政府研发资助、合作研发与企业创新绩效关系研究

在国家创新系统和企业资源理论框架下,建立政府研发资助、合作研发与企业创新绩效关系的概念模型,以中国大中型工业企业为研究对象展开实证研究。研究结果表明:政府研发资助不仅对中国大中型工业企业创新绩效有显著的直接促进作用,还通过企业内部研发投入对企业创新绩效有显著的间接促进作用;政府研发资助对产学研合作研发具有显著的促进作用,但对企业间合作研发没有显著的影响;产学研合作研发、企业间合作研发对企业创新绩效没有显著的促进作用。     

外部技术相对异质性影响企业绩效研究——二元内部研发的调节作用

基于组织学习理论,将内部研发分为探索性内部研发与开发性内部研发,研究外部技术相对异质性对企业绩效的影响以及探索性内部研发与开发性内部研发的调节作用.结果表明,外部技术相对异质性与企业绩效呈倒U形关系;在外部技术获取前,企业进行探索性内部研发正向调节外部技术相对异质性与企业绩效关系;外部技术获取后,企业进行开发性内部研发正向调节外部技术相对异质性与企业绩效关系.因此,企业在获取外部技术前应保持与内部技术知识适中的相对异质性,并在外部技术获取前后采用不同类型的内部研发.最后,为企业利用外部技术相对异质性以及在不同阶段进行不同类型内部研发提供了建议.     

产学研合作与企业内部研发:互补还是替代?——关于企业技术能力“门限”效应的分析

以企业技术能力为切入点,通过数理模型研究产学研合作与企业内部研发的互动模式(替代性和互补性),证明了企业的技术能力(主要是技术创新能力和技术吸收能力)在产学研合作与企业内部研发的互动中所具有的特殊的"门限"作用,即随着技术能力的提高,产学研合作与内部研发之间逐渐呈现出互补性。随后,利用辽宁省数据进行了实证检验,检验结果证实了企业技术能力"门限"效应的存在。在用工具变量控制内生性并剔除异常样本点的影响之后,检验结果在多数情况下依然保持稳健。此外,发明专利持有量、参与技术合作组织数量、企业规模和利润率等因素对于企业内部研发和产学研合作研发的平均投入金额均有重要影响。     

外部技术获取与本土企业全球创新:内部研发的中介效应

基于企业知识理论视角,将外部技术获取与内部研发纳入本土企业全球创新的影响因素分析框架,以北京地区生物、软件和汽车零部件500家企业为样本,通过二元Logistic回归模型进行实证研究,研究结果表明:先进设备引进、技术许可、与大学技术合作对本土企业全球创新有积极影响;外部技术获取广度与深度都有助于企业实现全球创新,其中国外技术获取广度比国内技术获取广度对全球创新的影响更显著;内部研发在外部技术获取与本土企业全球创新之间发挥了中介效应。     

企业内部资源、能力与外部网络对绩效的交互效应研究

文章从内部资源、能力和外部网络的视角分析了企业研发能力与商业、研发能力与大学、内部资源与商业以及内部资源与大学的联系对财务绩效和创新绩效的作用;通过建立理论模型及270份中国企业的调研数据,就内部资源、能力和外部网络对创新的交互机制进行了探讨,发现企业内部研发能力、非技术性冗余资源以及不同的外部网络联系之间的交互作用,对财务绩效、创新绩效会产生不同的影响作用.     

产学研合作与企业内部研发的互补性关系研究——基于广东省部产学研合作的实证

 利用广东省部产学研合作的经验数据,研究了企业内部研发与产学研合作研发之间的互动关系及其影响因素。结果表明,企业研发投入密度越大、研发人员投入越多、获得的政府资助越多,企业越倾向于选择同时进行内部研发与产学研合作研发活动;企业内部研发与产学研合作具有互补性的关系,而研发投入密度是影响该互补性作用发挥的重要因素。但当对研发模式选择的内生性进行控制后,企业内部研发与产学研合作的互补性关系较不显著。     

企业区域内/间研发合作与创新绩效——技术多元化的调节作用

企业选择区域内或区域间合作是其"开放式创新"战略的重要内容。本文系统阐述了企业区域内和区域间研发合作对创新绩效的作用机理,以及技术多元化的调节作用,并运用负二项回归模型和电动汽车行业上市公司数据对理论假设进行验证。研究结果发现:企业区域内和区域间研发合作对于创新绩效均有显著正向影响,其中区域内合作更有利于创新规模,区域间合作更有利于创新质量;技术多元化对于主效应均具有显著的负向调节作用。     

高层管理团队注意力与企业创新战略——两职合一和组织冗余的调节作用

在复杂快变的竞争环境中,创新对企业的生存和发展至关重要。企业创新战略的成败取决于高管团队战略决策和战略实施的有效性。基于高层梯队理论和企业注意力基础观,以139家中国创业板上市技术密集型企业为样本,分别从注意力焦点原则和注意力情境原则的视角,考察了高管团队的创新注意力对企业创新战略的影响,以及总经理——董事长两职合一和组织冗余的调节作用。研究结果表明,高管团队创新注意力对企业创新战略有积极影响,而总经理——董事长两职合一和组织冗余则正向调节高管团队创新注意力与企业创新战略之间的关系。     

