Small Chamber Tests and Headspace Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Household Products

A chamber method for the characterization of the complex composition and time dependence of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from household products is described and the results obtained for five household products (two liquid floor detergents, one wax, a spray detergent for carpets, and a spray polish for furniture) are reported and compared to headspace measurements. An empirical mathematical model has been used to describe the time dependence of VOC concentrations in the chamber. The model allows characterization of complex emissions and their time dependence with relatively few parameters. Significant differences in the composition of emissions determined in the chamber and in headspace air have been observed and are discussed in terms of polarity and water solubility of the emitted compounds.     

A Study of Human Reactions to Emissions from Building Materials in Climate Chambers. Part II: VOC Measurements,Mouse Bioassay,and Decipol Evaluation in the 1–2 mg/m3 TVOC Range

Monitoring of human reactions to the emission of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOC) from four commonly used building materials was carried out. The building materials were: a painted gypsum board, a rubber floor, a nylon carpet, and a particle board with an acid-curing paint. The exposures were performed in climate chambers. The air quality was quantified on the decipol scale by a trained panel, measurements of formaldehyde and VOC being performed simultaneously. The irritating potency of the materials was measured by a mouse bioassay. The VOC measurements showed several malodorants and irritants. Some abundant VOC identified in the head-space analyses were absent in the climate chamber air. The rubber floor and the nylon carpet exhibited a marked increase in decipols compatible with a number of odorous VOC identified in the air. A high formaldehyde concentration (minimum 743μg/m³) was measured for the particle board coated with an acid-curing paint. This was not reflected by a corresponding relatively high decipol value but a long-lasting irritating potency was observed in the mouse bioassay. TVOC sampled on Tenax and expressed in mass per volume as well as in molar concentration, and decipol evaluation both have limitations and should be used with caution as indicators of (perceived) indoor air quality. Eye irritation expressed by means of the eye index reflecting the tear film quality index (comprised of break-up time, foam formation, thickness of the precorneal lipid layer of the tear film, and epithelial damage) was found to be insensitive to formaldehyde and a VOC mixture but sensitive to TVOC concentrations of 1–2 mg/m³. Lipophilic VOC may be the cause of reduced tear film quality by destabilization of the lipid multilayer of the tear film.     

基于可拓模型的既有公共建筑室内环境评价

我国既有公共建筑存量大,由于建造标准和年代不同,室内环境差异大。为对既有公共建筑的室内环境现状进行摸底与定量评价,建立既有公共建筑室内环境评价指标体系及物元评价模型。针对指标等级存在多取值范围的情况,提出改进的关联函数。对不同气候区、不同类型典型公共建筑室内环境进行评价、试摸底,为既有公共建筑室内环境改造提供科学依据与支撑。     

基于荷载试验的大跨钢拱桥承载能力评估

为了解大跨钢拱桥的力学特性,评价其实际承载能力,以厦门五石桥为工程背景,对该桥的动静态力学性能进行了有限元数值分析和动静载试验研究.试验与分析结果表明:静载作用下,该桥拱肋、主梁的应力和变形试验校验系数均在正常范围内,弹性工作性能良好,具有足够的强度和刚度;钢主梁剪力滞效应比较明显,顶底板纵向应力沿横断面近似呈V形分布;动载作用下,结构动态放大系数处于正常范围,结构动力性能良好.     

基于可拓学的既有公共建筑综合性能评价研究

我国既有公共建筑存量大,由于建造标准和年代不同,建筑性能差异大。为对既有公共建筑性能现状进行摸底与定量评价,建立基于关键指标的建筑安全、室内环境、能效可拓评价模型,并提出建筑综合性能分级方法。针对指标等级存在多取值范围的情况,提出改进关联函数。对某酒店建筑综合性能进行评价与分析,找出改造提升的重点内容。可拓评价模型评价结果与现行国家标准评价结果相同,证明了模型的合理性。提出的综合性能评价模型与方法可为既有公共建筑综合改造提供科学依据与支撑。     

高压旁压试验在高层建筑地基评价中的应用

介绍了旁压试验在高层建筑地基评价中的应用方法和成果分析。工程实践证明该方法是行之有效的。     

历史保护建筑适用性评价研究

指出我国现行建筑适用性评定标准主要针对既有建筑,这一评价体系没有体现历史保护建筑的文化价值因素,而这正是进行历史保护建筑鉴定的主要约束条件,本文在既有建筑适用性评定方法的基础上,引入历史保护文化价值影响评价体系,提出适合历史保护建筑结构的适用性评价方法.     

建筑遮阳产品遮阳系数测试方法综述

遮阳系数作为建筑遮阳产品的节能效果评价的重要指标,科学地检测遮阳系数是非常必要的。对近年来国内外学者在建筑遮阳产品遮阳系数的测试方面取得的研究成果进行了综述,分析讨论了目前建筑遮阳产品遮阳系数测试方法,如光学性能法、自然光源法、人工光源法的优缺点和应用范围,比较了我国现有建筑遮阳产品遮阳系数检测方法相关标准之间的差异,并对将来遮阳产品遮阳系数的检测方法研究提出了一些建议,以期为以后学者的研究提供一些参考。     

绿色建筑的节能评估

文章介绍了绿色建筑的发展;结合现行的国家标准,对绿色建筑围护结构节能效果的评估进行了系统的阐述,比较了主要的国家标准对建筑围护结构节能评估的特点.     

