改性污泥复合材料时间效应三轴力学特性试验研究

采用水玻璃、生石灰和絮状木质纤维作为污泥改性剂对城市污泥改性后,在不同养护龄期和不同改性剂配比下对改性污泥复合材料开展三轴固结不排水力学强度和破坏特征试验研究。改性剂设置3种配比5%、10%和15%,在相同围压下,养护5 d改性污泥复合材料破坏强度相对于原污泥相应地提高到1.25～1.426、1.12～1.33、1.2～1.5;养护10 d分别提高到1.33～1.45、1.154～1.35、1.56～1.67,改性剂配比5%和10%试验比15%硬化速度较快。养护10 d改性污泥在主应力差为20 kPa时,初始切线模量发生很大的突变,并且10%和15% 组有3%～5%应变延时期。养护10 d时5%和10%配比的试样内摩擦角 值大于15%配比的试样,而黏聚力 值明显小于15%配比的试样。基于Konder应力-应变双曲线方程,利用主应力差渐近值作为归一化因子,建立改性污泥在三轴固结不排水条件下的主应力差-应变关系方程     

改良黄土强度特性与工程处置试验研究

本文针对山西朔州典型黄土,利用素黄土与石灰粉煤灰、石灰水泥、水泥粉煤灰三种改良黄土,进行了击实特性、抗剪强度特性及崩解特性试验研究,提出了黄土改良的最佳方案,并采用该方案对山西某煤矿电梯井填方段进行了数值模拟分析,验证了石灰粉煤灰改良黄土工程应用的可行性。试验结果表明:粉煤灰与黄土形成致密的混合结构,石灰的掺入,激活了粉煤灰的活性,发生了一系列的水化反应,使改良黄土的强度大大提高,改良黄土在物理力学性质方面有明显改善。     

粉煤灰增强回填碱渣工程特性的试验研究

碱渣与饱和卤水混合制成浆体回填到盐矿废弃盐腔可同时解决碱渣处理问题和地下废弃盐腔存在的地质隐患。回填碱渣强度是影响充填效果的重要因素。因此,为了提高回填碱渣强度,采用掺入粉煤灰制成复合碱渣对其强度特性进行改良。针对不同粉煤灰掺合比的碱渣开展了组成、力学和细观试验。研究结果表明：（1）掺入粉煤灰能明显改善碱渣的强度,使其黏聚力、内摩擦角都大幅提高,抗剪强度大幅增加;（2）粉煤灰掺合比越大,增强效果越明显,但强度并非随掺合比呈线性变化,对黏聚力而言,在0～20%内的掺合比下增加速度最快,而对内摩擦角则在20%～30%的掺合比区间增加最快,对抗剪强度而言,0～20%的掺合比内增加最明显;（3）粉煤灰掺入还可显著改善碱渣的压缩固结特性,使其固结系数大幅提高,从而提高碱渣固结速度,缩短充填工期,其中在0～10%的掺合比内对压缩固结特性改善最显著;（4）矿物组成分析表明,粉煤灰掺入改变了矿物组成,使得亲水性矿物含量急剧锐减,进而改变了其沉积特性。而细观分析则表明,粉煤灰掺入使碱渣从絮凝团细观结构变成了粉煤灰充当骨架的充填结构,且粒间支撑和拉联效应明显。从增强效果提高、压缩固结特性增强、控制成本和工期综合分析表明,最优掺合比为20%左右,建议工程中以不高于20%的掺合比作为实用掺合比即可取得较为理想的充填增强效果。该研究为揭示碱渣增强机制及废弃盐腔碱渣充填工艺优化提供了有益参考。     

松-嫩平原苏打型盐渍土强度特性研究

用干燥法和滴水法研究了松嫩平原苏打型盐渍土在失水和吸水过程中抗剪强度参数c、φ随含水率的变化关系,提出了这两种情况下,苏打型盐渍土随含水率变化的抗剪强度公式并给出其强度参数及含水率的强度曲面,得出了不同应力水平下的临界含水率。分析了苏打型盐渍土在失水和吸水条件下抗剪强度随含水率的变化机制。其研究结果为松嫩平原地区的苏打型盐渍土工程的设计与建设提供参考。     

