基于光学资料的广州塔附近下行地闪特征

利用2009—2014年广州高建筑物雷电观测站的光学观测资料,结合雷声和电磁场变化波形,对广州塔（高度为600 m）西北部60°扇形区域3 km范围内的119次下行地闪分布特征进行统计分析,结果表明:43.7%（52/119）的地闪发生在区域内4个最高的建筑物上;除了直接击中广州塔的20次地闪（16.8%）,距离广州塔附近0~1 km的区域未观测到地闪,观测到的距广州塔最近的地闪离广州塔约1.2 km;距广州塔1~2 km的区域共观测到35次地闪（29.4%）,其中每个高度低于300 m的建筑物被击中的次数不超过1次;距离广州塔2~3 km区域共观测到64次地闪（53.8%）,其中有些高度低于300 m的建筑物被地闪击中1次以上,最多达5次。广州塔对附近区域下行地闪的吸引作用使其附近1 km左右范围内未观测到地闪,且1~3 km范围内随距离增加下行地闪密度（扣除击中其他高度不低于300 m的建筑物的地闪）有逐渐增加趋势,说明高建筑物对下行地闪的吸引作用随着距离的增加而逐渐减弱。     

Analysis of Channel Luminosity Characteristics in Rocket-Triggered Lightning

A comparison is made of the high-speed （2000 fps） lightning between two techniques. The analysis shows （UPL） in altitude-triggered negative lightning （ATNL） photographic records in rocket-triggered negative that： the initial speed of upward positive leader is about one order of magnitude less than that in classically triggered negative lightning （CTNL）, while the triggering height of ATNL is higher than that of CTNL; the afterglow time of metal-vaporized part of the lightning channel can endure for about 160-170 ms, thus the luminosity of the air-ionized part can reflect the characteristics of the current in the lightning channel better than that of the metal-vaporized part. According to the different characteristics of the luminosity change of the lightning channel, together with the observation of the electric field changes, three kinds of processes after return-stroke （RS） can be distinguished： the continuous decaying type without M component, the isolated type and the continuing type with M component, corresponding to different wave shapes of the continuous current. The geometric mean of the interval of RS with M component is 77 ms, longer than that （37 ms） of RS without M component. And the initial continuous current （ICC） with M component also has a longer duration compared to the ICC without M component. The distinction in the relative luminosity between the lightning channel before RS and that before M component is obvious： the former is very weak or even cannot be observed, while the latter is still considerably luminous.     

成都地区地闪时空特征分析

利用XDD03A型闪电定位仪所取得的3年资料,初步研究了成都周边地区地闪特征。地闪中正地闪占绝大多数,其平均强度为6045 A,略高于负地闪的5974 A。地闪强度基本集中在12000 A以下。地闪活动具有明显的日变化,总体呈单峰单谷形式,地闪频次在60以上的峰值时段是18:00~24:00和01:00,频次在10以下的谷值时段是10:00~13:00,夜间闪电活动明显大于日间。正地闪频次日变化趋势和总地闪相同,负地闪频次日变化趋势除一些小波动外,和正地闪、总地闪相同。正负地闪频次的月变化趋势相同,6、7、8月闪电数较多,4、5、9、10月闪电数较少。通过统计分析,发现各月地闪频次和对应的各月降水量有较好的相关性。成都周边地区地闪活动密集,6、7、8月的地闪密度大大超过4、5、9、10月。     

山东地区冰雹云的闪电活动特征

利用山东电力部门提供的雷电定位资料,对10次冰雹过程的地闪活动特征进行了分析。通过分析发现,雹暴中正地闪占总地闪的比例平均为57.39％,远高于当地正地闪比例的气候特征值13.48％。地面降雹区基本出现在正地闪密集（活跃）区或邻近区域。在雹云快速发展阶段,地闪频数存在明显的“跃增”;在减弱消散阶段,地闪频数显著减少,但正地闪比例有所提高。负地闪频数峰值的出现通常提前于降雹0～20 min,正地闪频数峰值的出现一般滞后于降雹发生时间。整个降雹阶段对应于正地闪的活跃阶段。另外,结合对卫星观测的总闪电资料分析,发现冰雹云的云闪与地闪的比值远高于一般的雷雨过程,其云闪密度也远高于雷雨过程。以上这些特征对于冰雹的识别和对冰雹的超短时预报具有指示意义。     

