废弃电子设备中塑料的回收利用

综述了近年来国内外废弃电子设备中塑料回收利用现状。着重介绍机械回收、化学回收和能量回收等资源化技术；讨论了存在的问题和研究发展方向。     

废塑料脱氯技术现状及产业化进展

废塑料化学回收再利用已成为研究热点,但在含氯废塑料化学回收过程中,氯化物对生产装置有强腐蚀性,同时污染环境、降低产品质量。通过对我国现行关于含氯量的相关排放标准的解析,脱氯技术的发展是完善废塑料化学回收工艺的重要途径。详细介绍了国内外各脱氯技术（分选技术、机械技术、溶剂脱氯技术和分步热分解技术、吸附技术和催化技术）的特点、反应机理及产业化应用情况,分析比较了各技术的优缺点,提出了组合脱氯技术以加快推进含氯废塑料化学回收工艺的发展。     

Chemical Recycling of Mixed Plastic Wastes by Pyrolysis – Pilot Scale Investigations

Chemical recycling of plastic wastes can be a useful complement to mechanical recycling to achieve the required plastics recycling rates and to establish a circular economy that is climate neutral and resource-efficient. Different mixed plastic wastes that are subject to future recycling efforts are studied under uniform conditions of intermediate pyrolysis characterized by a medium heating rate and pyrolysis temperature. Product distributions and selected product properties are determined, and process mass and energy balances are derived. Product yields and compositions are highly dependent on the waste pyrolyzed. The results show that pyrolysis is a suitable process to recover chemical feedstock from various complex mixed plastic wastes.     

Options for poly(vinyl chloride) feedstock recycling. Results of research project on feedstock recycling processes

Abstract

Feedstock recycling processes for treating poly(vinyl chloride) rich waste streams should be capable of recovering both the chlorine and hydrocarbon contents of the stream; the chlorine in the form of purified hydrochloric acid or salt and hydrocarbons in the form of energy or as feedstock for the petrochemical industry. Results of a research project to consider treatment of poly(vinyl chloride) rich waste streams are presented, together with recommendations on potential processes and technology for the development of a demonstration plant.     

废塑料回收现状和进展

叙述了各国关于废旧塑料回收法规及物理回收方法和化学回收方法的现状及进展。     

塑料衍生碳材料用于超级电容器的研究现状

塑料制品的过度使用,导致了严重的环境问题。将废旧塑料回收并转化为高附加值的碳材料并用于超级电容器等储能装置有着重要的意义,能够有效地降低环境污染并节约能源。本文首先对超级电容器的应用情况和塑料的使用以及回收处理现状进行了简单叙述,介绍了常见的废弃塑料处理方法、超级电容器的储能特点以及利用废弃塑料制备超级电容器碳材料的潜在价值;接着介绍了多孔碳电极材料的制备方法,对不同的制备方法的具体要求及其优缺点进行了简单分析;随后介绍了几种生活中常见的塑料,按照这些塑料的种类,分别对这些常见塑料回收用作超级电容器碳材料的研究现状进行了详细概述;最后对目前的研究现状进行总结,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。将废弃塑料回收并转化为超级电容器用活性碳材料,是一种新型的废弃塑料回收再利用的有效手段,能够有效地解决白色污染问题。     

超临界方法在塑料分解回收中的应用研究

综述了超临界水在废旧塑料如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,聚碳酸酯,聚乙烯等回收利用中的研究进展。对比于传统的废旧塑料处理方法,利用超临界水所具有的特殊的化学,物理性能对上述废旧塑料的处理,同时可达到效率,原材料回收比例高且后处理工序简便,无公害等多优点,为废旧塑料的回收利用开辟了新的途径。     

废旧塑料的再生利用

废旧塑料不仅污染了环境,而且也极大地浪费了资源.对废旧塑料在能量回收、用于油品生产及制取新材料等方面的进展情况进行了介绍和评述.废旧塑料的再生利用已成为急待解决的问题,有效的废旧塑料再生利用对于治理白色污染具有重要作用.     

