低碳钢和超低碳钢连铸板坯皮下凝固钩的特征与控制研究

以低碳钢和超低碳钢连铸板坯皮下的凝固钩结构为研究对象,呈现了凝固钩的典型特征形貌,发现了凝固钩捕获气泡和夹杂物的现象,得到了振痕与夹杂物的位置关系,通过试验和数值模拟的方法对比了不同浇铸参数对凝固钩深度的影响,并拟合得到了计算凝固钩深度的回归公式.结果表明:凝固钩主要存在完整叶状、弯曲型、双凝固钩型及熔断型等类型;凝固...     

含钛不锈钢连铸水口结瘤和结晶器"结鱼"

总结了前人在含钛不锈钢方面的研究工作和工业实践进展.指出合钛不锈钢结晶器"结鱼"主要是由于钢中氮钛浓度积偏高,导致TiN夹杂物大量析出,并在结晶器弯月面聚集,与保护渣反应放出氮气,致使局部钢液温度下降凝固后形成的;TiN型水口结瘤主要由于浇铸过程中TiN夹杂物附着在浸入式水口内壁造成的;TiO2型水口结瘤主要是二次氧化造成TiO2夹杂物大量增加,并在浇铸过程中附着在连铸水口内壁形成的;CaO·TiO2型水口结瘤主要是钢中Ca＞0.001%,Al＞0.01%的情况下,加入Ti后钢中形成数量较多的CaO·TiO2-MgO·Al2O3双相夹杂物,并在浇铸过程中附着在水口内壁形成的.同时阐述了上述连铸水口结瘤和结晶器"结鱼"的控制措施和工业实践中取得的进展.     

超低碳钢连铸坯钩状坯壳的演变与夹杂物的捕集

超低碳钢常用于生产汽车面板等表面质量要求较高的产品.连铸坯皮下的钩状坯壳很容易捕集夹杂物导致冷轧钢板表面出现翘皮、亮/暗线等缺陷,对产品质量具有严重危害.采用数值模拟分析了钩状坯壳的形成和演变过程.将计算的初生坯壳形状制作成物理模型,模拟了夹杂物在凝固前沿被捕集的过程,并对凝固钩区域不同位置的夹杂物的受力特征进行了分析.结果表明,凝固钩在弯月面中形成以后,不会直接湮没进坯壳内,而是要经历熔化、变粗、生长、湮没等逐步演变的过程.数值模型预测拉速1.3 m·min-1条件下最终存留在坯壳中的凝固钩深度约为2.5 mm,这与实际观察到的钩状坯壳的尺寸基本一致.模拟得到的钩状坯壳形貌与铸坯表层和漏钢坯壳的金相特征较为接近.夹杂物最容易在凝固钩下表面被捕集,不容易在凝固钩上表面被捕集,特别是对尺寸相对较大的夹杂物.但是溢流发生时,靠近弯月面处的夹杂物可能随着钢流进入到初生凝固钩上部而被快速冷却的钢液包裹.两道凝固钩之间的坯壳由于其凝固前沿处于垂直分布,小于100 μm夹杂物可能被捕集而大尺寸夹杂物不易被捕集.      

特大圆坯连铸用新型浸入式水口的设计与研究

 针对特大截面圆坯连续浇铸的特点,基于依靠浸入式水口自身结构减小钢流冲击深度,同时保证流动与传热沿周向分布均匀的思想,首次提出了新型浸入式伞形水口设计方案,并建立了结晶器内钢水的流-热-固耦合模型,对钢水的流动、传热和凝固行为进行了数值耦合模拟分析,验证了此水口的优越性与合理性：伞形水口的射流在结晶器内形成上下两个回流区,不仅有利于夹杂物、气体等的上浮分离,还能有效降低钢流冲击深度,使过热钢液均匀分布在结晶器上部,可提高弯月面温度和化渣效果;沿周向凝壳生长均匀,减轻了纵裂纹的萌生概率;在0.35m/min拉速下,出结晶器凝壳厚度达到31.2mm,满足安全生产要求。     

IF钢连铸坯凝固钩数学模拟与试验

 根据IF钢连铸坯凝固钩的形成机理,通过建立二维纵向切片传热模型,模拟了凝固钩的演变行为;结合金相试验结果分析了连铸工艺参数对凝固钩深度的影响。结果表明,在初始凝固过程中,凝固钩中经历了形成、熔化及生长等阶段,在数学模拟条件下,当结晶器内由浸入式水口流出的钢液温度为1 555 ℃、拉速为1.3 m/min时,在距离弯月面55.12 mm处,即凝固钩生长达到稳定状态,其深度为2.368 mm。当拉坯速度、结晶器内钢水温度、振动频率增加时,凝固钩深度均减小。凝固钩数学模拟结果符合实际生产。     

