低植被覆盖环境下BDS双频多星组合反演土壤水分研究

土壤水分是构成陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,高效、准确的监测其变化具有重要作用.利用全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)反射信号反演土壤水分已成为一种新型的遥感监测方法.目前,已有研究多倾向于在裸土环境下通过全球定位系统(Global Positioning System, GPS)数据反演土壤水分,同时在引入小波分析分离卫星反射信号时,缺乏对分解层数的探讨.为此,基于北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, BDS),提出一种基于小波分析和最小二乘支持向量机的土壤水分双频多星组合反演方法.探讨不同卫星高度角下小波分解层数对卫星信号的分离效果,并对比分析不同双频卫星组合反演土壤水分的可行性和有效性.以低植被覆盖环境为例,实验表明：(1)由于观测数据受多种因素影响,不同卫星最佳的高度角范围和小波分解层数均不同.(2)采用最小二乘支持向量机能够有效综合各卫星不同频率信号包含的土壤水分信息,反演结果更准确;当双频组合为四星时,反演结果与参考值之间的相关系数为0.977,较单星单频提高...     

小波变换在裂缝识别和裂缝密度评价中的研究(英文)

通过常规测井曲线小波变换来评价裂缝参数是一个较新的研究课题。本文针对火山岩裂缝储层,对常规测井曲线做coif5、bior4.4和db5基小波的小波变换,通过变换后的分解信号与成像测井裂缝密度的对比研究,寻找出与裂缝密度相匹配的基小波,再将常规测井曲线在这个基小波下的分解信号与曲线变化率法相结合建立裂缝指示曲线来识别裂缝发育段,最后通过裂缝指示曲线与成像测井的裂缝密度之间的量化关系来比较准确的评价裂缝密度。将裂缝指示曲线法在松辽盆地南部进行了应用,通过裂缝指示曲线求取的裂缝密度与成像测井的裂缝密度之间的相对误差为0.53。     

利用小波包变换对地震信号进行时频分析时小波基函数的选取木

通过比较几种不同的小波基函数的幅频特性,并利用不同的小波基函数对模拟地震记录进行时频分析,以期找到可以更为准确地描述地震信号时频特性的小波基函数.结果表明:利用dmey小波基函数可以更为准确地描述模拟地震信号的时频变化特征,因此,利用小波包变换对地震信号进行时频分析时选取dmey小波基函数较为合适.     

基于探地雷达信号处理的小波基选取研究

针对探地雷达信号处理和分析时小波基选取存在的问题,本文在分析探地雷达信号特点的基础上,首先从理论上讨论小波基的选取准则,然后再从实验角度进行对比、判别,认为在进行小波分解和重构时应该分别选择不同的小波基函数进行处理,这样可以保证重构信号的精确度,增强对信号的处理能力,从而也突破了以往分解与重构时都采用同一个小波基进行处理的做法.最后通过实际资料的处理,指出bior2.6小波基在进行雷达信号处理时效果最佳,不仅去噪彻底,而且能够保留有效信号的高频部分,提高信号的分辨率和信噪比,为后续解释工作打好了基础.     

GNMF小波谱分离在地震勘探噪声压制中的应用

地震勘探资料噪声压制及信噪比提高是整个地震勘探信号处理过程中的重要任务,随着地震勘探深度的增加及其复杂性,人们对地震数据质量的要求越来越高.勘探环境的复杂化使得采集到的地震资料中有效信号被大量噪声淹没,无法清晰辨识,严重影响后续的数据处理与解释.小波去噪是地震勘探中常用且发展较成熟的一种方法,但是其涉及到的阈值函数选取问题一直令人困扰,虽然已有多种阈值函数被提出,但仍存在各自的缺陷.本文利用小波分解在时域及频域良好的信号细节体现特性,引入模式识别中的非负矩阵分解(NMF)谱分离思想,针对小波系数阈值优化问题,提出了一种小波域图非负矩阵分解(GNMF)消噪算法.该方法首先在小波分解基础上,利用GNMF算法实现小波分解系数谱中信号分量与噪声分量的谱分离,然后通过反变换重构各分离子谱对应的子信号,最后利用K均值聚类算法将得到的多个子信号划分为信号类及噪声类,最终得到重构信号及分离噪声.合成记录和实际地震资料的消噪结果验证了新方法在提高信号与噪声分离准确性和精度方面的有效性,同时新方法避免了阈值选取造成的噪声压制不理想或有效成分损失问题.与小波消噪结果的对比及数值分析也说明了新方法在噪声压制及有效成分保持方面的优势.     