绿色建筑评价指标体系和模型研究

针对当前绿色建筑评价体系存在的问题,以建筑资源消耗程度、建筑环境适宜程度、系统的持久性为评价对象,从绿色建筑本身属性和外部环境两个层面,建立了基于时期和时点两个视角的绿色建筑动态评价指标体系;利用主成分分析法和因素重构分析法在数据处理上的优势,建立适应指标体系特征和考虑数据约束条件的绿色建筑评价模型。     

绿色医院建筑能源系统评价方法研究

绿色医院建筑是未来医院建筑可持续发展的重要趋势。目前国际上较为流行的绿色医院建筑评价体系主要包括美国的GGHC、LEED HC,英国的BREEAM HC和澳大利亚的Green Star HC。本文针对上述4种绿色医院建筑评价体系的能源系统,对设备能效、分项计量、照明功率密度、可再生能源应用等重要节能指标在不同标准中的权重分数和具体评价要点进行了详细分析。结合我国实际,采用措施性和效果性指标相结合的方式确定评价指标,有序对比法确定指标权重,从而提出了我国绿色医院建筑评价的具体指标和各指标权重值。通过在4家医院进行试评,检验证明了所建立的评价指标和权重基本具有可操作性,为正在编制的国家标准《绿色医院建筑评价标准》提供了技术参考。     

绿色建筑评价标准应用研究

2006年,我国颁布了《绿色建筑评价标准》GB/T 50378-2006,标志着我国绿色建筑的发展实现了新的跨越。为更好在不同气候区、不同地区有针对性落实绿色建筑,各个省市陆续出台了绿色建筑评价地方标准,这对于推进我国绿色建筑评价体系的完善有着深远的意义。     

Impact of Temperature and Humidity on Chemical and Sensory Emissions from Building Materials

Abstract The chemical and sensory emissions from five building materials (carpet, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring, sealant, floor varnish and wall paint) were tested under different combinations of temperature and relative humidity in the ranges 18–28°C and 30–70% relative humidity (RH). The experiment was performed in a climate chamber where a specially designed test system was built to study emissions from the five materials. The test system could provide different temperatures and humidities of air around the materials, while the air, after being polluted by the emissions from the materials, could be reconditioned to 23°C and 50% RH for sensory assessments. The experiment was designed to separate the direct impact of temperature and humidity on perception from the impact on sensory emission. The study found little influence of temperature on the emissions from the five materials whether expressed in chemical or sensory terms. The effect of humidity was found to be significant only for the waterborne materials – floor varnish and wall paint. Compared with the direct impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of air quality, the impact of temperature and humidity on sensory emissions from the building materials has a secondary influence on perceived air quality.     

高层建筑框架结构的综合检测

为了更准确、可靠地评价高层建筑框架结构的实际状态 ,应该综合利用各种检测技术 ,包括静态检测、环境激振检测以及局部激振检测等。为此 ,提出了基于互补互验思想的高层建筑框架结构的综合检测方法。并用一榀 1 2层的钢筋混凝土框架结构来说明如何运用综合检测方法     

高层结构质量评定方法的研究

目前高层结构的验收都是在一两天内完成，在如此短时间内，监理、设计和质检站等有关人员仅靠检查有关文件、资料和外观抽查，很难给出公正的工程质量评定结果。本文运用模糊数学原理，结合有验收争议的某高层结构，给出了一种高层结构质量评定的新方法。同时也给出了该结构不合格构件的加固方法。     

某办公楼地源热泵与冰蓄冷复合系统能效评价

地源热泵技术是当今世界较先进的空调技术,作为被政府和社会认可的可再生能源,在我国已得到大规模推广应用。空调蓄冷技术由于能够转移电力高峰用电量,平衡电网峰谷差,缓解供电压力,具有较大的经济和社会效益,在我国也得到了广泛应用。单一使用这两种技术的项目较多,二者复合运行的系统较少,通过对某办公楼地源热泵+冰蓄冷复合系统的现场测试,从技术和优化运行角度分析影响系统能效的关键因素,并对设备配置及管理人员对系统节能运行产生的影响进行论述,使项目具有更加良好的借鉴意义。     

大型公共建筑施工安全评价研究

文章提出了基于可持续发展的大型公共建筑施工安全现状评价指标体系;建立了定量评价模型,对预防大型公共建筑施工阶段的安全事故、环境事故,以及提高施工现场的日常管理水平具有重大意义。     

高层建筑节能评估方法研究

针对DeST软件在高层建筑节能评估工程中计算时间长的缺点,文章结合实际建筑围护结构的热工参数,以传热学理论为基础,对实际高层建筑进行了简化.计算结果表明,在评估过程中,对高层建筑进行合理简化不但可以保证计算结果的正确性,也可大大缩短评估时间,从而大大提高DeST软件在高层建筑评估工作中的生命力.     

基于建筑产品寿命周期的建筑节能评价体系研究

节约能源、减少污染的建筑节能已成为全球普遍关注的焦点,同时也成为实现社会、经济和生态可持续发展的根本途径.我国在建筑节能方面虽然已颁布了一系列的指标,但是缺乏科学的评价体系.正是在这样的背景下,提出全寿命周期评价(LCA)方法并将其运用到建筑节能评价体系中,提供理论依据和实例论证,以推动中国建筑节能战略的实施,加快建筑节能工作的步伐,促进建筑节能目标的早日实现.     

多向地面运动作用时铅芯橡胶隔震房屋模型振动台试验研究

本文对铅芯橡胶隔震支座房屋模型进行了振动台试验研究,分别对模型结构输入了单向、双向、三向地震动、对三种地震动作用下基础隔震模型的结构地震反应做了分析比较,结果表明水平双向地震输入时主轴方向结构地震反比单向输入时小,而三向地震动作用下结构主轴方向地震反应较单向输入时有明显增加,竖向与水平地面运动的相关性对结构反应的影响不能忽视。