连铸坯凝固过程中传输现象基础知识系列讲座 第十四讲 连铸结晶器中的钢液流动

连铸结晶器中钢液的流动方式对去除钢水中的夹杂物、防止卷渣和铸流冲刷凝固层十分重要。介绍了板坯连铸结晶器中的钢液流动和水口出口倾角、水口浸入深度及浇铸速度等参数对流动行为的影响，同时概括了小方坯弧形结晶器中钢液流动特点。     

连铸坯凝固过程中传输现象基础知识系列讲座

连铸结晶器中钢液的流动方式对去除钢水中的夹杂物，防止卷渣和铸流冲刷凝固层十分重要，介绍了板坯连铸结晶器中的钢液流动和水口出口倾角，水口浸入深度及浇铸速度等参数对流动行为的影响，同时概括了小方坯弧形结晶器中钢液流动特点。     

汽车面板钢铸坯表层洁净度控制

采用扫描电镜检测、物理模拟研究以及数值模拟分析等手段,研究了汽车面板钢(IF钢)连铸坯凝固钩(hook)对表层洁净度的影响机理。结果表明,在IF钢连铸坯皮下1~3mm内夹杂物数量明显高于其它区域。凝固钩捕集夹杂物的主要形式有3种,包括弯月面附近捕集、液面以下捕集以及部分捕集的夹杂物逃逸。随着拉速和过热度的提高,凝固钩长度变短,夹杂物被凝固钩捕捉的几率下降。     

连铸结晶器内钢液流动、凝固和夹杂物的分布

 建立并求解动量、热量和质量传输耦合模型,研究了连铸结晶器内钢液流动、传热、凝固、溶质输送和夹杂碰撞长大行为。数值结果表明,受钢液流动的影响,在连铸机内钢液温度、碳浓度和夹杂物的空间分布与钢水流动特征相似,也可分为上下两个循环区。但是其分布具有各自的特点。在涡心处,钢液温度较低,碳浓度较高,夹杂物体积浓度和数量密度较低。在弯月面处,钢液温度较低,碳浓度较高,夹杂物的体积浓度和数量密度较低。在结晶器出口处的凝固坯壳内,夹杂物的浓度和数量密度分布极不均匀,存在阶跃现象,这与冲击点处凝固坯壳的重熔有关。     

高拉速时连铸结晶器内钢液湍流场及其电磁控制研究

利用数学模型结合低熔点金属合金模型试验研究全幅二段恒稳磁场控制结晶器内气液两相流场和夹杂物粒子的运动轨迹。结果表明,水口喷吹氩气结合施加恒稳磁场的作用,同时达到控制结晶器内弯月面波动、获得活塞流和抑制后凝固区偏析的目的。氩气喷吹和磁场共同作用既能保持液面稳定又能避免凝结发生。吹入氩气能增加夹杂物的去除率。施加磁场时,夹杂物运动速度明显降低．夹杂物的富集率降低。     

低碳铝镇静钢铸坯皮下钩状坯壳

 低碳铝镇静钢铸坯皮下有明显的钩状坯壳,钩状坯壳很容易捕获夹杂物和气泡,使得簇群状氧化铝夹杂和气泡+氧化铝在铸坯的近表层聚集。对低碳铝镇静钢铸坯的宽面、窄面以及角部综合取样,研究分析了铸坯不同位置处钩状坯壳的特征与变化规律。结果显示,在铸坯宽面,中心处钩状坯壳较深;在铸坯窄面,越靠近角部,钩状坯壳越深;在铸坯角部,钩状坯壳呈现三维形貌。此外,提出了钩状坯壳对夹杂物和气泡的捕获机理,认为连铸过程中的Marangoni力对夹杂物和气泡的捕获起着至关重要的作用。此机理很好地解释了钩状坯壳更易捕获大尺寸夹杂物和气泡的原因;根据该机理,提出了减小钩状坯壳捕获大尺寸夹杂物的相关措施。     

A new mechanism of hook formation during continuous casting of ultra-low-carbon steel slabs

The initial stages of solidification near the meniscus during continuous casting of steel slabs involve many complex inter-related transient phenomena, which cause periodic oscillation marks (OMs), subsurface hooks, and related surface defects. This article presents a detailed mechanism for the formation of curved hooks and their associated OMs, based on a careful analysis of numerous specially etched samples from ultra-low-carbon steel slabs combined with previous measurements, observations, and theoretical modeling results. It is demonstrated that hooks form by solidification and dendritic growth at the liquid meniscus during the negative strip time. Oscillation marks form when molten steel overflows over the curved hook and solidifies by nucleation of undercooled liquid. The mechanism has been justified by its explanation of several plant observations, including the variability of hook and OM characteristics under different casting conditions, and the relationships with mold powder consumption and negative/positive strip times.     