地震信号随机噪声压制的双树复小波域双变量方法

有效地压制地震信号中的噪声是地震信号解释和后续处理的重要环节之一.本文建立两种双树复小波域双变量模型对地震信号中的随机噪声进行压制.地震信号经双树复小波变换后,同一方向实部与虚部系数、实部(或虚部)系数与对应的模之间存在较强的相关性.鉴于此,对同一方向实部与虚部小波系数建立双变量模型,从含噪地震信号小波系数中估计原始信号的小波系数,再基于双树复小波逆变换重构得到降噪后的地震信号.进一步对同一方向实部(或虚部)系数与对应的模建立双变量模型,得到地震信号随机噪声压制的第二种双树复小波域双变量方法.最后对合成地震记录和实际地震资料中的随机噪声进行压制的实验结果证实本文两种方法都能够有效地压制地震信号中的随机噪声.     

三参数小波变换自适应阈值压制地震数据高频随机噪声

在有效压制高频随机噪声的基础上,最大限度保留有效信号一直是地震数据降噪处理中的难点.小波变换阈值降噪因其优秀的降噪效果和较高的计算效率受到地球物理学家们的青睐.在小波变换阈值降噪中,小波基、阈值函数以及阈值是影响降噪效果的3个关键因素.针对这3个关键因素开展相关研究：(1)采用更加适合地震信号分解的三参数小波作为母小波,可以更好进行信噪分离;(2)采用改进的阈值函数克服传统硬、软阈值函数的不足,基于改进阈值函数得到的降噪地震数据不仅波形光滑、连续,而且基本保持原始信号的特征,综合了硬阈值和软阈值函数的优点;(3)针对统一阈值“过扼杀”有效信号这一缺点,提出自适应阈值,自适应阈值不单以能量为标准进行有效信号和噪声的识别,还考虑有效信号小波系数的相关性,避免有效信号被当成噪声舍弃.最后通过模型试算和实际地震数据验证所提方法的有效性和实用性.     

蒸发波导对GNSS海面反射信号有效散射区域的影响

蒸发波导在海洋低空的发生概率高达90%,对舰船雷达、通信等电磁系统具有重要影响.为了分析利用GNSS卫星海面反射信号的时延-相关功率波形反演蒸发波导的可行性,本文提出了GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域的概念,并将有效散射区域内的GNSS反射信号区分为GNSS标准反射信号和GNSS波导反射信号;然后,利用射线追踪方法,仿真分析了GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域大小对蒸发波导的关键参数——波导高度的敏感性,并分析了在时延-相关功率波形上利用反射信号的传播时延将二者分离开的可行性.结果表明,GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域对蒸发波导高度非常敏感,对于2～25m高的GNSS反射信号接收天线,当蒸发波导的高度由0m增加至20m时,GNSS反射信号有效散射区域半径的均值可由约14km迅速扩展至约160km;采用高度角足够大的GNSS卫星可以将有效散射区内的GNSS标准反射信号与GNSS波导反射信号在时延-相关功率波形上分离开.     

压缩小波变换和非线性阈值技术压制磁共振尖峰噪声方法研究

地面磁共振是一种新的地球物理探测方法,能够通过探测地下水中氢质子丰度获取地下水含量、孔隙度等水文地质信息.然而,磁共振信号甚为微弱,仅达到纳伏级(10~(-9)V),极易受到噪声干扰.其中,尖峰噪声对磁共振信号影响最为严重,亟待研究有效的噪声抑制方法.小波多尺度分解硬阈值是近两年国际磁共振领域专家提出的尖峰噪声有效消除方法,但硬阈值算法设定阈值的固有缺陷会引发信号震荡,出现伪吉布斯效应,导致信号损失.基于此,本文提出压缩小波变换(Synchrosqueezing Wavelet Transform,SWT)和非线性國值处理(Nonlinear Thresholding,NT)算法联合消除磁共振信号尖峰噪声干扰.首先选择Morlet小波作为基小波,使得信号与噪声数据具有更高的时频集中性,利于尖峰噪声消除.其次,基于压缩小波系数进行非线性处理,可以弥补利用硬阈值和软阈值进行噪声消除时所引起的信号损失.仿真数据和实际数据结果表明,SWT联合NT方法可以利用单次采集数据有效消除尖峰噪声干扰并还原信号.本文提出的消噪方法将为磁共振数据后续反演解释,如多指数弛豫反演,奠定坚实的基础.     

二维多尺度离散小波/小波包分析进行重力区域场和局部异常分离的模型分析

建立了三个不同的重力异常模型,在MATLAB下,利用二维离散小波/小波包变换分别对这三个模型的区域场和局部异常进行分离.(1)通过用相同的模型,选择不同的小波进行重力场分离具有良好的效果,但不同小波分析之间存在着较小的差异;(2)小波包分解比小波分解更精确,但小波分解能够直接确定低频成分,而小波包分解需要建立与实际地质情况更相符的模型来确定低频系数;(3)针对本文所建立的模型,在小波分析中Coiflets小波系的精度更高,但在小波包分解中Daubechies小波系的精度更高.     

