淮河流域持续性强降水过程的环流变化特征

利用淮河流域4省20：00-次日20：00逐日降水量资料,界定了1961-2006年淮河流域持续性强降水过程,并利用NCEP资料,应用合成分析方法对强降水过程和前期环流特征进行了研究。结果表明,从持续性强降水开始之前到强降水过程中乌拉尔山附近阻高减弱,贝加尔湖以北到鄂霍次克海附近的阻高偏强;西太平洋副热带高压在500hPa上表现为西伸北抬,但在850hPa上西伸明显,基本无北抬;南亚高压范围明显扩大,尤其是淮河流域以北地区200hPa高度明显增大,在中国东部到日本上空200hPa急流中心也有明显变化。850hPa西南急流的建立与西太平洋副热带高压的西伸有关,同时乌拉尔山附近高压减弱,冷空气南下,东西气压梯度增大也有利于西南急流的建立。     

短时强降水和持续性强降水的雨滴谱特征对比

短时强降水和持续性强降水的雨滴谱特征因冷云和暖云过程不同有时会存在较大差异,分析两者雨滴谱特征的差异有助于深入了解不同类型强降水的微物理特征,对提高雷达定量估测降水精度起到一定作用。以2018年6月湖北省一次由西南低涡产生的短时强降水(SHR)和持续性强降水(PHR)过程为例,利用自动站气象站资料、CINRADA/SA多普勒天气雷达产品、DSG5型降水现象仪雨滴谱资料以及ERA5再分析资料,对比分析了SHR和PHR的雨滴谱特征及其拟合的雷达反射率因子(Z)-雨强(R)关系(Z=aR^b)的差异。结果表明:(1) SHR过程的对流云降水各粒径(D)平均数浓度高且粒径大,与其内部活跃的冰相过程和暖云层中的雨滴碰并、碰撞-破碎微物理过程相关;PHR过程的层状云降水小粒径(D<2 mm)平均数浓度高而中、大粒径的平均数浓度低。(2)归一化Gamma谱截距参数(lgN_w)和质量加权平均直径(D_m)分布显示SHR过程的谱型分布更广,具有较大的D_m和较小的lgN_w,对流、层状云降水分离线...     

2013年华南前汛期持续性强降水的大尺度环流与低频信号特征

自2013年3月下旬开始,华南地区遭遇持续性强降水袭击。采用小波分析、交叉小波变换和小波相干、集合经验模态分解(EEMD)、带通滤波等统计方法,分析2013年华南前汛期持续性强降水过程的大尺度大气环流和低频特征,寻找影响持续性强降水可能的前期信号。揭示出:(1)2013年华南前汛期持续性强降水主要分为两个时段:3月26日—4月11日(第1阶段)和4月23日—5月30日(第2阶段)。前者华南雨带呈现西北一东南分布,由北向南降水量逐渐增大,后者降水强度较前者强,雨带主要集中在华南北部和东南沿海地区。(2)第1阶段华南降水主要受北方冷空气的持续影响,第2阶段主要受西太平洋副热带高压和南海季风的影响。两个阶段的环流特征明显不同:第1阶段在对流层中层主要对应西高东低的经向环流,东亚大槽深厚、东北冷涡长时间盘踞,北方冷空气与来自西太平洋副热带高压西北侧的暖湿气流交汇在华南,此时以冷式锋面降水为主;第2阶段500 hPa高度场为两脊一槽的分布型。热带对流活跃,其上空表现一异常的气旋环流,具有季风降水的性质。(3)第1(2)阶段降水呈现出20—50(8—15)d的振荡特征,可能是北方冷空气活动频繁(西太平洋副热带高压加强和南海季风爆发)的影响,交叉小波功率谱分析得到,东北冷涡(南海北部水汽输送的纬向分量)可能提前1(1/2)个周期,对华南降水具有一定的指示。     

持续性强降水的区域模式动力中期预报研究

持续性强降水及其次生灾害给人民的生产和生活造成严重影响, 延伸其模式动力预报能力对防灾、减灾具有重要意义。随着对持续性强降水过程形成机理及模式动力中期预报认识的不断提高, 以减小模式初始条件误差、边界条件误差以及内场预报误差为目标提出了一系列动力中期预报技术方法, 主要包括:针对边界条件提出低通滤波技术方案, 改进了5 d以上的环流及降水预报; 针对模式预报内场进行谱逼近技术试验, 对提前3—7 d的小雨以上量级的降水预报改进明显; 针对初始条件进行多尺度混合更新初值技术预报试验, 融合全球预报的大尺度场及区域模式预报的中小尺度场进行15 d预报, 明显提高了50及100 mm以上的持续性累积降水预报时效。      