沙坡头水利枢纽工程坝基岩体抗剪参数的试验研究

黄河沙坡头水利枢纽是以灌溉、发电为主的综合水利工程,坝基岩体为碳质页岩、灰质泥岩和杂色泥岩,岩体较疏松,裂隙发育,对此进行了坝基岩体现场大、中型剪力试验。获得了岩体的抗剪(断)参数,为设计提供了可靠的成果。     

河北宣化赵川地区矿渣碎屑流工程特性及其启动机制

张家口宣化地区存在大量具有潜在危险的松散矿渣堆积体,文章以该地区具有代表性的响水沟松散矿渣堆积体为研究对象,对矿渣的颗粒组成、矿物成分、力学性质等进行详细的室内试验研究,结果表明:矿渣堆积体属砾质砂土,粘粒含量少,且级配不良,松散易流动。同一干密度下,随含水率增加,矿渣抗剪强度先增大后减小,当含水率为15%时,其粘聚力最低,表明响水沟矿渣堆积体失稳启动下滑的界限含水率可能在15%左右。综合以上分析结果,拟合得到粘聚力与含水率关系公式,初步预测矿渣碎屑流启动下滑的临界含水率。这一认识对该区矿渣堆积体的稳定性评价及碎屑流灾害预警有重要意义。      

富水砂卵石地层力学特性研究

富水砂卵石地区的地铁盾构隧道工程建设中须有效掌握地层力学特性指标,以指导盾构施工参数的动态调整。针对传统地勘无法准确提供地层参数的问题,通过对成都地层分布与土质特征进行大数据统计分析,并结合室内剪切与渗透试验研究,探求富水砂卵石力学特性与细粒含量、含水率、水压力等主要参数间的影响关系。试验结果表明,随着含水率的增加,内摩擦角φ先降低后提高,咬合力C先提高后降低;当细粒含量从1%增加至6%,C和φ均出现不同程度的降低。推导出两个强度指标C值和φ角与细粒含量和含水率两个参数的变化关系表达式,以及砂卵石土的细粒含量与其饱和含水率两者的变化关系式,并通过拟合情况与实际数据验证了公式的可行性。得出卵石地层管涌型的渗透破坏类型,其渗透性随着土样细粒含量的增加有所减小。然后从开挖土层的性质分析反映出隧道掘进参数动态调整和渣土改良工艺对施工影响的内在机制。研究结果可为成都地区砂卵石土层抗剪强度进行经验公式参数选取、数值模拟取值,掘进关键技术与施工方案制定提供参考依据。     

分散性土的抗剪强度特性试验研究

分散性土是一种具有特殊工程性质的土,其典型的性质为抗渗性能差,耐冲蚀能力低,在纯水中具有很高的分散性。目前,人们对于分散性土的研究主要集中在鉴定、抗渗和改良等方面,而对其抗剪强度特性的研究很少。采用三轴CU试验研究不同初始条件下分散性土的抗剪强度特性。结果表明:分散性土的应力-应变曲线在小围压、低含水率和高干密度的状态下呈应变软化型,在围压较大、含水率较高的情况下呈弱硬化型或硬化型;黏聚力和内摩擦角均随含水率的增大而减小,并且干密度越大受水分影响越强烈;黏聚力随干密度的增大而增大,在低含水条件下,黏聚力的增幅较大,而在高含水条件下,黏聚力的增幅则较小;内摩擦角随干密度的增大有少量增大。     

岩土工程新材料“EMC”测试与研究

我们对ＥＭＣ进行了物理力学性质测试,测试表明ＥＭＣ能有效提高处理材料的抗压强度、抗剪强度、密实度、承载力及抗机械蚀能力。使用ＥＭＣ与使用常规传统稳定剂比较有较高的经济效益。ＥＭＣ属新型环保产品,对环境无害。     