废弃塑料的化学回收资源化利用研究进展

塑料对人类社会进步和经济发展发挥着重要作用的同时, 塑料的大规模生产和使用不可避免地产生大量的废旧塑料,无疑对地表水、土壤和海洋等带来严重的污染。塑料污染已成为全球可持续发展的挑战。传统物理回收法难以满足环保和资源化的要求,发展高效化学回收资源利用势在必行。文章针对8种典型量大面广的塑料如对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚烯烃［含聚乙烯（PE）和聚丙烯（PP）］、聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚氨酯（PU）等,梳理了当前国内外废弃塑料的化学回收资源化利用研究进展,特别是近10年内的新技术,对废弃塑料化学回收再利用技术的开发有一定的参考借鉴意义。     

Chemisches Recycling von Kunststoffen

On completion of the first life cycle of plastics various recycling processes are available for further utilization of these evaluable materials. The choice of process will depend upon the materials to be recycled. In chemical recycling polymers are degraded to basic chemical substances which can be reused in the petrochemical industry. This route plays a key role for soiled waste plastics or waste plastics which could not hitherto be recycled. The pyrolysis of acrylic polymers provides a good basis for comparing a fluidized bed reactor and a tubular reactor with regard to reactor modelling. The tubular reactor with internal mass transport is a simplified model for a rotary kiln. Parameters relevant for reactor design and scale-up are presented.     

Chemical Recycling of Polymer Materials

After the first life cycle of plastics various recycling processes are available for further utilization of these valuable materials. For an ecologically and economically satisfying solution the most suitable process has to be chosen. In chemical recycling polymers are degraded to basic chemical substances which can be reused in the petrochemical industry. For soiled waste plastics or waste plastics which could not be recycled until now, chemical recycling plays a key role. The pyrolysis of acrylic polymers provides a good example for comparing a fluidized-bed reactor and a tubular reactor on the basis of reactor modelling evaluations. The used tubular reactor with internal mass transport is a simplified model for a rotary kiln. Relevant parameters for reactor design and scale-up are presented.     

塑料包装废弃物回收处理及进展

塑料包装废弃物的处理方法基本上可分为填埋、焚烧及回收再生利用。填埋是把垃圾作为废物处理,对垃圾资源的利用率低,不符合国家可持续发展战略。焚烧法可将不能再次利用的混杂塑料在焚烧炉中焚化,由其产生的大量热量可再次充分利用。但焚烧的过程中会产生大量的有害气体,对环境及人体造成危害。回收再生利用包括机械再生利用和化学再生利用。机械再生利用包括直接再生利用及改性再生利用;化学再生利用主要有热分解和化学分解两类。塑料再生利用是国家解决资源短缺的一个重大战略问题,我国废塑料回收利用前景看好。     

多学科交叉助力废塑料生物法循环回收利用

生物转化过程具有条件温和、过程绿色、产品高值等优势,是未来废弃物高值化利用的重要途径。塑料是人工合成的有机高分子材料,已作为基础材料融入人类生活的方方面面。而海量剧增的废弃塑料已造成严重的环境污染与资源浪费。由于废弃塑料组分复杂、降解能垒高、胁迫因子多、回收经济性差,单一的生物技术尚无法对其进行即时处理,因此,基于学科交叉与过程集成,综合利用多种废塑料回收技术,建立多元化、个性化、交叉化的塑料回收新路线成为提升我国废弃塑料资源回收与利用水平、发展循环经济的重要途径。本文以生物技术为核心,综述了目前生物-物理、生物-化学以及生物-信息等技术交叉在塑料废弃物回收方面的研究进展,并针对性地分析了学科交叉研究中存在的瓶颈,探讨了未来亟需攻克的技术难点,以期为废塑料的高效回收利用提供新的思路和理论指导。     

The gasification recycling technology of plastics WEEE containing brominated flame retardants

The recycling of WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) became a requirement in April 2001 in Japan under the Home Appliance Recycling Law. By 2008 the criterion for the recycling ratio will be raised to 80%–90%, and at that time plastic must also be recycled. For this work, gasification processes (feedstock recycling technology) were selected for plastics WEEE recycling. After high temperature treatment, at over 1200°C, shock cooling of the gases to a temperature of roughly under 200°C was done by this process. The generated ‘thin’ gas could then be used as raw materials for chemical industries or for electric power generation. The effect of the high temperature treatment and the shock cooling suppresses the emission of brominated dioxins to a very low level, just as for chlorinated dioxins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Plastics,Rubbers, and Textiles in Municipal Solid Waste in the United States

In 1996, 210 million tons of municipal solid waste was generated in the United States. Fifty-seven million tons of this waste was recovered for recycling, 36 million tons was combusted primarily for energy recovery, and the rest (110 million tons) of the waste was landfilled. In 1996, plastics, rubbers, and textiles accounted for 20% by weight and 41% by volume of the total municipal solid waste. Six percent (2 million tons) of plastics, rubbers, and textiles were recovered for recycling in 1996.     

