Evaluation of capital cost data: Onsite utilities (industrial gases)

Capital cost correlations with capacity or with total investment are given for units supplying onsite industrial gases: compressed air, oxygen, nitrogen, inert atmospheres, high purity hydrogen, synthesis gas, ozone and acetylene. Costs are also given for units to remove carbon dioxide and water from gas streams. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared. Graphs show the relative magnitudes of the different correlations, and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is given. Some unit usages are given for producing some of the gases.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Drives

Capital cost correlations are given for electric and gasoline motors, steam, gas and combustion-gas driven turbines, power transmission units and power converters. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared on a consistent basis. Thirty-eight graphs show the relative magnitudes of the different correlations and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is summarized in a table.     

Estimation of liquid film mass transfer coefficients for randomly packed absorption columns

Empirical and theoretical correlations, published since 1940 are reported which predict liquid film mass transfer coefficients in packed columns. Brief comments on the usefulness of the equations are given together with the range of operating variables, where available. Dimensional constants in the empirical correlations have been recalculated for the cases where the original values were not in SI units.     

Evaluation of capital cost data. part 7: Liquid waste disposal with emphasis on physical treatment

Capital cost correlations are given for oil-water separators, equalization basins, primary clarifiers, clarifiers and clarifier mechanisms, reverse osmosis unit, ultrafiltration units, gravity filters and miroscreens. Data are included for raw sewage, intermediate and recirculation pumping stations and for preliminary treatment (or bar screens, grit removal, overflow and bypass chamber and Parshall flume), for grit removal, comminution and gas stripping. The correlations are accurate to ± 30%, expressed in Canadian dollars and adjusted to a Marshall and Swift value of 1000. Details as to what components are included in the cost are given. Data are given for the labour and material costs to create a working process module. For inflation indices, a critique of the Engineering News Record, EPA small city, Marshall and Swift, Chemical Engineering and Southam inflation indices suggested that the Marshall and Swift index is most appropriate for the construction and process equipment studied here. Concerning the currency exchange, for the equipment and processes in this study, equipment costs the same whether expressed directly in US or Canadian dollars. To put the current data into perspective, several hundred sources of cost data were analyzed. The major correlations are compared, on a consistent basis, with current data.     

Predictive methods for the determination of vaporization efficiencies

The concept of the vaporization efficiency for a plate[1, 11, 13] is further extended to include the concept of the vaporization point efficiency. These efficiencies are used in a new model to account for the mixing of the liquid on the plate of a distillation column. This model is shown to be superior to existing models which were developed initially for binary mixtures. The proposed model presently makes use of the existing correlations for the number of transfer units which are given in the Bubble-Tray Design Manual[4]. The results of a field test on a commercial column are used to demonstrate the characteristics of the proposed model.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Liquid moving equipment

Capital cost correlations are given for liquid moving equipment. Correlations available in the literature and current data from suppliers, contractors, consultants and industry are compared on a consistent basis. Forty-three graphs show the relative magnitudes of the different correlations, and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is given. Some factors are given on the costs of installing liquid moving equipment.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Part 9: Liquid waste disposal with emphasis on chemical treatment

Capital cost correlations are given for chemical feed systems, chlorination, ozone disinfection, ultraviolet light disinfection, ion exchange, flocculation, and carbon adsorption. Most of the correlations are accurate to ± 30%, expressed in Canadian dollars and adjusted to a Marshall and Swift value of 1000. Details as to what components are included in the cost are given. Data are given for the labour and material costs to create a working process module. To put the current data into perspective, several hundred sources of cost data were analyzed. The major correlations are compared, on a consistent basis, with current data.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Gas moving equipment

Capital cost correlations are given for gas moving equipment. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared on a consistent basis. Forty-three graphs show the relative magnitude of the different correlations and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is summarized in a table. Some data on the costs of installing gas moving equipment are given.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Heat exchangers

Capital cost correlations are given for heat exchangers and furnaces. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared on a consistent basis. Forty-six graphs show the relative magnitude of the different correlations and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is summarized in a table. Some data on the costs of installing heat exchange equipment are given.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Heat exchangers

Capital cost correlations are given for heat exchangers and furnaces. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared on a consistent basis. Forty-six graphs show the relative magnitude of the different correlations and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is summarized in a table. Some data on the costs of installing heat exchange equipment are given.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Part 8: Liquid waste disposal with emphasis on biological treatment

Capital cost correlations are given for aeration basins, mechanical aerators, diffused aeration, conventional activated sludge process, extended aeration, contact stabilization, oxidation ditch, rotating biological contactor, trickling filter, aerobic lagoons, facultative lagoon, aerated lagoons and liners. Most of the correlations are accurate to ±30%, expressed in Canadian dollars and adjusted to a Marshall and Swift value of 1000. Details as to what components are included in the cost are given. Data are given for the labour and material costs to create a working process module. Data for oxidation ditches are accurate to ±50%. To put the current data into perspective, several hundred sources of cost data were analyzed. The major correlations are compared, on a consistent basis, with current data.     