江西省地闪特征及其与雷达特征量关系研究

利用2013—2020年3—9月江西省多普勒天气雷达和地闪观测资料,对地闪分布特征及其与雷达主要特征量之间的关系进行统计分析。结果表明：江西省地闪频数从东北到西南逐渐减小,其北部鄱阳湖平原为地闪频数高值区;地闪频数具有明显的季节变化和日变化特征,总地闪频数在16:00达到一天的峰值;地闪频数与低层（3km）雷达回波强度的关系可用对数拟合方程来描述,地闪频数与低层雷达回波面积的变化趋势正相关,回波越强相关性越强,但二者存在位相差,地闪增加先于回波面积增加的情况约占57%～60%,大多数情况下可在18min内发现两者均有增加;箱线图特征显示,随着回波强度增大,地闪发生时的回波伸展高度相应减小,而回波厚度略增大,从而得出不同强度回波的地闪发生格点周围10km半径范围的雷达回波特征。     

Optical and Electrical Observations of an Abnormal Triggered Lightning Event with two Upward Propagations

This study investigates an abnormal artificially triggered lightning event that produced two positive upward propagations: one during the initial stage (i.e., the upward leader (UL)) and the other after a negative downward aborted leader (DAL). The triggered lightning was induced in a weak thunderstorm over the experiment site and did not produce a return stroke. All of the intra-cloud lightning around the experiment site produced positive changes in the electric field. The initial stage was a weak discharge process. A downward dart leader propagated along the channel produced by the first UL, ending at a height of approximately 453 m and forming a DAL. Under the influence of the DAL, the electric field at a point located 78 m from the rod experienced a steady reduction of about 6.8 kV m-1 over 5.24 ms prior to the initiation of a new upward channel (i.e., the second upward propagation (UP)). The second UP, which started approximately 4.1 ms after the termination of the DAL and propagated along the original channel, was triggered by the DAL and sustained for approximately 2.95 ms. Two distinct current pulses were superimposed on the current of the second UP. The first pulse, which was related to the sudden initiation of the second UP, was characterized by a more rapid increase and decrease and a larger peak value than the second pulse, which was related to the development of the second UP into the area affected by the DAL. The second UP contained both a similar-to-leader process and a following neutralization process. This study introduces a new type of triggering leader, in which a new upward discharge is triggered in an established channel by an aborted leader propagating along the same channel with opposite polarity and propagation direction.     

The Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity with Severe Thunderstorm Wind in South and North China

The characteristics of cloud-to-ground（CG） lightning activity with severe thunderstorm wind（STW） in South and North China are analyzed using CG lightning data, radar data, and serious weather reports. The percentage of positive CG（PCG） flashes with STW in North China is larger than that in South China. STW takes place during the period when the total CG and PCG density is increasing fastest. STW also occurs close to the high-value center of CG and PCG density. In North China, the CG and PCG density in the grid of STW maximizes approximately 20 minutes after the STW occurs; while in South China, the PCG density and percentage of PCG in the grid of STW maximizes about 10 minutes before the occurrence of STW. The high-value centers of CG density and PCG density in North China move slightly faster than those in South China, which is opposite to the rate of increasing CG activity.     

A Comparison of the Characteristics of Total and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms

The region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is covered by two different lightning detection networks: SAFIR (Systeme d’Alerte Fondre par Interferometrie Radioelecctrique) for total lightning, including IntraCloud (IC) flashes and Cloud-to-Ground (CG) flashes, and the ADTD (ADvanced TOA and Direction system; TOA denotes time of arrival) network of China for CG lightning. Fourteen isolated hail-bearing thunderstorms in this region were examined in this study, using the data of SAFIR and ADTD. The peak of lightning frequency, for both total lightning and CG lightning, was often observed in advance of the occurrence of hailstones on the ground, with a trend of a rapid increase of lightning frequency before the hail was reported. The average lead times of the two types of lightning jump before hail events were obtained (total lightning: 32.2 min; CG: 25.4 min) through the 2σ lightning jump algorithm. Additionally, in hailstorms with a high ratio of positive CG flashes, the diameter of hail was larger and the duration of hail was longer; when negative CG flashes dominated, the diameter of hail was relatively small. The comparison of the characteristics of total lightning and CG flashes in hailstorms in this study is expected to serve as a supplementary tool for hail forecasting.     