Dyadic wavelet analysis of PDA signals

The dyadic wavelet transform is used to analyze PDA measured signals in order to identify the CASE-damping factor, which may be directly calculated from the dyadic wavelet analysis, not from the correlation study; accordingly, the pile capacity may be more exactly estimated by the CASE method. The dyadic wavelet transform can decompose a PDA measured signal into an incident impact wave and a reflected impulse wave at the certain scale that are clearly shown on the wavelet transform graph. The relation between the incidence and the reflection has been established by a transfer function based on the dyadic wavelet transform and the one-dimensional wave equation, whose phase is the time delay between the incident and the reflected and whose magnitude is a function of the CASE-damping factor. An autocorrelation function analysis method is proposed to determine the time delay and to estimate the magnitude of the transfer function that is determined by the ratio of the maximum of the autocorrelation function to the second peak value represented the reflected wave on the autocorrelation function graph. Thus, the damping factor is finally determined. An analog signal, a PIT signal and five PDA signals demonstrate the proposed methods, by which the time delay, the CASE-damping factor, and pile capacity are determined. The damping factors and pile capacity are good agreement with those by CAPWAP.     

GRACE和SLR观测的地球动力学扁率最大熵谱及小波相关分析

卫星重力测量技术的实现为测定地球动力学扁率提供了新的方式和途径,GRACE卫星是目前最新的重力测量卫星,据其恢复的低阶重力场较以往精度得到大大提高,然而其观测地球动力学扁率（二阶项）却与卫星激光测距（SLR）结果相差较大.本文采用最大熵谱和小波分析方法对GRACE和SLR观测的地球动力学扁率时间序列信号进行定量比较分析,结果表明：GRACE观测的地球动力学扁率年际周期变化振幅仅为SLR观测结果的25%,并且目前GRACE观测的地球动力学扁率数据中含有系统输入信息和相位差,但前者较后者包含有较强的短周期（2～6月）信息.造成这种差异的主要原因可能来自于GRACE与SLR全球观测数据时空分布不同.     

基于模型空间压缩的大地电磁三维反演研究

本文提出了一种基于模型空间压缩技术的大地电磁三维反演方法.该方法在传统大地电磁三维反演理论的基础上,通过小波变换将待反演的空间域模型参数映射到小波域进行反演,获得小波域更新模型后再通过小波逆变换得到空间域反演模型.由于小波变换具有压缩特性和多尺度分辨能力,本文反演方法可在一定程度上提高反演分辨率.为了提高反演效率,我们针对基于L_1范数的模型约束求解不易收敛的反演问题,提出了一种基于模型粗糙度的简单有效的预条件处理技术.为验证本文算法的有效性,本文首先对经典的"棋盘"模型进行三维反演测试.反演结果表明本文算法的反演效率与传统方法相当,但对于深部异常体具有更好的分辨能力.最后,我们通过对实测数据反演进一步验证本文算法的有效性.     

Vibrator Data Denoising Based on Fractional Wavelet Transform

In this paper, a novel data denoising method is proposed for seismic exploration with a vibrator which produces a chirp-like signal. The method is based on fractional wavelet transform (FRWT), which is similar to the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT). It can represent signals in the fractional domain, and has the advantages of multi-resolution analysis as the wavelet transform (WT). The fractional wavelet transform can process the reflective chirp signal as pulse seismic signal and decompose it into multi-resolution domain to denoise. Compared with other methods, FRWT can offer wavelet transform for signal analysis in the timefractional-frequency plane which is suitable for processing vibratory seismic data. It can not only achieve better denoising performance, but also improve the quality and continuity of the reflection syncphase axis.     

Soil moisture estimation based on BeiDou Bl interference signal analysis

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System reflectometry(BDS-R) is an emerging area of BD(BeiDou) applications that uses multipath reflected signals in microwave remote sensing.Soil moisture estimation is one of the potential important applications of BDS-R.This study aims to investigate the feasibility of soil moisture estimation based on BD B1 band interference signals,which are composed of direct and reflected BD signals and can be readily captured using low-cost commercial BDS receivers.In this paper,a theoretical background for soil estimation from interference signals was introduced,and an analysis of field experimental data was conducted.First,a cosine model for the interference signal power was built,and a non-uniform power spectrum analysis was performed on the received interference signals to determine its main frequency.Then,a least squares curve fitting was applied on the interference signal power to extract its phase.The relationship between the soil moisture and the phase was then determined.Two months of experimental data were collected at BaoXie,Wuhan and analyzed for further inversion.Experimental results show that the phase of the interference signals increases with the increase of soil moisture.The correlation coefficient between the phase and the in-situ soil moisture value is approximately 0.8.Finally,the relationship between the phase and soil moisture is employed to estimate soil moisture.Results show that using BDS-R to measure soil moisture is feasible,which demonstrates a great potential of new application of the BD system.     