论砾质素填土的承载特性

砾质（碎石）素填土因密度较低、饱和度较高，存在较高固结沉降变形，但排水较易，因此确定地基承载力时必须既安全又合理，地基沉降变形在设计容许范围内。     

Geotechnical properties of municipal sewage sludge

The geotechnical properties of municipal sewage sludge, in particular those pertinent to the handling and landfilling of the material, are presented. Index, drying, compaction, shear strength and consolidation tests were conducted on the material at different states of biodegradation. The organic content and specific gravity of solids were found to be inversely related, with typical organic contents of 50–70% and specific gravity of solids values of 1.55–1.80. The density of the compacted material was low in comparison with mineral soils. Standard Proctor compaction yielded a maximum dry density of 0.56 tonne/m³ at 85% water content. Laboratory vane-shear and triaxial compression tests indicated that, below about 180% water content, the shear strength of the sludge material increased exponentially with reducing water content. Consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests on the pasteurised sludge material indicated an effective angle of shearing resistance of 32° for the moderately degraded material and 37° for the strongly degraded material. Biogas was produced at rates of up to 0.33 L/day/kg slurry due to ongoing biodegradation and the resulting pore pressure response must be taken into account in any stress analysis. Consolidation tests using the hydraulic consolidation cell, oedometer and triaxial apparatus indicated that the sludge material was highly compressible although practically impermeable, for example the coefficient of permeability for the moderately degraded slurry was of the order of 10⁻⁹m/s. However, creep deformation was significant with typical coefficient of secondary compression values of 0.02–0.08 for the compacted material. A more free-draining material was produced at higher states of biodegradation.     

垃圾填埋场污泥灰改性黏土衬垫的强度特性及微观结构

为评价污泥灰改性黏土作为填埋场衬垫防渗材料的可行性,分析污泥灰改性黏土强度特性及孔隙结构,针对受垃圾渗沥液腐蚀的纯黏土与污泥灰掺量为1%～5%的改性黏土,采用直接剪切试验分析其抗剪强度变化规律,采用低温氮气吸附试验分析剪切变形后试样的孔隙结构组成。结果表明,改性黏土属于VI型等温线,并存在H3型滞后环,且2～6 nm介孔的数量占比较大。受垃圾渗沥液腐蚀后,黏土抗剪强度大幅下降,黏聚力与内摩擦角分别下降60.12%和19.17%;黏土的最大氮气吸附量降低16.19%,且孔隙分布双肩峰发育不完全;随污泥灰添加量的增加,改性黏土抗剪强度增大,且孔隙分布逐渐恢复双肩峰形式,总孔容增大。     

纸浆渣烧结灰基本特性及其在污泥固化中的试验研究

国内每年产生大量的污泥,其无害化处理、废物重新利用的技术是解决疏浚污泥污染问题的必由之路,而污泥固化技术是其重要的途径。纸浆渣烧结灰自身所具有的吸水性和自硬性是一种研制廉价污泥固化剂配方的重要成分,是把造纸产业废弃物和生产废弃物同时再利用的环保工法,具有现实的研究价值。对纸浆渣烧结灰基本特性进行了试验研究,并在此基础上进行了污泥固化的试验研究,主要包括纸浆渣烧结灰酸碱度试验、吸水率试验、微观结构试验、抗剪强度试验和污泥固化土的无侧限抗压强度试验,结果表明,纸浆渣烧结灰呈弱碱性;吸水性随着压力的增大而减小,存在一个最小吸水率;抗剪强度随含水率的增加而减小,且具有自硬性。纸浆渣烧结灰可提高水泥固化污泥的无侧限抗压强度,并且水泥的掺入含量越高,其强度的提高越显著。     

冻融循环对固化污泥力学及微观结构特性影响

冻融循环作用会改变固化污泥工程特性,影响固化污泥堆体稳定及安全。在封闭系统下对固化污泥进行冻融循环试验,每经历一次冻融循环,就测定固化体的无侧限抗压强度、渗透系数等工程指标,并根据试验结果选取试样进行扫描电镜和压汞试验。研究结果表明：第1次冻融循环作用使固化污泥强度衰减30%,渗透系数增大80%,随后变化幅度逐渐降低;经过约6次冻融循环后,固化污泥强度衰减幅度高达50%,渗透系数增加约1个数量级,随后基本保持恒定,渗透系数的变化较无侧限抗压强度变化表现出微弱的滞后性。随着冻融循环次数的增加,固化污泥孔隙体积逐渐增大,固化污泥强度逐渐降低,渗透系数逐渐增大。在封闭系统下,固化体内部水分结冰引起的总膨胀体积恒定,固化污泥内部水分分布均匀。当冻融循环作用达到一定次数后,孔隙体积不再持续增大,只是在空间上重新融合分布,使各参数逐渐达到恒定状态。研究成果对寒区污泥固化填埋的安全处理处置提供技术参数和指导。     

