乳腺癌生物标记

癌生物标记已经成为癌症研究的主要焦点。乳腺癌生物标记对乳腺癌的早期诊断、治疗方案的制定、治疗效果和预后评估有重要意义。现综述乳腺癌生物标记的相关研究进展。     

LncRNA和其他表观遗传学在三阴性乳腺癌中的研究进展

因缺乏激素受体（HR）及人表皮生长因子受体（HER-2）,三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）对内分泌治疗及分子靶向治疗缺乏特异性,成为乳腺癌（BC）预后最差的类型之一。TNBC的治疗主要有化疗、放疗及外科手术,但效果仍不满意,促使我们致力于探索新的分子标志物或新的治疗靶点。长链非编码RNA（LncRNA）在TNBC靶向治疗中具有生物标记作用,LncRNA及其相关的表观遗传修饰都可能为三阴性乳腺癌的治疗提供新的靶点。本文回顾有关LncRNA及其他表观遗传改变作为TNBC生物标记的现有研究进展及其作为TNBC治疗靶点的潜在用途。     

乳腺癌干细胞相关信号通路和生物标志物的研究进展

乳腺癌患者死亡率较高的主要原因为放化疗耐药导致癌症复发与转移,研究发现,乳腺癌复发转移与乳腺癌干细胞的存在相关,肿瘤内的乳腺癌干细胞具有自我更新和分化能力,且对传统放化疗具有一定抵抗性。而乳腺癌干细胞相关的信号通路和生物标志物可为乳腺癌靶向治疗提供有力依据。目前已知乳腺癌干细胞与Wnt/β-catenin、Notch、NRF2、PI3K/AKT/mTOR和Hedgehog/Sonic Hedgehog等信号通路相关并有CD24、CD44、CD49、钙黏蛋白3、CD133、EpCAM、Erbb2/HER-2、CXCR1等标志物,这些标志物及信号通路有望用作生物标记,作为乳腺癌诊疗、复发进展及转移倾向性等方面的标志,但在未来研究中仍存在一定挑战。因此,综述与乳腺癌干细胞相关信号通路和生物标志物并进行展望,以期为乳腺癌治疗药物研究提供理论支持。     

蛋白质组学在肿瘤生物标记筛选中的应用

蛋白质组学的快速发展为肿瘤生物标记的研究提供了科学的理论依据,在乳腺癌、结直肠癌、鼻咽癌及肝细胞癌等癌症的早期诊断方面发挥了重要作用,一些新的肿瘤生物标记相继被发现,如细胞质泛素、钙结合蛋白、血浆铜蓝蛋白和胆绿素还原酶等.了解这些标记物的表达机制,对癌症的诊断和治疗有重要意义.     

乳腺癌ER,PgR和CEA的免疫组化研究

乳腺癌雌激素受体(ER)、孕酮受体(PgR)的检测结果与其内分泌治疗及预后有密切关系,癌胚抗原(CEA)亦具有估计乳腺癌患者预后的作用。但迄今国内外对乳腺癌 ER、PgR和CEA同时标记研究较少,本文应用免疫组化方法对乳腺癌ER、PgR和CEA同时进行标记,以便为临床联合应用ER、PgR和CEA的检测结果指导乳腺癌的治疗提供帮助。     

乳腺癌生物治疗进展

随着分子生物学、细胞生物学和免疫学等研究的进展,乳腺癌治疗得到了长足的进步,已形成除传统的手术、放化疗外,包括内分泌治疗和生物治疗在内的综合治疗。生物治疗是指通过肿瘤宿主防御机制或生物制剂的作用,来调节机体自身的生物学反应,从而抑制或消除肿瘤生长的一种治疗方法,被称为乳腺癌治疗的＂第四种模式＂。伴随近年来人类基因组研究取得的成果,乳腺癌生物治疗已成为乳腺癌治疗中最为活跃的研究领域之一,本文对乳腺癌的生物治疗进展作做一综述。     

乳腺癌生物治疗进展

随着分子生物学、细胞生物学和免疫学等研究的进展,乳腺癌治疗得到了长足的进步,已形成除传统的手术、放化疗外,包括内分泌治疗和生物治疗在内的综合治疗.生物治疗是指通过肿瘤宿主防御机制或生物制剂的作用,来调节机体自身的生物学反应,从而抑制或消除肿瘤生长的一种治疗方法,被称为乳腺癌治疗的"第四种模式".伴随近年来人类基因组研究取得的成果,乳腺癌生物治疗已成为乳腺癌治疗中最为活跃的研究领域之一,本文对乳腺癌的生物治疗进展作做一综述.     