四点支承异形中空玻璃板抗弯性能的有限元分析

各种形状的点支式玻璃越来越多地应用于工程中,但现行规范(程)规定的计算办法只适用于计算矩形玻璃。进行了点支式异形中空玻璃板受弯承载试验,分析了位移、应力的分布特点。同时分析了中空层的承载特点,通过迭代计算使用有限元方法得到了与试验测值较吻合的结果。并指出,点支式平行四边形中空玻璃承受均布荷载时,板心与长边边缘中点处的位移均比较大,板面最大主拉应力出现于长边中点处。     

Key observations from a comprehensive FCC study on Canadian heavy gas oils from various origins: 1. Yield profiles in batch reactors

A series of cracking tests in a comprehensive study were conducted on separate occasions involving all or parts of 10 Canadian vacuum gas oil (VGO) feeds and a catalyst. VGOs were cracked in fixed- and fluid-bed microactivity test (MAT) units, the Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) unit, and a modified ARCO riser reactor. Several important observations from this study were reported, including the effects of gasoline precursors on the maximum gasoline yields and aromatics in feeds on the conversion levels at which the maximum gasoline yields occurred. Yield profiles were found to be similar in shapes and relative positions between H₂S-free dry gas and catalytic coke for all but one of the feeds. Conversion and yield data obtained from the three batch reactors were compared and discussed. At a given conversion, correlations existed among the fixed- and fluid-bed MAT units, and the ACE for each product yield. A method to check the qualities of MAT and riser data was demonstrated by plotting the coke or total gas selectivity versus the gasoline selectivity.     

Dynamics of large-scale fluctuations in native proteins. Analysis based on harmonic inter-residue potentials and random external noise

The fluctuations of residues of proteins about their equilibrium configurations are analyzed by the Langevin equation. Residue pairs that are covalently bonded and those that are within a given cutoff distance of each other are assumed to be connected by linear springs. The actions of the solvent and intramolecular interactions on each residue are treated as random noise. The correlations of fluctuations resulting from the solution of the Langevin equation are observed to be identical to those obtained by the Gaussian Network Model based on equilibrium statistical mechanics. The time-delayed correlations of fluctuations, and the response of the protein to a given frequency and to a window of frequencies are determined. The fluctuations of the residues resulting from a given fixed externally applied frequency are evaluated for different modes of the system. Synchronous and asynchronous components of correlations for different modes are formulated. The findings of the present paper are applied to the 241 residue protein S. marcescens endonuclease (1QL0).     

Correlations (updated) for predicting the flow through MSF plant interstage orifices

So far, very few design correlations for interstage flow in MSF plants have been published, and their validation for a broad range of conditions is absent. Based on all experimental data with small-scale MSF units that was available to us, correlations for the orifice coefficient were developed for a wide range of flow and flashing conditions, in stages without and with downstream baffles, and a draft was presented at a past IDA congress. This paper recorrelates them in a much better way. These correlations are the first to use such a large amount of data, and the first to employ appropriate dimensionless variables. While their standard error and correlation coefficient are satisfactory, we note that the data came from a variety of sources and for channel widths of at most 0.53 m. Consequently, they should be used with some caution, and further extensive well-instrumented experiments are highly recommended.     

旋流塔板的操作工况及其区域划分

用照像法研究了旋流塔板的不同操作工况，确定了塔板上不同的操作状态，并给出了旋流塔板转变点的关联式。     

EVALUATION OF SOME TRANSPORT AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM: EFFECTS OF STEAM TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

For machine computation of drying, humidification and dehumidification processes it is necessary to have reliable correlations to predict transport and thermodynamic properties of the drying medium as functions of temperature and pressure. In this paper empirical correlations for specific volume, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity as well as specific isobaric heat capacity of superheated steam over the temperature range of 160-500^° C and the pressure range of 100-500 kPa are presented. The Prandtl numbers at various temperatures and pressures are also presented. Comments on the properties and the use of these correlations are given.     

填料塔压降与泛点的关联式

根据工程设计的要求,以填料塔设计通用关联图为基础,采用正交筛选法进行数据处理,将图表回归成压降和泛点的简单关联式。并对图中近400组数据点与关联式的计算值作了对照检验。     

A numerical approach to the cooling curves of porous P/M materials for quenching process

The software is developed in FORTRAN to obtain the cooling curves of powder metallurgy (P/M) of porous materials. The software is written in two-dimensional form and in cylindrical coordinates. The thermal conductivity of the porous materials is obtained using empirical correlations given in the literature. The natural convection, nucleate boiling and film boiling processes without and with radiation are considered in the analysis. The heat transfer coefficients on vertical and horizontal surfaces are calculated using the empirical correlations given in the literature. Energy equations are solved using the control volume method, but the effect of pore geometries is not considered in the analysis. Examples of the cooling curves are given for plain carbon steel with the water as the quenchant for 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% porosities. It is shown that the software can be used for different quenchants and the porous materials with different geometries.     

Packed extraction columns: A review of correlations for maximum throughput

A considerable amount of experimental data on maximum flow rates of countercurrently flowing liquid phases in packed columns has been published and a number of correlations for flooding velocities have been proposed. In the present paper various correlations are tested, using the same set of experimental results selected according to plausible criteria. The results of the test are presented in a consistent manner. Reasons why the result arrived at in this review differ from the recommendation given in Reference 10 are discussed.