Characteristics of a Negative Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharge Based on Locations of VHF Radiation Sources

The lightning very high frequency （VHF） radiation location system based on the short-baseline time-difference of arrival （TDOA） technique provides an effective approach to describe the temporal and spatial development of lightning discharge in two dimensions with high resolution. A negative single-stroke cloud-to- ground （CG） lightning flash was analyzed in detail using the radiation location results and synchronic fast/slow elec- tric field changes. The long-duration preliminary break- down process appeared to propagate with hi-directional leader channels. The two negative simultaneous discharge channels sloped down with a considerable horizontal com- ponent in the lower positive charge region at speeds of about 105 m s-1. The stepped leader was clearly converted from one channel of the preliminary breakdown process and spread downwards with branches. The speeds of the stepped leaders were about 105 m s -1. The K processes after the return stroke could either directly initiate from the start region with negative polarity lightning discharge, or initiate from a new region in the cloud as negative recoil streamers. All K processes propagated along the preceding electrified channel, while not all K processes initiated from the tips of positive breakdowns. The speeds of the K processes were about 106-107 m s-1.     

广东地闪时空特征及与降水关系分析

利用2016—2020年粤港澳闪电定位数据和广东86个国家地面观测站逐小时降水资料,分析了广东地闪频次和地闪强度的时空分布特征,以及地闪与降水量、强降水频次之间的相关关系。结果表明：(1)广东逐月地闪频次与降水变化均呈双峰型分布,峰值在6和8月,两者相关系数达到0.95。日变化中,地闪频次高值集中在12:00—20:00,占比为61.4%;地闪频次与逐时雨量均为单峰型,峰值出现在15:00,两者相关系数0.90。(2)地闪密度大值区以广州为中心向四周递减,中心值达到33次/(km²·年)以上;地闪强度分布与地闪密度相反,地闪密度大的地区,其平均地闪强度小。(3)全省大部分地区地闪密度与降水量、强降水频次相关性强,而在粤东及粤北地区相关性较差。相较于降水量,地闪密度大值区与强降水频次的相关性更好;而地闪强度与降水量的相关性,比其与强降水频次相关性要更好。     

不同高度建筑物上的下行地闪回击特征

为了研究不同高度建筑物上发生的下行地闪回击特征差异,对2009—2012年广州高建筑物雷电观测试验中获取的能确认接地点高度的58次下行负极性地闪的综合同步观测资料进行对比分析。结果表明：接地点高度小于等于200m和接地点高度大于200m两类地闪的回击次数和回击间隔时间的差异不明显,但接地点高度大于200m的地闪的首次回击电流幅值、继后回击电流幅值、首次回击光强脉冲的10%~90%波前时间及10%波前~50%波后半宽时间、继后回击光强脉冲的10%~90%波前时间及10%波前~50%波后半宽时间的算术平均值 (几何平均值) 分别为接地点高度小于等于200 m地闪的1.8(2.1),1.5(1.4),7.4(7.4),3.1(3.4),4.6(4.3) 和2.4(3.6) 倍。     

北京地区闪电特征初探

对信息产业部第22所研制的XDD03A雷电探测系统获取的2000～2003年北京地区云-地闪电资料进行了闪电的日变化、月变化、闪电的强度、闪电密度、极性等方面的分析,研究了北京地区的闪电分布特征。结果表明：云地闪中负闪占大多数;正闪的平均强度大于负闪;闪电的发生有明显的日变化,呈双锋双谷形式;最多闪电日数出现在7月和8月,几乎每天都出现闪电,而闪电次数最多则出现于8月份。北京地区闪电分布主要集中于4个区域,闪电的空间分布与地形及下垫面的性质有关。     

用VLF/VHF信号大容量采集系统观测云地闪电放电过程

简述了一种高分辨、大容量闪电VLF/VHF信号记录系统,报道了一次包含12次对地回击、平均回击间隔70ms、持续时间超过800 ms的地闪放电过程的VLF/VHF辐射波形全景以及分析结果.这一个典型事例揭示了一些有趣的现象:(1)这次过程的头5 ms出现了强烈的VLF双极性大脉冲序列,标志着云内初始击穿过程启动;对应于一系列VLF辐射事件出现了强烈的VHF辐射爆发,总体上看,前380 ms期间VHF辐射异常强烈,呈现为间歇式准连续辐射,之后强烈VHF辐射则更多地表现为分立脉冲式爆发特征.(2)与回击主电流峰期间VHF辐射较弱不同,地闪最强的VHF辐射来自初始击穿过程和回击后云内放电通道扩展或者新通道形成过程;在初始击穿阶段和回击间歇期,出现了不止一次强烈的VHF辐射爆发并不伴随明显的VLF辐射.(3)回击间歇期间一类云中放电过程产生一系列半宽为3～4μs左右、出现频率约105Hz的VLF快脉冲串,整个脉冲串持续时间约1ms,频谱峰值区域在60～90 kHz,并伴随较强的VHF辐射,这些特征都与直窜先导特征一致.很可能这是一种云内K事件.(4)还给出了江淮地区地闪过程回击VLF/VHF辐射波形的统计特征,统计还显示当相继两次回击间隔小于40 ms时后面回击幅度倾向于比前面回击弱,当回击间隔时间大于100 ms时,后面回击比前面回击强的可能性大.     

