly by the amount of H₂O present. During prograde metamorphism from the greenschist to the amphibolite facies, metamorphic H₂O is produced primarily through chlorite breakdown in mafic to pelitic bulk compositions. As temperature increases, more sulfur is required from pyrite to maintain equilibrium proportions of H₂O, H₂S and SO₂ in the fluid, and in addition, progressively more sulfur is required at lower pressures. At low temperatures, little sulfur is required by metamorphic fluid released during initial chlorite breakdown, whereas at higher temperatures coinciding with the terminal breakdown of chlorite, not only is more fluid present, but the fluid’s sulfur requirement has also increased dramatically. In this way, metamorphic dehydration drives pyrite breakdown and generation of sulfur-rich hydrothermal fluids at mesothermal conditions. Beyond the chlorite stability field there is minimal metamorphic fluid production, except at low pressures and high temperatures where muscovite can break down without causing melting; conditions that are a long way from typical crustal geotherms. However, deformation also plays a key role in pyrite breakdown. Without deformation, small amounts of fluid in chemical communication with individual pyrite grains will quickly acquire equilibrium concentrations of the sulfur species and minimal pyrite breakdown is necessary. Whereas during deformation, there may be a continuous fluid flux past pyrite grains, promoting ongoing sulfur liberation. In this way, periods of deformation may be the major sulfur-liberating episodes during a metamorphic cycle. Since hydrothermal fluids are inherently buoyant and consequently tend to migrate upwards and towards cooler temperatures through the crust, these results imply that orogenic gold deposits are most likely to form at lower-amphibolite to prehnite-pumpellyite facies conditions, and unlikely to form at higher temperatures. The pressure constraint on metamorphic sulfur liberation implies that tectonic settings that allow prograde metamorphism to follow low pressure P-T-t paths in an occasionally compressional or transpressional environment are necessary. Settings that promote extensive injection of felsic magma into a mid-crust that contains a significant proportion of pyritic carbonaceous metasediment are shown to be ideal for orogenic gold deposit genesis. Inverted back-arc basins are interpreted to be the most favourable of these.     

江西41 4含钽、铌钠长石化花岗岩风化壳中三水铝石的发现及其成因研究

The Wucheng trona deposit, one of the rare ancient trona deposits in the world, is genetically of typical terrestrial facies carbonate sediments of brine lake. Contained in an Eogene block basin composed of terrigenous clastic-evaporite rocks some 2400 m in thickness, it occurs 650 to over 900 m beneath the earth's surface in the form of multilayers, the lower part being pure trona beds while the upper part consisting of trona beds interbedded with halite streaks. Saline minerals are trona and to a much less amount, halite and nahcalite, associated with such minerals as shortite and northupite. Mirabilite, a rather common mineral in the carbonate salt lake, has not yet been found here. The unusually developed sedimentary cyclothem of the host rock, predo-minantly argillaceous dolomite- kuchersite- (halite-bearing) trona, makes up a most striking feature of this deposit, and the trona bed lies invariably on the kuchersite-dolomite facies. Although belonging to one of the minerogenetic series of saline deposit, the trona deposit, instead of being simply a product of the evaporation of brine, has its specific mineral-forming conditions and sedimentation mechanism. Trona is a typical product of the terrestrial facies carbonate lake. lts formation, therefore, requires the persistent supply of large quantities of Na-rich carbonate type water which, being actually surface water or ground water circulating through the metamorphic and igneous rocks at the periphery of the basin, constitutes an indispensable factor in the sedimentation of trona by its concentration and evaporation. Besides, the coicentration of CO_{8<.sub>^-2 and HCO8^- in the solution is related to the partial pressure of CO2. Only when sufficient CO2 is unceasingly supplied can nahcalite and trona be precipitated. CO2, in turn, depends on the presence of large amounts of organism for its formation. These factors are prerequisites for the precipitation of the trona deposit, making it distinctly different from other saline deposits. Other formation conditions of the Wucheng trona deposit, such as the existence of a closed basin controlled by tectonics, the alternate arid and semiarid climates, are quite analogous to those of other saline deposits. Some controversial problems concerning this kind of deposit are also put for ward in this paper for further investigation, including the feasibility of taking the abundance of sulfate minerals as a criterion of distinguishing ancient tronas from recent ones, the influence of material resources and climate conditions upon the variation of ore types, and the origin of the highly-concentrated sodium brine in areas adjacent to the Wucheng deposit.}     

江西盘古山钨矿床的碲化物特征及富集成因

江西盘古山钨矿是一个钨、铋、碲均可综合利用的大型矿床,有关其碲化物的特征及成矿流体的物理化学条件研究尚属空白.文章在整理和总结前人研究成果的基础上,对矿床中碲化物开展了详细的矿相学鉴定、电子探针和流体包裹体测温.结果显示,盘古山钨矿床的碲化物主要有硫碲铋矿A、硫碲铋矿B、应硫碲铋矿、巴硫碲铋矿、硫楚碲铋矿及辉碲铋矿.矿...     

浙江天台盆地下陈萤石矿稀土元素地球化学特征及成因

为了探讨浙江天台盆地下陈萤石矿床的成矿机理、成矿物质来源与演化,对其地质背景、微量和稀土元素地球化学特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:天台盆地下陈萤石矿中围岩的稀土总量、轻稀土、中稀土和重稀土的含量远高于矿石。萤石、石英和围岩的稀土元素特征均为轻稀土相对富集,重稀土显示相对亏损,(La/Yb)_N通常多数大于8,配分曲线显示较陡的右倾斜。萤石的Eu均呈弱正异常,而石英则呈现弱的Eu负异常,萤石和石英的Ce基本不显异常。根据La/Ho-Y/Ho关系图,该成矿带上萤石的成矿物质是同源的,且萤石与石英为同期形成的产物。天台盆地下陈萤石矿的成矿物质Ca元素可能主要来自朝川组紫红色沉积岩,F的来源除了朝川组地层以外,陈蔡群变质岩系也应是F的主要来源之一。根据矿床地质特征及其Tb/Ca-Tb/La关系图可知,其为低温热液成因——断裂带充填交代型矿床。