雨量观测数据的预处理方法

“九五”期间,在中国地震局和江苏省人民政府的大力支持下,江苏省地震局对全省12个台（井）的27个主测项和9个气象三要素辅助测项进行了现代化和数字化建设改造（冯志生等,2001）,同时新建了一个前兆台网中心。改造后主辅测项的每日观测数据被自动收集到前兆台网中心并入库,前兆台网中心人员每日只需对观测数据进行干扰剔除后即可供分析人员直接使用,台站观测实现了无人值守或准无人值守。这一建设改造工作使得江苏     

地震前兆串口通讯设备的网络接入方案与实现

针对地震前兆台网在不同时期项目建设时的技术限制,对前兆台网技术系统进行整合,在全国开展“九五”及模拟观测系统整体并人“十五”系统的改造升级工作。其主要内容包括台站网络改造和“九五”仪器接人改造两部分。对于具有仪器改造任务而不具备网络条件的台站进行网络通讯改造;通过增加地震前兆通信协议转换器和升级数据采集器两种方式进行“九五”仪器的接人改造改造后的仪器可以通过网络进行观测数据的汇集,从而实现前兆台网统一的运行监控、采集数据、存储、交换、管理和服务。     

宁夏“九五”与“十五”前兆观测系统整合

对宁夏地震局"九五"前兆仪器进行网络化改造,在确保"九五"观测系统正常的前提下,根据"九五"前兆台站的具体类型,提出"九五"前兆台站(仪器)与"十五"前兆台网的整合方案,完成宁夏地震局"九五"与"十五"前兆观测系统的并轨,以发挥前兆台网的整体优势。     

新疆数字地震前兆观测网络建设

介绍建设完成后的新疆数字地震前兆观测网络的整体功能,以及各种前兆观测手段在全疆的分布情况,给出了新疆数字地震前兆观测网络整体结构,数字地震观测仪器的基本信息、前兆观测数据管理模式等。     

新疆地震前兆台站(网)技术改造项目通过验收

20 0 1年 1 2月 1 3日由中国地震局组成的验收专家组 ,对新疆地震局地震前兆台站 (网 )技术改造项目进行了验收。地震前兆台站 (网 )技术改造项目是中国地震局“九五”重点项目的内容之一。通过对新疆地震前兆台站数字化改造项目的实施 ,使部分前兆台站的观测环境、工作条件、观测项目综合化、数字化、自动化和标准化程度大为改善。该项目按期完成了 5个台站 2 5个测项的数字化改造及 1个前兆台网中心的建设。在验收过程中专家组对乌鲁木齐基准台、库尔勒台及局台网中心分别进行了技术指标测试。测试结果表明 5个台 2 5个测项及前兆台网中心…     

我国地震地下流体前兆观测的"九五"进展与台站管理体制的改革意向

主要介绍了我国在“九五”期间实施的前兆台站流体测项的数字化中推广的仪器型号、主要性能指标及改造的规模,观测取得的成果及其有待完善的技术问题;简要介绍了我国长江三峡工程诱发地震监测系统中地下水动态监测井网的布设,观测井下地下水特征,数字化观测技术系统及建设的基本结果;最后介绍了流体学科前兆台站分级分类管理的改革意向。     

福建前兆观测台网“九五”升级改造典型问题分析

概述福建前兆观测台网“九五”升级改造情况,列举“九五”仪器升级改造实例,结合升级改造后运行管理过程中出现的突出问题进行分析,给出常见故障的排除方法,使“九五”升级改造仪器更好的运用于前兆台网观测,提高前兆观测台网每日数据产出的连续率.     

新安江地震台数字化改造设计

新安江地震台根据“中国数字地震观测网络”总体设计和“浙江省数字地震观测网络”建设的要求,对原有的观测楼、观测山洞进行数字化升级改造[1]。原观测楼拆除,新建440m2观测楼,并在原有设备基础上新增甚宽带地震计KS-2000和强震计PS-23。改造设计严格按照《地震及前兆数字化地震观测规范》的要求。     

广东省地方地震前兆监测台网优化方案

分析了广东省地方地震前兆台网在全省地震监测预报中的重要地位和作用以及当前存在的主要问题;论述了台网优化改造的重要意义。按照中国地震局“九五”重点项目《地震前兆台站的技术改造》的要求,提出了优化改造的技术方案。广东省地方地震前兆观测项目以地下流体综合观测为主,在地震重点监视防御区新建20个数字化、自动化地下流体综合观测站,观测数据通过有线MODEM和程序电话自动传递到地方地震部门和省局区域台网中心,实现了观测数据快速传递和资料共享。     

试论"十五"期间我国地震地下流体前兆台网的优化与建设问题

根据我国地震地下流体前兆台网的现状、“九五”台站建设取得的进展与存在的问题,提出“十五”期间有关台网优化与建设方面的如下工作建议：（1）优化现有的台网;（2）完善与推广数字化观测技术,力争使经过数字化改造的台站数量由100个扩展到300个,实现数字化观测的台项由300个增加到10000个,基本实现我国流体前兆观测技术的现代化;（3）建设以地震监测与预测研究为目的前兆实验场。（4）建成地下流体学科技术中心;（5）建设重大工程的地震安全性监测系统。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.