中小企业非研发与研发创新活动交互效应研究

企业的研发活动一直是创新研究的焦点,而其内部不基于研发的多样化、行之有效的创新性活动常常受到学术界的忽视。实际上,此类创新活动也是广大中小企业获取竞争优势的重要来源。当他们面临着资源约束时,能通过有效利用手边的研发和非研发资源,整合构建起自己的创新能力,获取持续竞争优势。但现有研究对于资源约束情境下企业研发与非研发创新活动共同作用下可能产生的交互效应缺乏关注。本文基于对中国中小企业的调查,实证探索了非研发创新与研发创新对企业绩效的交互效应。研究结果表明：外部技术采用与改良、产品/服务定制、组织和市场创新三种非研发创新活动和研发创新活动在对企业创新绩效的影响上呈替代效应;外部技术采用与改良和研发创新的替代效应不稳定;模仿创新对企业创新绩效的影响不显著。本研究对于中小企业如何依靠行之有效的多样化创新模式（如非研发创新）提升创新能力与创新绩效具有指导借鉴意义,对我国中小企业创新政策的优化也具有参考价值。     

研发投入与企业创新绩效——企业研发团队网络结构调节作用研究

基于企业网络理论,引入研发团队网络结构试图解释研究结论不一致的原因,选取汽车产业157家上市公司为样本进行实证研究,结果表明,企业研发投入与创新绩效显著正相关,当研发团队E-I指数较高或网络密度、网络中心势较低时,研发投入与创新绩效正相关关系不显著;当研发团队E-I指数较低或网络密度、网络中心势较高时,研发投入与创新绩效正相关关系显著增强。     

全球研发网络与海外离岸创新中心建设模式研究

全球研发网络具有路径依赖效应,创新资源在网络内部自由流动产生乘数效应、循环效应、规模效应和输出效应。加快融入全球研发网络,可以从建设海外离岸创新中心着手。借鉴北京中关村、深圳市、上海张江、武汉东湖等海外离岸创新中心建设模式,提出粤港澳大湾区建设海外离岸创新中心的对策建议。     

Effect of R&D programmes on the formation of university-industry-government networks: comparative analysis of Japanese R&D programmes

Japan has established several R&D programmes since the 1980s aimed at basic and fundamental R&D in response to the criticism of its free-riding on Western basic research. In some of these programmes, the linkages between university, industry and government have been a requirement for formation or selection of projects. In this paper, it is investigated how five Japanese R&D programmes promote inter-sectoral and inter-institutional networks. The result shows that the projects of the Next Generation Programme for pre-competitive research formed few but multiple university-industry-government linkages within each project by designing the complementary relationships among the participants. Linkages between private companies were not much formed except for the projects of the ERATO Programme, in which researchers temporarily leave their own institutes. The funds for more basic research was found to have little effect on the formation of networks within projects but do form the linkages outside the projects.     

Technological similarity,post-acquisition R&D reorganization,and innovation performance in horizontal acquisitions

This paper aims to disentangle the mechanisms through which technological similarity between acquiring and acquired firms influences innovation in horizontal acquisitions. We develop a theoretical model that links technological similarity to: (i) two key aspects of post-acquisition reorganization of acquired R&D operations – the rationalization of the R&D operations and the replacement of the R&D top manager, and (ii) two intermediate effects that are closely associated with the post-acquisition innovation performance of the combined firm – improvements in R&D productivity and disruptions in R&D personnel. We rely on PLS techniques to test our theoretical model using detailed information on 31 horizontal acquisitions in high- and medium-tech industries. Our results indicate that in horizontal acquisitions, technological similarity negatively affects post-acquisition innovation performance and that this negative effect is not mediated by the reorganization of the acquired R&D operations. However, replacing the acquired firm's R&D top manager leads to R&D productivity improvements that positively affect innovation performance.     

新型研发机构参与主体的合作策略选择——演化博弈视角

在有限理性假设前提下,利用演化博弈模型探究了新型研发机构中各参与主体之间合作策略的选择问题。通过分析多元主体收益支付矩阵,求解复制动态方程和雅可比矩阵,得到模型局部均衡点,从而得出随着时间变化参与各方最终的策略选择,并通过数值模拟仿真验证博弈系统策略演化趋势,同时梳理了合作创新下新型研发机构策略选择的影响因素。在此基础上,文章从合作模式、企业需求和政策环境等角度,提出实现新型研发机构可持续发展的策略建议。     

Global R&D activities of Japanese MNCs in the US: A triangulation approach

We examined 79 Japanese MNCs’ R&D subsidiaries in the US from the knowledge-based view. We found: (1) subsidiaries’ R&D strategies generally encouraged knowledge flows; (2) subsidiaries’ R&D alliances promoted knowledge flows; (3) R&D subsidiaries with process-oriented incentives promoted vertical knowledge flows; (3) autonomous R&D subsidiaries promoted knowledge flows from the local environments to the subsidiary; (4) R&D subsidiaries with a high level of knowledge flows accumulated a high level of knowledge; and (5) R&D subsidiaries with a high level of accumulated knowledge achieved high overall performance. Our interviews with 30 R&D subsidiaries and 10 parent companies supplement these findings.     