浸入式水口对结晶器钢水流动与液面波动的影响

以国内某钢厂220 mm×1800 mm板坯连铸结晶器为原型,根据相似性原理建立相似比为0.6的水模型,利用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对比不同浸入式水口(SEN)的出口角度、浸入深度及水口底部结构条件下的结晶器内流场流速特征,同时使用波高仪对液面波动振幅进行实时监测,并结合F数分析各SEN条件对结晶器内钢液流动特征.研究发现,在各浸入式水口条件下,位于结晶器液面1/4宽面处附近出现矢量流速向下的剪切流,同时在水口附近发现不规则漩涡.试验结果表明:浸入式水口的出口角度、浸入深度的增加能够强化上回旋区缓冲作用,降低结晶器液面表面流速;尽管凹底结构SEN能减弱钢液湍动能,但其对1/4宽面处剪切流速度的影响不大.另外,液面波动幅度和F数变化规律一致,且当浸入式水口出口角度15°、20°,浸入深度135 mm、145 mm条件下波幅与F数最为合理,从而减小或避免液面卷渣,提高连铸坯质量.      

Distribution of macro-inclusions in low carbon aluminium-killed steel slabs

Macro-inclusions in low carbon, aluminium-killed steel slabs were characterised by step-machining within a 10?mm zone from the slab surface using an ASPEX automatic inclusion analyzer. Dendritic structures within the cross-section of slabs were examined. The results show that alumina clusters and alumina associated with bubbles are the dominant macro-inclusions. Along the slab width direction, macro-inclusions were mostly found at the slab centre because of the deeper hooks and freezing meniscus surrounding the submerged entry nozzle. In terms of slab thickness, inclusions were mainly concentrated within the zone 3.5–6?mm from the top of the slab surface, where the columnar dendrites showed a relatively small inclination angle, indicating small cross-flow velocities at the solidification front. The number density of macro-inclusions were strongly dependent on the washing effect produced by the flow velocity. High speed casting promotes this behaviour and improves the surface quality of the slabs.     

A Unified Mechanism for the Formation of Oscillation Marks

Oscillation marks (OMs) are regular, transverse indentations formed on the surface of continuously cast (CC) steel products. OMs are widely considered defects because these are associated with segregation and transverse cracking. A variety of mechanisms for their formation has been proposed (e.g., overflow, folding, and meniscus freezing), whereas different mark types have also been described (e.g., folded, hooks, and depressions). The current work uses numerical modeling to formulate a unified theory for the onset of OMs. The initial formation mechanism is demonstrated to be caused by fluctuations in the metal and slag flow near the meniscus, which in turn causes thermal fluctuations and successive thickening and thinning of the shell, matching the thermal fluctuations observed experimentally in a mold simulator. This multiphysics modeling of the transient shell growth and explicit prediction of OMs morphology was possible for the first time through a model for heat transfer, fluid flow, and solidification coupled with mold oscillation, including the slag phase. Strategies for reducing OMs in the industrial practice fit with the proposed mechanism. Furthermore, the model provides quantitative results regarding the influence of slag infiltration on shell solidification and OM morphology. Control of the precise moment when infiltration occurs during the cycle could lead to enhanced mold powder consumption and decreased OM depth, thereby reducing the probability for transverse cracking and related casting problems.     

连铸板坯表面纵向裂纹缺陷的检验与分析

凝固组织宏观检验和金相检验证明,连铸板坯表面纵裂起因于结晶器弯月面初生凝壳厚度的不均匀性.这种不均匀性与碳含量、浸入式水口插入深度及其结构方式、保护渣理化性能等诸因素有关.     

Effect of oscillation-mark formation on the surface quality of continuously cast steel slabs

In a study of early solidification during the continuous casting of steel slabs, the effect of the formation of oscillation marks on the surface quality of the slabs has been examined by metallographic in-vestigation of slab samples and by performing a set of mathematical analyses. Positive segregation of solute elements, especially phosphorus and manganese, has been observed at the bottom of the oscillation marks and has been classified into two categories. One type is observed at the end of the overflow region on subsurface hooks which originate from partial solidification of the meniscus. A heat-flow model which takes into account the shape of the oscillation marks has revealed that this type of positive segregation is caused by local delay of solidification at the bottom of the oscillation marks. The other type of positive segregation has been found in a layer on the bottom of the oscillation marks without subsurface hooks. This form of segregation cannot be explained by the heat-flow model, but is likely due to a penetration mechanism in which the negative pressure in the flux channel generated during the upward motion of the mold draws out interdendritic liquid from the semi-solidified shell. Transverse cracks are found along the bottom of oscillation marks. The surface of the transverse cracks exhibits an interdendritic appearance in the vicinity of the slab surface, which implies that the cracks are initiated as hot tears in the mold region. A heat-flow analysis predicts that deep oscillation marks cause nonuniformity of the shell in the mold, which also was observed in the metallographic in-vestigation. According to the heat-flow analysis, not only the depth but also the pitch of the oscillation marks affects the shell profile. Therefore increasing the frequency of mold oscillation effectively reduces transverse cracks, by decreasing both the depth and the pitch of oscillation marks. Formerly Graduate Student in the Department of Metal-lurgical Engineering, University of British Columbia An erratum to this article is available at .