“75·8”持续性强降水事件及其大尺度水汽输送特征

首先研究了河南"75·8"强降水事件的极端异常特征,然后从水汽通量的角度定性分析这次事件的水汽输送特征,最后采用了Hysplit模型定量分析了不同源地的水汽来源对河南"75·8"强降水的贡献率。研究表明,1975年8月5-8日在河南省发生的是一次大范围持续性极端降水过程,事件发生期间区域平均降水程度超过其气候平均值3倍标准差。强降水事件是在中高纬度环流异常和台风共同作用下发生的,贝加尔湖以东阻塞高压和副热带高压合并阻挡了7503号台风北上。定量计算结果进一步表明,河南"75·8"强降水的水汽来源与7503号台风具有十分密切的联系。     

中国东部区域性持续性强降水的低频特征及其海洋热力背景

基于1961-2010年夏半年(4-10月)中国逐日降水观测资料和NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料,运用Butterworth滤波方法分析了中国低频降水特征、夏半年中国东部不同区域区域性持续性强降水与低频降水的关系,研究了海温对低频降水的影响。结果表明:低频降水贡献大值区位于中国东南部区域,某些年份,10~50天低频降水最大贡献达到40%,多年的平均贡献达到24%;在持续性强降水事件发生年,江淮和江南区域的20~50天的低频降水贡献显著增加,江淮和江南区域持续性强降水发生季节热带西北太平洋海表面温度呈现异常偏高,夏季热带西北太平洋海温异常增暖可能通过影响低频环流导致江淮和江南区域20~50天低频降水贡献的增加,进而增加持续性强降水事件发生的可能性。     

2010年我国南方两次持续性强降水的环流特征

通过对2010年夏季我国南方两次持续性强降水期间对流层高、中、低多个大尺度关键影响系统的时空演变特征及其影响机制的分析和比较,讨论了我国南方持续性强降水的大气环流特征。结果表明:这两次持续性强降水均出现了东亚西风带沿海低槽不断快速重建或加深,且中纬度锋区位置稳定维持,低空西南急流反复加强,且其轴线左侧的南风经向强梯度带位置相对稳定,副热带高空西风急流和南亚高压脊线及西太平洋副热带高压的纬度带位置相对稳定;相应地,在强降水带上空反复出现强烈的低层水汽辐合抬升、高层辐散抽吸及垂直上升运动发展,进而形成持续性强降水。西西伯利亚低槽的不断快速重建与加深 (东移)、马斯克林高压西侧高压及马斯克林高压的不断加强东移、副热带高空西风急流的建立和维持对南方持续性强降水具有超前指示意义。强降水带位于东亚低空西南急流轴左侧南风经向强梯度辐合带、高空西风急流南侧至南亚高压脊线北侧之间的强辐散区及中层垂直上升速度大值带中。     

江淮流域夏季持续性强降水的低频特征分析

利用1979-2009年夏季(6-8月)中国气象观测站点逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料以及向外长波辐射资料等,选取低频降水事件来表征江淮流域夏季持续性强降水,然后分析其基本特征及伴随的低频大气环流形势,利用位相合成的方法对该低频信号的来源和传播特征进行研究.结果表明:江淮流域夏季持续性强降水在6-7月份发生次数较多;在持续性强降水期间,江淮流域低层受低频气旋控制,南海至菲律宾海一带则是很强的低频反气旋,该低频反气旋西侧,向北的低频水汽输送将水汽不断送至江淮流域形成辐合;与持续性强降水相关联的850 hPa上的低频信号,来源于黄河河套地区低频振荡的东南向传播和西北太平洋上空低频振荡的西北向传播;在高层,当持续性强降水发生时,江淮流域的西北侧(37.5°N,80 ～100°E)附近为强烈的低频气旋式环流,紧邻该环流的西北侧,则是一个低频反气旋,两者同南海—菲律宾海一带的低频反气旋构成了一个西北—东南向的低频波列;西太平洋副热带高压和南亚高压在持续性强降水期间表现出了显著的相向而行、相背而去的特征.     

淮河流域持续性强降水的重要前期信号

利用淮河流域4省20—20时逐日降水量资料,NCEP再分析500 hPa高度场资料,对1961—2006年淮河流域持续性强降水过程进行界定,并分析了持续性强降水前期、过程中的中高纬度阻塞高压发展变化。结果发现：平均而言6月29日至7月25日为淮河流域降水最集中的时段,持续性强降水过程大多发生在6月中旬到7月中旬;淮河流域持续性强降水的重要前期信号为：降水开始前一阶段乌拉尔山附近均有明显的阻塞形势出现,双阻形势居多,而持续性强降水期间乌拉尔山附近阻高减弱,贝加尔湖以北到鄂霍茨克海附近的阻高偏强,单阻居多,持续性强降水大多开始于乌拉尔山附近阻高指数锐减后的2～5天;持续性强降水年份乌拉尔山附近阻塞高压大多存在15～30天左右的主要振荡周期,绝大多数年份乌拉尔山附近阻塞高压和180°E附近阻高在强降水发生之前开始出现西退的现象。淮河流域持续性强降水过程的环流特征对把握淮河流域的强降水特点及预报前兆信号有实际意义,为淮河流域持续性强降水预报提供了依据,具有重要的应用价值。     