河南省强雷暴地闪活动与雷达回波的关系探析

利用ADTD雷电定位显示监测系统资料和郑州714CD多普勒雷达回波资料,对河南省2004--2006年8次雷雨大风伴局地冰雹和强暴雨两类强雷暴天气的地闪和雷达回波的特征及关系进行了分析,从观测事实出发,分析了河南8次强雷暴地闪活动与雷达回波的关系。结果表明:大风冰雹类回波强度为50～60 dBz,暴雨回波强度一般为40～55 dBz。暴雨地闪频数明显多于大风冰雹类;大风冰雹类天气以正闪为主,正闪比例在50%以上,暴雨正闪比例在6%以下;最大正、负闪强度可以出现在强雷暴过程的开始、持续、结束时段。块状单体回波出现或出现前,地闪已经出现,移动过程中的强回波带,少量地闪出现在强回波移动方向的前方20～30 km内,此地闪能很好地预示强回波未来移动方向;对于暴雨类天气,地闪不能很好预示降水的开始,地闪频数的增加预示强暴雨进入持续阶段,地闪减弱比暴雨回波减弱有明显的提前量。雷雨大风冰雹和暴雨持续阶段其正闪密集区和负闪密集区都同40 dBz的强回波区有很好的对应关系。雷雨大风持续阶段地闪数频数突增,整个时段地闪频次具有单峰特征;暴雨整个时段地闪频次具有双峰或多峰值特点以及高频数地闪持续性特点;1小时地闪频数强暴雨远大于雷雨大风冰雹类。暴雨类0℃、-10℃、-20℃层高度及云顶高度一般高于大风冰雹类,△H_(-10～0℃),△H_(-20～0℃),△H_((?)～0℃)三层高度差也大于大风冰雹类。     

Estimation of Lightning-Generated NOx in the Mainland of China Based on Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Location Data

Lightning-generated nitrogen oxides(LNO_x) have a major influence on the atmosphere and global climate change.Therefore, it is of great importance to obtain a more accurate estimation of LNO_x. The aim of this study is to provide a reference for the accurate estimation of the total LNO_x in the mainland of China based on cloud-to-ground lightning(CG)location data from 2014 to 2018. The energy of each CG flash was based on the number of return strokes per CG flash, t...     

Positive Charge Region in Lower Part of Thunderstorm and Preliminary Breakdown Process of Negative Cloud-to-Ground Lightning

A new lightning locating technology, called Lightning Mapping Array （LMA）, has been developed. The system takes advantage of GPS technology to measure the times of arrival （TOA） of lightning impulsive very high frequency （VHF） radiation events at each remote location. The spatiotemporal development processes of lightning are described in three-dimension by measurement of the system with high time resolution （50 ns） and space precision （50-100 m）. The charge structures in thunderstorm and their relationship with lightning discharge processes are revealed. The temporal and spatial characteristics of preliminary breakdown process involved in negative cloud-to-ground （CG） lightning discharges are analyzed based on the data of lightning VHF radiation events. The effect of positive charge region in lower part of thunderstorm on the occurrence of negative CG lightning discharge is discussed. The results indicate that the preliminary breakdown process with longer duration in negative CG lightning discharges is an intracloud discharge process. It occurs between negative and positive charge regions located in middle and lower parts of thunderstorm respectively. It initiates from the negative charge region and propagates downward. After propagating into the positive charge region, the lightning channel develops horizontally. The characteristics of the preliminary breakdown process are consistent with that of intracloud lightning discharges. The stepped leaders are initiated by the K type breakdown which occurs in the last stage of the preliminary breakdown process and develops downward through the positive charge region. The existence of positive charge region in lower part of thunderstorm results in the occurrence of preliminary breakdown process with longer duration before the return stroke of negative CG lightning discharges.     

