位相测量轮廓术中相移误差和最佳相移次数的研究

位相测量轮廓术是三维面形测量的一种重要方法,它采用的离散相移技术要求精确的相移,在实际系统中不可避免地存在着相移误差,它将导致计算位相和重建面形的误差,本文利用已建立的三维面形仿真系统,定量研究了不同线性相移误差下所引起的位相误差和面形误差大小,本文还讨论了应如何选取最佳的相移次数,本文的工作可为实际测量的校准提供理论数据,对实际测量工作具有指导意义。     

基于复Morlet小波的相位分析

针对基于结构照明的三维面形测量中的位相展开问题,提出了基于复Morlet小波分析的直接从条纹中提取自然相位的算法,并对其进行了理论分析、计算机模拟和实验,研究证明了可行性.该方法从一幅条纹图像中不需要进行相位展开就能够得到准确的相位分布方法,并且避免了传统相位方法所必须的复杂相位展开过程.当待测物体变化率比较大的时候,用传统傅里叶方法恢复得到的误差是-3～3 rad,而采用本文方法得到的误差是-2.5～0.5 rad,且对于顶部平坦部分基本没什么误差.对比分析表明,本文方法的精度要高于传统傅里叶方法.     

部分编码结构光三维测量技术的研究

提出了一种部分编码结构光三维面形测量方法,将相位展开技术与条纹编码结合起来,既有效地减少了投影和拍摄的图像数量又提高了相位展开的可靠性.该方法利用部分编码技术对相邻的多根条纹进行整合,减小了条纹密度,然后再对整合后的条纹相位进行展开,最终得到整个图像的相位分布.实验证明,该方法可以较大程度地减少重建所需的画幅数,同时具有良好的精度和可靠性.     

烟草行业烟丝宽度的非接触光学测量方法

为了快速准确的测量烟丝宽度，设计了一种基于图像采集数字处理的测量方法，针对烟丝边缘形状不规则的特性，开发出一种针对性滤波、边缘提取的图像处理方法，提高了不规则形状的检测精度，对烟丝宽度的检测精度达0．01mm。     

复杂非球面镜高效超精密车削加工法(英文)

本文中对复杂面形的非球面镜进行了分类,并从加工方法和加工路径优化设计等方面研究了复杂非球面镜的超精密车削方法.对回转对称的复杂非球面镜进行了加工实验,并借助超精密测量技术对各段曲面进行面形测量,依据测量结果实现面形补偿加工.最终粗糙度Ra达5.14 nm,形状精度P-V值达200 nm.采用提出的方法对非回转对称的非球面阵列进行加工路径设计,根据具体面形进行加工参数选择和实际加工,得到粗糙度Ra为7.81nm的表面.实验结果证明了提出的加工方法高效实用,可以满足大部分复杂非球面的应用需求.     

提高Fourier变换轮廓术测量精度的新方法

在傅里叶变换轮廓术测量方法中,对离散的条想方设法进行DFT（离散傅里叶变换）运算,存在“栅栏效应”,离散频谱不能完全无误地代表原连续频谱分布,相当于在频域内发生了谱信息损失。为了减小由“栅栏效应”引入的位相误差,采用了对条纹进行空域数值加权和外插补零方法,从而提高FTP的测量精度。计算机模拟证实了所提方法的有效性。     

基于条纹反射的镜面测量及三维重建算法分析

本文详细介绍了依据条纹反射术测量镜面,类镜面的原理和方法,分析了经由梯度数据重建三维面形的主要算法和关键问题.通过计算机模拟和波面实际测量,对十字路径积分法、傅里叶变换积分法和区域波前重构法三种主要算法的重建精度进行了对比研究.研究表明:区域波前重构法不但对高频噪声有较强的抑制作用,同时也可以处理复杂的连通区域和非等间距分布梯度数据的复杂情况,因此更适用于基于条纹反射术的波面测量.     