呼伦贝尔市汛期短时强降水特征

基于1991-2013年呼伦贝尔市汛期（6-8月）16站逐小时降水资料,分别定义各站点小时降水量的短时强降水阈值,同时利用经验正交函数（EOF）分析方法揭示呼伦贝尔市短时强降水变化特征。分析结果表明：短时强降水阈值、强降水事件以及汛期年平均总降水量和强降水雨强均呈现自西向东部偏南方向递增的空间分布,最强中心位于东南部阿荣旗,其形成与地形关系密切。短时强降水占汛期总降水量百分比低于1/5,短时强降水发生频率最低的地区出现84.2mm/h的强降水事件。短时强降水事件具有明显年代际变化, 21世纪以来,短时强降水事件发生频率表现增加趋势,空间分布表现为自东北向西南方向传播。7月下旬是短时强降水事件频发的时段。短时强降水有明显日变化特征,主峰出现在17时。EOF分析结果显示短时强降水事件在空间上表现出全市强降水具有同步性以及南部和北部地区反相位的特征。     

广西汛期大范围持续性强降水特征与天气学分型研究

利用1979—2019年国家级气象观测站日降水资料、ERA5再分析资料以及CMA热带气旋最佳路径集,对51例发生在广西的汛期大范围持续性强降水过程进行了统计分析与天气学分型研究,重点探索了不同类型过程的关键环流特征与锋生结构差异。主要研究结论如下：大范围持续性强降水过程有华北槽、南支槽、低涡切变、副高边缘、热带气旋以及季风低压等六种主要类型,均以稳定天气环流背景为共同特征。华北槽型发生频率最高,南支槽型平均持续时间最长且平均影响范围最广。华北槽、南支槽和低涡切变型过程的降水强度相当,主要落区在桂东北,由该区特殊地形及其与冷暖空气交绥共同作用而引起锋生,较强锋生起始高度较高且不深厚,但在中低层都存在一定干冷空气的侵入,尤以华北槽型最明显,有利于增强大气不稳定度以及锋生发展;另外,南支槽型在沿海伴有暖区雨带。副高边缘、热带气旋和季风低压型降水强度较大,主要落区位于桂南,大多则由地形抬升暖空气、狭管效应以及地形摩擦辐合作用而引起锋生,触发和维持高效的暖云降水,后两者强锋生起始高度较低且深厚,暖云降水效率更高,而南支槽型沿海锋生区和副高边缘型强锋生相较浅薄。     

A COMBINED VERIFICATION METHOD FOR PREDICTABILITY OF PERSISTENT HEAVY RAINFALL EVENTS OVER EAST ASIA BASED ON ENSEMBLE FORECAST

Persistent Heavy Rainfall (PHR) is the most influential extreme weather event in Asian summer, which has attracted intensive interests of many scientists. By use of operational global ensemble forecasts from China Meteorological Administration(CMA), a new verification method applied to evaluate the predictability of PHR is investigated. A metrics called Index of Composite Predictability (ICP) established on very basic verification indicators, in this paper, Equitable Threat Score(ETS) of 24h accumulated precipitation and Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) of Height at 500hPa is Selected to distinguish “good” and “poor” prediction from all ensemble members. Using the metrics of ICP, the predictability of two typical PHR events in June 2010 and June 2011 is estimated. The results show that the “good member” and “poor member” can be identified by ICP and present an obvious discrepancy in predicting the key weather system which impact on PHR. The different performance of “Good member” and “Poor member” reveals the higher predictability both in synoptic scale and mesoscale weather system in their location, duration and the movement by “Good member”. The source of growth errors for “Poor” member is mainly from errors of initial conditions in northern polar region. The growth of perturbation errors and the reason to cause the better or worse performance of ensemble member also have great value for future model improvement and further research.     

SIMULATION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE SUMMER OF 1998 OVER CHINA WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL

The heavy rainfall in the summer of 1998 over China has been simulated with the NCCRegional Climate Model(RegCM_NCC).It was successful for RegCM_NCC to reproduce thelocation and seasonal shift of the seasonal rain belt in the summer of 1998 over China.The rainyseason in the summer of 1998 over China can be divided into 7 episodes,including the pre-summerrainy season in South China.the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin,shortappearance of North China rain season and the retreat of seasonal rain belt,the second Meiyuseason over the Yangtze River Valley,the rainy period over the Yellow and Huaihe River Valleyand the seasonal retreat of rain belt over North China.The shortcoming of the RegCM_NCC isover-estimation of precipitation amounts.The regions with large latent heat flux,upper soilmoisture and total runoff are located in the rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt duringthe different episodes.On the contrary,the regions with small sensible heat flux are located in thesimulated rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.     