Soil moisture estimation based on BeiDou B1 interference signal analysis

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System reflectometry (BDS-R) is an emerging area of BD (BeiDou) applications that uses multipath reflected signals in microwave remote sensing. Soil moisture estimation is one of the potential important applications of BDS-R. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of soil moisture estimation based on BD B1 band interference signals, which are composed of direct and reflected BD signals and can be readily captured using low-cost commercial BDS receivers. In this paper, a theoretical background for soil estimation from interference signals was introduced, and an analysis of field experimental data was conducted. First, a cosine model for the interference signal power was built, and a non-uniform power spectrum analysis was performed on the received interference signals to determine its main frequency. Then, a least squares curve fitting was applied on the interference signal power to extract its phase. The relationship between the soil moisture and the phase was then determined. Two months of experimental data were collected at BaoXie, Wuhan and analyzed for further inversion. Experimental results show that the phase of the interference signals increases with the increase of soil moisture. The correlation coefficient between the phase and the in-situ soil moisture value is approximately 0.8. Finally, the relationship between the phase and soil moisture is employed to estimate soil moisture. Results show that using BDS-R to measure soil moisture is feasible, which demonstrates a great potential of new application of the BD system.     

基于稀疏分布特征的井下微地震信号识别与提取方法

井下微震监测获得的地震记录往往包含大量的噪声,记录信噪比很低.有效地震信号的识别与提取是进行后续地震定位等工作之前需要优先解决的问题.经过研究发现,井下水压裂微地震信号具有稀疏分布的特征,而井下环境噪声则具有更多的Gaussian分布特征.为此,本文提出将图像处理领域适宜于稀疏分布信号降噪处理的稀疏码收缩方法应用于井下微震监测数据处理.为解决需要利用与待处理数据中有效信号成分具有相似分布特征的无噪信号序列估算正交基以及计算效率等问题,将原方法与小波变换理论相结合.即通过优选小波基函数作为正交基进行小波变换将信号分解为不同级的小波系数,利用稀疏码收缩方法中对稀疏编码施加的非线性收缩方式作为阈值准则对小波系数进行改造.通过多方面的数值实验证明了该方法在处理地震子波及井下微地震信号方面准确可靠.含噪记录经过处理后有效地震信号的到时、波形、时频谱特征等均能得到良好的识别和恢复.并且该方法具有很强的抗噪能力,当信噪比低至-20~-30db时,仍然能够发挥作用.在处理大量实际井下微震监测数据的过程中,面对多种复杂情况,本方法展现出了计算效率高、计算结果可靠、应用简单等优势,证明了其本身具有实际应用价值,值得进一步的研究和推广.     

Could operational hydrological models be made compatible with satellite soil moisture observations?

Soil moisture is a significant state variable in flood forecasting. Nowadays more and more satellite soil moisture products are available, yet their usage in the operational hydrology is still limited. This is because the soil moisture state variables in most operational hydrological models (mostly conceptual models) are over‐simplified—resulting in poor compatibility with the satellite soil moisture observations. A case study is provided to discuss this in more detail, with the adoption of the XAJ model and the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) level‐3 soil moisture observation to illustrate the relevant issues. It is found that there are three distinct deficiencies existed in the XAJ model that could cause the mismatch issues with the SMOS soil moisture observation: (i) it is based on runoff generation via the field capacity excess mechanism (interestingly, such a runoff mechanism is called the saturation excess in XAJ while in fact it is clearly a misnomer); (ii) evaporation occurs at the potential rate in its upper soil layer until the water storage in the upper layer is exhausted, and then the evapotranspiration process from the lower layers will commence – leading to an abrupt soil water depletion in the upper soil layer; (iii) it uses the multi‐bucket concept at each soil layer – hence the model has varied soil layers. Therefore, it is a huge challenge to make an operational hydrological model compatible with the satellite soil moisture data. The paper argues that this is possible and some new ideas have been explored and discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小波分析法在海拉尔地震台前兆数据处理中的应用研究

应用小波变换法可对不同频率成分进行分解的特性,选取d b4小波基函数,尺度为1～8阶,对海拉尔地震台前兆资料进行分析研究.结果表明,应用小波变换方法可较容易地识别和剔除气压、场地环境干扰等影响海拉尔地震台伸缩仪观测资料精度的诸多因素,气压和场地环境干扰在小波细节分解d3～d6部分异常显著;小波变换法对同震效应的识别、提...