北京地区负地闪回击转移的电荷量

负地闪是闪电危害的主要来源,其对地转移电荷源特征和电荷量不仅对闪电放电机理的研究有重要意义,而且对雷电防护也具有重要的实际应用价值。为了研究具有典型城市下垫面环境的北京地区的闪电活动特征和放电强度,利用北京地区2011年两次雷暴过程的多站GPS(Global Position System)同步闪电地面电场变化定量观测资料,在考虑消除场地和环境因素对电场变化观测资料影响的基础上,基于蒙特卡洛数据处理方法和非线性最小二乘法拟合反演算法,定量研究了负地闪回击中和的电荷源位置和电荷量,并对回击特征与回击转移电荷源之间的关系进行了讨论,得到如下结果:(1)单次回击中和的电荷量为1.1~27.6 C,平均为8.6±5.2 C,不同序数回击转移电荷量的最小值基本不随回击序数的上升而变化,最大值和均值随回击序数的上升而减小;一次负地闪中和的总电荷量随着回击数的增加而增加。(2)负地闪回击数和回击时间间隔都呈对数正态分布,其中负地闪总数70.4%的多回击负地闪其回击间隔平均为99±95 ms,不同序数回击的时间间隔最小值随回击序数的上升基本不变,时间间隔最大值和均值随回击序数的上升而减小。(3)回击转移电荷量的均值随回击间隔的增加呈波动形式的逐渐上升;相邻回击转移电荷源的空间距离均值随回击间隔的增加而增大。     

正地闪和负地闪预击穿脉冲序列的统计分析与对比

2009～2010年夏季,在大兴安岭林区利用闪电快、慢电场变化测量仪组成的网络对自然闪电进行了多站同步观测。本文选取2010年夏季3次过境雷暴过程中具有4站以上同步的资料,同时对表现出明显预击穿过程的37次正地闪和56次负地闪的预击穿脉冲序列进行了统计分析。统计的主要参数包括：脉冲序列的总持续时间（Total Duration）,脉冲序列和首次回击之间的时间间隔（PB-RS Separation）,预击穿过程到首次回击的时间间隔（Pre-RS Interval）,单个脉冲持续时间（Individual Pulse Duration）,相邻脉冲时间间隔（Interpulse Interval）等。对于负地闪,相应参数的算术平均值为4.1 ms、55.4 ms、56.0 ms、8.8 μs和111.0 μs,几何平均值为3.7 ms、35.6 ms、36.5 ms、7.4 μs和98.2 μs;对于正地闪,相应参数的算术平均值为4.5 ms、75.6 ms、77.3 ms、11.5 μs和297.3 μs,几何平均值为3.0 ms、57.8 ms、60.0 ms、10.0 μs和217.9 μs。对比发现,正地闪预击穿脉冲序列相对负地闪预击穿脉冲序列持续时间更长,和首次回击的时间间隔更大,其单个脉冲更宽,在整个序列中排列更稀疏。计算了正、负地闪最大预击穿脉冲幅值和首次回击幅值的比值（PB/RS,PB代表最大预击穿脉冲幅值,RS代表首次回击幅值）,通过和其他研究结果的对比,发现负地闪有PB/RS随纬度增大而增大的趋势,而正地闪没有。另外,检验了首次回击前地闪电场波形与BIL模型（Breakdown Intermediate Leader, BIL）的符合情况,发现只有很小比例的电场波形符合BIL模型。     

A Case Study of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms under Cold Eddy Synoptic Situation

There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province,caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002.Cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network (SLDN),which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province.The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN,Doppler radar and satellite.The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation.The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling.CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50°C.Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient,while the positive ones usually spread discretely.Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz,while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions (10-30 dBz) or cloud anvils,although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes.Almost all hail falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes,and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events.The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster.Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage,which is probably caused by the"mechanism of chargeregion lift"through investigating the reflectivity evolution.Combined with the total lightning (intracloud and CG) data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM,the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed.The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms.     

正环境电场中闪电先导的始发和传播

为了研究中国内陆高原雷暴正极性闪电放电的特点,中日两国科学家于１９９７年７～８月在甘肃省平凉市联合进行了人工触发闪电野外实验。利用设在离触发点约３．５ｋｍ处的高速数字化摄像系统结合在闪道底部的电流测量记录,对在正环境电场中触发的两次闪电的初始先导的发生和发展特点进行了研究。资料分析表明,这两次触发闪电都是由火箭顶部始发的上行负先导传输入云而形成短暂的连续电流放电过程,整个放电持续时间分别只有１７和２６ｍｓ。先导在垂直方向的传输速度随时间而增加,平均值约为３．５×１０５ｍ／ｓ。正环境电场中的先导在向云底传输过程中可能产生多个分枝,但它们一般只存在几毫秒时间就消亡了,只有少数分枝能够发展入云。主通道的亮度综合反映了各分枝亮度的变化,而它本身又与在闪道底部测量记录到的闪电放电电流变化存在很好的对应关系。