乳腺癌新辅助内分泌治疗研究进展

乳腺癌的新辅助内分泌治疗是最近几年才提出的一种治疗乳腺癌的辅助治疗手段，有助于肿瘤的降期和局部控制，且副反应较轻。现综述乳腺癌新辅助内分泌治疗的一些临床试验及生物学标记研究。     

乳腺癌新辅助内分泌治疗研究进展

乳腺癌的新辅助内分泌治疗是最近几年才提出的一种治疗乳腺癌的辅助治疗手段,有助于肿瘤的降期和局部控制,且副反应较轻。现综述乳腺癌新辅助内分泌治疗的一些临床试验及生物学标记研究。     

乳腺癌的生物治疗进展

乳腺癌是女性常见恶性肿瘤 ,发病率有逐年上升的趋势 ,随着分子生物学、细胞生物学和免疫学研究的进展 ,生物治疗成为继手术、化疗、放疗和内分泌治疗后的另 1种很有前途的治疗手段 ,特别是近年来人类基因组研究取得的丰硕成果进一步推动了生物治疗的发展 ,目前乳腺癌的生物治疗已成为最活跃的研究领域之一。肿瘤的生物治疗是指通过肿瘤宿主防御机制或生物制剂的作用 ,以调节机体自身的生物学反应 ,从而抑制或消除肿瘤生长的治疗方法 ,它包括免疫治疗和基因治疗。1　乳腺癌的免疫治疗1.1　乳腺癌的主动免疫治疗1.1.1　肿瘤疫苗治疗　肿瘤疫…     

肿瘤突变负荷作为乳腺癌免疫治疗的新兴生物标志物的研究进展

随着免疫时代的到来,免疫治疗为乳腺癌提供了新的治疗方法。应用免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)治疗乳腺癌已经在临床实践中取得了重大进展。但是,这种治疗药物只对少数患者有效,并且可能会导致免疫相关不良事件的发生,因此,必须通过使用相关的生物标志物来优化患者的治疗选择。最近,有研究证实肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)是一种可以预测乳腺癌免疫治疗疗效的新兴生物标记物。本文就TMB在乳腺癌患者免疫治疗疗效中的预测价值与应用现状等方面进行综述。     

肺癌的表观遗传研究进展

肺癌分子生物标志物早期检测是一种有效发现并且影响治疗癌症的有效分子工具。表观遗传在肺癌的发生、发展过程中起着重要的作用。表观遗传机制的研究从根本上改变了我们传统对于肺癌的发现,诊断及治疗的观点。表观遗传为肺癌的生物标记发展,早期发现和治疗风险评估提供新的见解。     

从2010年美国临床肿瘤学会会议看结直肠癌靶向治疗

近年来的关于结直肠癌靶向治疗的研究逐渐从晚期的姑息治疗扩展到新的领域,如维持治疗和辅助治疗等,同时关于预后和疗效预测标记物的研究也逐渐深入.这些研究正逐渐引起现有临床治疗策略的变化.关于结直肠癌靶向治疗2010年美国临床肿瘤学会会议上发布的数据给人们一些新的发现和启示.     