城市污泥新型固化技术及其力学特性

我国城市污泥产量巨大,如果得不到妥善处理将会严重影响环境综合治理。为了研究一种高效、资源、稳定的城市污泥处理技术,对城市污泥先进行生石灰消化处理,再通过正交试验,以无侧限抗压强度为指标,优选出生石灰、原料土、城市污泥、固化剂等的最佳配比,配制成一种新型城市污泥固化土,并对其力学特性进行试验研究。试验结果表明：研制的新型城市污泥固化剂固化处理城市污泥效果很好,重金属浸出量满足国家规范要求,污泥固化土强度随着养护龄期的增加而增大,且28 d后慢慢趋于相对稳定,碱性对强度有促进作用,建议固化土初始配制含水率最高控制在45%～50%之间。三轴剪切试验得到的应力峰值和结构屈服应力随着围压和养护龄期的增大而增大,环剪试验得到的残余强度与养护龄期及有效法向应力成正比,与剪切位移成反比。     

基于变固结系数的静压桩周土体力学特性研究

以静压沉桩后桩周土体的应力状态为初始条件,根据桩周土体孔隙比、渗透系数和有效应力之间的相关性,在考虑固结系数随固结时间变化的条件下改进了轴对称条件下的太沙基固结控制方程。随后,采用分离变量法和离散化分析推导得出了桩周超孔隙水压力消散的半解析半数值解,并将解答与实测数据进行对比验证。在此基础上,采用空间滑动面理论改进的修正剑桥模型（SMP-MCC）定义土体三维不排水抗剪强度,研究了静压桩周土体强度、剪切模量随固结时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：由于解答考虑了固结系数随固结时间的变化,因而与实测结果吻合良好;土体压缩指数与渗透指数之比对土体固结系数和孔压消散速率影响较大;当土体压缩指数与渗透指数之比为1时,土体固结系数保持不变,解答退化为经典的太沙基轴对称固结方程;土体强度和剪切模量随固结时间的增长而逐步增加,固结完成后其值超越了土体原位强度和原位剪切模量。     

The management of sewage sludge by the water industry in England and Wales

Summary The legislative framework within which the disposal of sewage sludge is managed in England and Wales and the methods employed are outlined. Those factors which affect management decisions are analysed and consideration is given to the environmental implications of those decisions. Sewage processes and sludge disposal are considered, and the problems, especially those of heavy metal contamination, are addressed. An indication is given as to how the Water Services Companies are likely to implement the more stringent controls on disposal. Finally, the future of sludge management in England and Wales is discussed.Abbreviations BAT Best available technology - BATNEEC Best available technology not entailing excessive cost - BOD₅ Biochemical oxygen demand - BPEO Best practicable environmental option - CBI Confederation of British Industry - CEST Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology - COD Chemical oxygen demand - CSC Customer Services Committee - DAF Dissolved air flotation - DG Director General - DoE Department of the Environment - DS Dried solids     

污泥屏障渗透性及重金属阻截效果试验研究

目前,废弃物处置场渗滤液中的重金属污染物只能依靠极低渗透性的水力屏障来控制,还不存在利用化学场专门拦截重金属污染物的反应型屏障。在有机结合生活污泥的低渗透性与丰富的有机质和厌氧微生物特性的基础上,提出“污泥屏障”的构想。研究利用柔性壁渗透仪测量不同有效应力作用下生活污泥试样的渗透系数,并对渗出液的化学性质进行了监测,验证污泥屏障的可行性。试验结果表明：随着有效应力的增大,污泥试样干密度提高,渗透系数的对数值随孔隙比的减小线性降低。试样内部微生物厌氧呼吸形成的生物膜和无机物沉淀以及黏土颗粒双电层厚度的增大,也是污泥渗透系数降低的原因,污泥渗透系数仅为 数量级。另外,污泥强烈吸附能力及厌氧微生物呼吸作用形成的中-弱碱性还原环境,对渗透液中的Zn和Cd都起到了很好的拦截作用。     