废旧塑料的回收与利用

综述了利用区块链技术进行废旧塑料的回收。使用区块链技术建立的塑料银行可以激励人们自发地回收废旧塑料。废旧塑料的回收流程大多是线下的,监管困难,使用区块链技术可以使用户在区块链上查询全流程的回收数据,便于监管。在废旧塑料的分选和利用方面,介绍了聚乙烯和聚丙烯的分选,聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯与聚氯乙烯混合固体塑料的分选。废旧塑料可以通过加入不同的改性剂转化为高附加值的有用材料。     

废旧塑料摩擦荷电机理及摩擦电选技术研究进展

塑料由于材质轻、化学性质稳定、成本低、耐磨性及耐腐蚀性好等优点被广泛应用于工程建设、食品安全、交通运输以及医疗等领域,如果处理不当会对环境造成严重的污染,废塑料污染防治已成为全球关注的环境问题。目前处理废旧塑料的常用方法有风选法、浮选法、静电分离法和光选法等,摩擦电选作为一种新型干式分选方法越来越受到研究者们的重视,其具有工艺简单、污染小、投资少、成本低等优点。本工作针对废旧塑料的分选回收利用,详细介绍了摩擦电选的荷电机理、影响因素、荷电装置和分选设备的研究现状,指出了目前通过摩擦电选回收废旧塑料的技术问题,并对摩擦电选技术未来的发展趋势和应用进行了展望。     

化工新材料产业及其在低碳发展中的作用

化工新材料是新材料的重要组成部分,是国民经济建设所需的关键材料,已经成为炼化行业转型升级的重要方向。本文分析了国内外化工新材料的产业发展现状,重点从化工新材料原料供给、新材料生产、产品回收与循环利用全生命周期（LCA）角度,阐述了可再生原料的汇碳作用,典型新材料（包括高端碳材料、汽车轻量化材料、新能源材料、碳捕集材料）生产的固碳作用,以及废弃材料回收和循环利用中的减碳作用。文章对我国新材料产业发展现状和前景进行了思考,认为化工新材料在降低CO₂排放、实现碳中和目标进程中作用显著;基于未来我国化工新材料市场需求强劲的总体态势,应该加大技术研发投入,突破重点新材料生产技术瓶颈,加快自主产品产业化进程,满足我国经济发展迫切需求,推动社会经济绿色低碳高质量发展。     

Methods for polyurethane and polyurethane composites,recycling and recovery: A review

Recent progress in the recycling and recovery of polyurethane and polyurethane composites is reviewed. The various types of polyurethane waste products, consisting of either old recycled parts or production waste, are generally reduced to a more usable form, such as flakes, powder or pellets, depending on the particular type of polyurethane that is being recycled. The various recycling technologies for material and chemical recycling of PU materials have greatly contributed to improve the overall image regarding the recyclability of polyurethanes in recent years, by far the most important being regrinding and glycolysis. These technologies open an emerging, effective and economic route for recycling polyurethane rigid foams and composite. Polyurethane foam in automotive seating has been successfully recycled using regrind technology. Glycolysis of polyurethanes can be economically acceptable, but still requires more development in order to tolerate more contamination in the post-consumer material. Current technologies can recover the inherent energy value of polyurethanes and reduce fossil fuel consumption. Energy recovery is considered the only suitable disposal method for recovered material for which no markets exist or can be created. Increasing waste-to-energy and other thermal processing activities involving gasification, pyrolysis and two-stage combustion has contributed for the disposal of significant amounts of scrap PU without many difficulties. It is concluded that many of the plastic feedstock recycling processes appear to be technically feasible and robust enough to warrant further development in the future.