基于彩色双通道投影的快速调制度测量轮廓术

针对传统调制度轮廓术测量速度较慢的问题,本文提出了彩色双通道投影的调制度轮廓术.该方法将两个正弦光栅通过不同的通道同时成像在被测物体上,两光栅像面不重合(相互离焦),采用彩色CCD采集条纹图,利用彩色CCD的色通道性质,分离出两个单一通道的条纹图,得到其调制度分布.由于调制度比值和物体高度存在一一对应关系,由此可重建物体三维面形.文中给出了实验的设计方案、信息获取的方法、实验结果及误差分析,讨论了影响测量精度的几种原因.实验结果表明,该方法测量深孔等面形复杂物体,测量速度快,算法简单,且可以达到较高测量精度.     

基于光栅条纹强度分析的自动三维面形测量

通过对光栅条纹强度的分析，研究了一种自动三维面形测量技术。对发散照明所产生的光栅图形强度进行分析并得到被还原的相位。由于测量中只需一幅图象，因此该技术既简单又具有测速度快，精度较高的特点。文中还给出了理论模拟和实验结果。     

利用待定系数法的一维剪切波面重建算法

数字剪切波面干涉技术广泛用于波面测量和光学零件参数的检测中。本文介绍了数字剪切波面干涉技术的测量原理和一般处理算法，提出了基于待定系数法的一维剪切波面重建算法，对模拟的剪切干涉图和激光波面进行实例分析，表明所用方法具有较好的处理精度和实用价值。     

Robustness of reduced temporal phase unwrapping in the measurement of shape

The predictions of success rate and depth uncertainty for the negative exponential sequence used for temporal phase unwrapping of shape data are generalized to include the effect of a reduced sequence and speckle noise in single-channel and multichannel systems, respectively. To cope with the reduction of the sequence, a scaling factor is introduced. A thorough investigation is made of the performance of this algorithm, called the reduced temporal phase-unwrapping algorithm. Two different approaches are considered: a single-channel approach in which all the necessary images are acquired sequentially in time and a multichannel approach in which the three channels of a color CCD camera are used to carry the phase-stepped images for each fringe density in parallel. The performance of these two approaches are investigated by numerical simulations. The simulations are based on a physical model in which the speckle contrast, the fringe modulation, and random noise are considered the sources of phase errors. Expressions are found that relate the physical quantities to phase errors for the single-channel and the multichannel approaches. In these simulations the single-channel approach was found to be the most robust. Expressions that relate the measurement accuracy and the unwrapping reliability, respectively, with the reduction of the fringe sequence were also found. As expected, the measurement accuracy is not affected by a shorter fringe sequence, whereas a significant reduction in the unwrapping reliability is found as compared with the complete negative exponential sequence.     

Carrier-modulated Object Step-loading Method of Automated Analysis in Digital Speckle Shearing Interferometry

Abstract

An object step-loading method has been recently reported to overcome the problems of phase unwrapping and decorrelation in digital speckle shearing interferometry. In this paper, a carrier modulation procedure is incorporated into the object step-loading method in order to improve the phase derivation accuracy. An added advantage with this approach is that the direction of deformation is also revealed.     

Noise-residue filtering of interferometric phase images

The effect of noise-induced phase inconsistency on interferometric phase information content is studied. Phase inconsistencies, or residues, hinder a correct unwrapping of the phase signal. The probability of noise-induced phase inconsistencies is obtained as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, a two-dimensional noise-residue filter, intended to be applied as a preprocessing step before phase unwrapping, is proposed. The method is based on the observation that the noise creates adjacent phase inconsistencies mainly in interferometric phase images. A local analysis leads to a set of rules to be applied to reduce noise-induced phase inconsistencies. The filter performances are tested on noisy synthetic and real phase data.     