Institutionalizing end-user demand steering in agricultural R&D: Farmer levy funding of R&D in The Netherlands

The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the institutionalization of demand-driven modes of working in the R&D planning process and reveal possible weaknesses, through an analysis of a system of collective R&D funding by farmers. The findings indicate that, although end-users have the opportunity to raise issues that lead to R&D, queries are influenced by several actors in the R&D planning process in such a way that they do not adequately reflect farmers’ innovation needs. Conclusions are that more emphasis is required on joint demand articulation and involvement of end-users and other stakeholders in the innovation process, and on the institutional development of R&D funding organizations in order to adopt a more inclusive view on innovation.     

The dynamics of R&D network in the IT industry

In this paper, we provide an empirical analysis of evolving networks of successful R&D collaborations in the IT industry (consisting of firms that obtained patents in the technological category of computers and communication) in the U.S. between 1985 and 1995. We first show that the R&D network has become more extensive, more clustered, and more unequal in the sense that ‘stars’ have emerged in the network. We then analyze the effect of the existing network structure in the process of new R&D collaboration formation. We control for unobserved similarities among firms based on the community structures within the network that the algorithm developed by Girvan and Newman (2004) identifies and find a significant cyclic closure and preferential-attachment effect.     

Does R&D performance decline with firm size?—A re-examination in terms of elasticity

There have been many previous studies exploring the relationship between R&D performance and firm size; however, to our knowledge, this issue has never been examined in terms of R&D output elasticity. This paper therefore sets out to re-examine the relationship of the two variables using R&D output elasticity as a measure of R&D performance. A total of 126 manufacturing firms, listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange over the period from 1994 to 2000, are taken as the analytical sample. One practical consideration for choosing these particular firms is the relative abundance of data available for the variables for a longitudinal investigation. The estimates suggest that there is an approximating ‘U-type’ relationship between R&D productivity and firm size. This finding suggests that both large and small firms have higher R&D productivity, and even when the sample is divided into the high-tech and traditional sectors, such a finding still holds. Therefore, in contrast to the prior studies, this study shows that size offers advantage in R&D performance.     

政府研发资助、企业研发投入与中国创新效率

本文采用2003-2012年中国地区面板数据,利用超越对数的随机前沿模型和门限回归模型就政府研发资助和企业研发投入对中国创新效率的影响及政府研发资助和企业研发投入的最优强度区间进行分析。研究发现:目前在我国创新过程中,政府研发资助对创新效率的影响为负,存在一定的"政府失灵",企业研发投入能够促进创新效率的提高,"市场失灵"现象较少出现;政府研发资助强度的最优区间为0.282以上,企业研发投入强度的最优区间为0.688-0.775。     

MNCs’ offshore R&D networks in host country's regional innovation system: The case of Taiwan-based firms in China

China has become a hot spot of R&D internationalization and a growing number of Taiwan-based firms have indeed set up R&D units in China. Taking into account China's substantial regional variations in economic development, innovation capacity, and knowledge productivity, such notions as regional innovation system (RIS) and local innovative milieu may become more relevant to the study on relationships between China and its inward R&D internationalization. Therefore, the key issue for this paper is what locational advantages of an RIS within a host country affect the network linkages and networking strategy of multinational corporations’ (MNCs’) offshore R&D units. The paper aims to enrich the current understanding of R&D internationalization in several ways. First, the paper attempts to examine the R&D networking underlying R&D internationalization by Taiwan-based firms in China, with particular reference to the sub-national level inside China. Second, the paper tries to establish a link between the literature of R&D internationalization and that of RIS, with a modified version of Dunning's eclectic paradigm. Efforts are made to map the relationship between foreign subsidiaries’ local R&D networks and their host RISs inside China. Third, the paper takes advantage of a government databank to adopt a quantitative approach, the Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Regression model, with foreign subsidiaries as the unit of analysis, to highlight the role played by some aspects of the RIS in determining the local R&D networking of Taiwanese subsidiaries in China. Our evident shows that MNCs’ offshore R&D units that purse home-based technology exploitation strategy, the mainstream strategy regarding the developing host country, tend to be located in a host region with a strong knowledge application and exploitation subsystem, while an RIS with a strong knowledge generation and diffusion subsystem, within such a developing country as China, may induce MNCs’ local R&D units to pursue home-base technology augmenting strategy. On balance, not only the location choice but also the local R&D linkages of MNCs’ offshore subsidiaries are related to appropriate fits between the RIS and the subsidiaries’ innovation network inside the host country.