HER2基因突变在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展

人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)是一种酪氨酸激酶受体,是乳腺癌治疗的主要药物靶点和临床生物标志物。大约2%的乳腺癌存在HER2突变。无论HER2表达水平或扩增状态如何,有HER2突变的乳腺癌都可能对靶向HER2治疗有反应,因此本文对HER2基因突变在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展进行梳理和综述。     

Molecular and Immune Biomarker Testing in Squamous-Cell Lung Cancer: Effect of Current and Future Therapies and Technologies

Patients with non–small-cell lung cancer, including squamous-cell lung cancer (SqCLC), typically present at an advanced stage. The current treatment landscape, which includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, and targeted agents, is rapidly evolving, including for patients with SqCLC. Prompt molecular and immune biomarker testing can serve to guide optimal treatment choices, and immune biomarker testing is becoming more important for this patient population. In this review we provide an overview of current and emerging practices and technologies for molecular and immune biomarker testing in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer, with a focus on SqCLC.     

A review of HPRT and its emerging role in cancer

Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) is a common salvage housekeeping gene with a historically important role in cancer as a mutational biomarker. As an established and well-known human reporter gene for the evaluation of mutational frequency corresponding to cancer development, HPRT is most commonly used to evaluate cancer risk within individuals and determine potential carcinogens. In addition to its use as a reporter gene, HPRT also has important functionality in the body in relation to purine regulation as demonstrated by Lesch–Nyhan patients whose lack of functional HPRT leads to significant purine overproduction and further neural complications. This regulatory role, in addition to an established connection between other salvage enzymes and cancer development, points to HPRT as an emerging influence in cancer. Recent work has shown that not only is the enzyme upregulated within malignant tumors, it also has significant surface localization within some cancer cells. With this is mind, HPRT has the potential to become a significant biomarker not only for the characterization of cancer, but also for its potential treatment.     

State legislative trends related to biomarker testing

Comprehensive biomarker testing has become the standard of care for informing the choice of the most appropriate targeted therapy for many patients with advanced cancer. Despite evidence demonstrating the need for comprehensive biomarker testing to enable the selection of appropriate targeted therapies and immunotherapy, the incorporation of biomarker testing into clinical practice lags behind recommendations in National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Coverage policy differences across insurance health plans have limited the accessibility of comprehensive biomarker testing largely to patients whose insurance covers the recommended testing or those who can pay for the testing, and this has contributed to health disparities. Furthermore, even when insurance coverage exists for recommended biomarker testing, patients may incur burdensome out-of-pocket costs depending on their insurance plan benefits, which may also create barriers to testing. Prior authorization for biomarker testing for some patients can add an administrative burden and may delay testing and thus treatment if it is not done in a timely manner. Recently, three states (Illinois, Louisiana, and California) passed laws designed to improve access to biomarker testing at the state level. However, there is variability among these laws in terms of the population affected, the stage of cancer, and whether the coverage of testing is mandated, or the legislation addresses only prior authorization. Advocacy efforts by patient advocates, health care professionals, and professional societies are imperative at the state level to further improve coverage for and access to appropriate biomarker testing.     

Intratumor heterogeneity and chemotherapy-induced changes in EGFR status in non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction  

Biomarker expression is increasingly being used to customize treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The choice of systemic treatment usually depends on biomarker expression in the initial diagnostic biopsy taken before initiation of first-line treatment. Chemotherapy induces DNA damages in the tumor cells, and thus, biomarker expression in the tumor after systemic treatment might not be identical to biomarker expression in the diagnostic biopsy. NSCLC is highly heterogeneous and biomarker expression may vary in different areas within the same tumor. This review explores the tumor heterogeneity and chemotherapy-induced changes in EGFR biomarker status in NSCLC.     

基于核磁及质谱分析技术的代谢组学在卵巢癌中的研究

卵巢癌是女性生殖器官恶性肿瘤中死亡率最高的疾病,早期无明显症状,70%的患者发现时已为晚期,所以卵巢癌的早发现、早治疗及个性化诊疗方案是肿瘤治疗的发展方向。代谢组学(Metabolomics)作为一种新兴技术为卵巢癌的早期诊断、疗效评价及预后判断打开了新窗口。在卵巢癌的发生发展过程中,机体产生不同的代谢产物,代谢组学能对机体代谢变化作出整体评价,筛选出有价值的生物标志物,用于肿瘤的早期诊断、治疗及预后评估。本文就代谢组学的概念和方法,代谢组学在卵巢癌的早期诊断、病理分型及靶向治疗的应用做一综述。