Phase unwrapping by region growing

The phase unwrapping problem consists in mingling out an integer field whose values make the original wrapped phase field continuous. Even if in principle the problem is very simple--a direct integration of the wrapped phase field suffices--in the presence of noise and/or undersampling, the solution is no longer unique and the direct integration methods usually fail to find an acceptable solution. This work presents what is to my knowledge a new unwrapping algorithm that attempts to find the solution by iteratively merging and shifting the continuous areas until a single region is built or no further moves are possible. Unlike the tile methods, the regions can have arbitrary shape and need not be ingle-connected so that, by removing the predefined size and shape constraint, the algorithm is very robust. The greater freedom of the regions' shape makes their handling more problematic, so that certain implementation aspects, critical to algorithm performance, are presented here. Some unwrapping examples are also presented and memory requirements are discussed.     

Spatial-fringe-modulation-based quality map for phase unwrapping

The quality-guided algorithm is a method widely used in phase unwrapping. The algorithm uses a quality map to guide its unwrapping process, and its validity depends on whether the quality map can truly reflect phase quality. In fringe projection surface profilometry, discontinuous surface structure, low surface reflectivity, and saturation of the image-recording system are sources of unreliable phase data. To facilitate the unwrapping process, we demonstrate an accurate quality map based on spatial fringe modulation, which is extracted from a single fringe pattern. Compared with temporal fringe modulation, the new criterion is more sensitive to spatial structure changes and less dependent on illumination conditions.     

Multifrequency grating projection profilometry based on the nonlinear excess fraction method

Although promised to be a fast and accurate three-dimensional shape measurement technique, grating projection profilometry based on phase measurement has been frequently baffled by the difficulty in phase unwrapping. We introduce the conventional excess fraction method into profilometry and extend it to nonlinear domain. Nonlinear excess fraction method (NLEFM), on the basis of which a multifrequency grating projection profilometry is developed, can work as a robust temporal phase unwrapper, which may extend the reliable measuring range by dozens of times at no cost of accuracy. The principle of NLEFM is detailed, and experimental results are given in which complex profiles are reliably measured with the novel system.     

Multilevel quality-guided phase unwrapping algorithm for real-time three-dimensional shape reconstruction

A multilevel quality-guided phase unwrapping algorithm for real-time 3D shape measurement is presented. The quality map is generated from the gradient of the phase map. Multilevel thresholds are used to unwrap the phase level by level. Within the data points in each level, a fast scan-line algorithm is employed. The processing time of this algorithm is approximately 18.3 ms for an image size of 640x480 pixels in an ordinary computer. We demonstrate that this algorithm can be implemented into our real-time 3D shape measurement system for real-time 3D reconstruction. Experiments show that this algorithm improves the previous scan-line phase unwrapping algorithm significantly although it reduces its processing speed slightly.     

Reliable phase unwrapping algorithm based on rotational and direct compensators

Phase unwrapping still plays an important role in many data-processing chains based on phase information. Here, we introduce a new phase unwrapping approach for noisy wrapped phase maps of continuous objects to improve the accuracy and computational time requirements of phase unwrapping using a rotational compensator (RC) method. The proposed algorithm is based on compensating the singularity of discontinuity sources. It uses direct compensation for adjoining singular point (SP) pairs and uses RC for other SP pairs. The performance of the proposed method is tested through both simulated and real wrapped phase data. The proposed algorithm is faster than the original algorithm with the RC and has proved efficiency compared to other phase unwrapping methods.     

Image-inpainting and quality-guided phase unwrapping algorithm

For the wrapped phase map with regional abnormal fringes, a new phase unwrapping algorithm that combines the image-inpainting theory and the quality-guided phase unwrapping algorithm is proposed. First, by applying a threshold to the modulation map, the valid region (i.e., the interference region) is divided into the doubtful region (called the target region during the inpainting period) and the reasonable one (the source region). The wrapped phase of the doubtful region is thought to be unreliable, and the data are abandoned temporarily. Using the region-filling image-inpainting method, the blank target region is filled with new data, while nothing is changed in the source region. A new wrapped phase map is generated, and then it is unwrapped with the quality-guided phase unwrapping algorithm. Finally, a postprocessing operation is proposed for the final result. Experimental results have shown that the performance of the proposed algorithm is effective.