Heavy metal retention by soil mineral phases during a potential soil contamination by sewage sludge

The immobilization conditions of heavy metals （Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb） potentially released from sewage sludge to soils were examined. Competitive adsorption experiments, sequential extraction and analytical electron microscopic studies were performed on soils with different compositional characteristics to gain information about the interaction and association of metals with soil minerals. The results showed that Cu and Pb can be characterized by a preferred adsorption in contrast to Zn and Ni independent of initial metal concentrations, ratios, and soil composition. Precipitation is the dominating retardation process in the sample containing carbonates, but it is also characteristic of metals with inhibited adsorption in samples free of carbonate. Both Cu and Pb show high affinity towards organic matter. Differences in metal affinities towards different clay minerals show the immobilization of Cu rather by specific adsorption and that of Pb rather by ion exchange. According to the sequential extraction studies the role of ion exchange is the most important process for the retardation of Zn, and in the sample containing montmorillonite. The specific adsorption is significant mostly for Cu and Pb, and primarily in samples rich in organic matter and containing vermiculite. The co-precipitation of metals with Fe-Mn oxides is significant primarily for Cu, but in some cases Pb and Zn can be also found in this fraction. In general, the strength of immobilization for the studied metals is as follows： Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Ni. Significantly higher metal adsorption was found by the phases in the sample containing carbonates, as well as in samples characterized by the close association of clay minerals and iron oxides. Smectite and vermiculite are the most important adsorbents in soils for all of the metals. Additionally, iron-oxides immboilize significant amounts of Cu and Zn, too.     

Exploitation of gold in a historic sewage sludge stockpile, Werribee, Australia: resource evaluation, chemical extraction and subsequent utilisation of sludge

Sewage sludges are dewatered end products of human sewage waste and are recognised repositories of organic pollutants and heavy metals. They may be considered targets for economic extraction of Au because of the documented Au content of sewage sludges worldwide which are of the order of some ore deposits currently mined for Au. They are also highly nutrient enriched (nitrogen and phosphorus) and therefore amenable to use as agricultural fertiliser or as covers for mine wastes. The sewage of Melbourne, Australia, a city with a current population of 3.3 million, was stockpiled in large, closed, lagoonal tanks from 1898 until 1980. In 1995 Echidna Mining, an Australian gold exploration company, acquired the exploration rights to the ground surrounding the historic sludge reserves and commenced a program of resource evaluation, utilising RNAA, INAA, GFAAS, ICP–MS and FLAAS to determine 31 elements, including Au, Ag, Sb, As, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu, and Pb. The study was initiated to determine Au, Ag and other metal variations in both space and time and to investigate the economics of chemical extraction of the precious metals. A total of 149 samples from over 50 hand-auger drillholes to a depth up to 4 m have been analysed from the stockpiles, with Au assays yielding remarkably consistent results. Average grades of 0.77 g/t Au and 18.8 g/t Ag have been documented for a measured resource of 770,000 m³ (of an estimated 1.6–2.5 million m³ contained) at a density of 1.0 g/cm³ and an average moisture content of around 40%. Laboratory-based extractive metallurgy of the Werribee sludges has demonstrated that Au, Ag and Zn can be removed with relative ease by heap-leaching using modified conventional technology, albeit with prohibitive reagent consumption. The extraction of the precious metals also results in the variable removal of contaminant metals such as Cd, As, Sb, Hg and Cr which may render the sludges fit for sale as agricultural fertiliser, provided organic pollutants and pathogenic organisms are below governmental environmental protection limits, an area beyond the scope of this paper. Another potential avenue of the exploitation of sewage sludges is discussed: that of the utilisation of sludges to extract contaminant metals from waste water and contaminated mine waters, which we demonstrate on pure aqueous synthetic samples. This paper presents a study of the exploitation of an historic sludge resource for its contained Au and residue post-metal extraction.