SIMULATION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE SUMMER OF 1998 OVER CHINA WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL*

The heavy rainfall in the summer of 1998 over China has been simulated with the NCC Regional Climate Model(RegCM_NCC).It was successful for RegCM_NCC to reproduce the location and seasonal shift of the seasonal rain belt in the summer of 1998 over China.The rainy season in the summer of 1998 over China can be divided into 7 episodes,including the pre-summer rainy season in South China.the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin,short appearance of North China rain season and the retreat of seasonal rain belt,the second Meiyu season over the Yangtze River Valley,the rainy period over the Yellow and Huaihe River Valley and the seasonal retreat of rain belt over North China.The shortcoming of the RegCM_NCC is over-estimation of precipitation amounts.The regions with large latent heat flux,upper soil moisture and total runoff are located in the rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.On the contrary,the regions with small sensible heat flux are located in the simulated rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.     

湖北强降水频次时空特征及基于GWR模型的地形关系分析

利用1983—2017年湖北省汛期74个国家气象站逐小时降水数据,按长、短历时强降水事件分类研究强降水频次的时空特征,并运用普通最小二乘法(OLS)、地理加权回归(GWR)方法定量探讨强降水频次与地形因子之间的关系。(1)湖北汛期长、短历时强降水年频次周期变化明显,年代际变化(≥10 a)存在1个主振荡模态,年代际以下尺度(<10 a)存在2个主振荡模态。(2)长历时强降水旬频次在梅雨期达到顶峰,盛夏期减少,而短历时则在梅雨结束后的7月中旬出现跃升;长、短历时强降水频次日变化曲线都为单峰结构。(3)湖北长、短历时强降水高频次站点多出现在地面存在准常定中尺度辐合线或涡旋的特定地形条件下。(4)地理加权回归较传统普通最小二乘法显著提高了强降水频次与海拔高度、坡度的拟合效果。结合拟合系数显著性检验分析,地理加权回归不适用于样本偏少、站点稀疏的鄂西山地,更适用于多中小尺度地形的湖北中东部。(5)地理加权回归模型中,海拔高度与长历时强降水频次在大别山东麓西侧正相关最大,在大别山西麓南侧负相关最大,坡度则正相反;海拔高度、坡度对短历时强降水频次的最大影响在大别山东麓西侧以及沿长江干流的低洼城...     

2007年8月10—12日山东半岛持续性特大暴雨的维持机制分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料、常规观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2007年8月10—12日发生在山东半岛持续性特大暴雨的特征及维持机制进行了分析。结果表明：本次持续性特大暴雨与西太平洋副热带高压中心稳定少动和其边缘不断有冷空气侵入有关;雷达回波强度图上,10—11日最强回波＞50 dBz,12日回波强度在40～45 dBz,其径向速度的零速度线表现不同,但均反映为暖平流;暴雨前期山东半岛具备了发生强雷暴所需的不稳定大气层结,副高边缘的低空东南急流为山东半岛输送了充足的水汽,从而有利于山东半岛暴雨的维持;暴雨维持的动力场特征为：散度场维持低层辐合、高层辐散,垂直速度场为较强的上升运动。     

CMORPH卫星-地面自动站融合降水数据在中国南方短时强降水分析中的应用

对比分析了国家级气象观测站逐时地面降水资料和CMORPH卫星-地面自动站融合降水数据在反映中国南方地区2008—2013年4—10月短时强降水时空分布特征上的差异,并在此基础上利用融合降水数据分析了短时强降水与暴雨的关系,结果表明:(1) 融合降水数据所反映的短时强降水的大尺度特征与站点资料一致,并能更好地描述地形的影响;(2) 短时强降水的季节变化与东亚夏季风进程和雨带的季节性位移密切相关;(3) 短时强降水与暴雨日的空间分布特征和季节变化趋势相似,4月下半月—10月上半月,超过60%的短时强降水发生在暴雨日,同时短时强降水也是暴雨形成的重要因素,短时强降水暴雨日数占总暴雨日数的比例(68.6%)普遍高于非短时强降水暴雨日(31.4%),但是短时强降水暴雨日的发生具有显著的季节和区域差异。      

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY WAVE PROPAGATION AND ENERGY CONVERSION IN A SUDDEN HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT

In this paper, a sudden heavy rainfall event is analyzed, which occurred over the Yellow River midstream during 5–6 August 2014. We used observational, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, high-resolution satellite, and numerical simulation data. The main results are as follows. Under an unfavorable environmental circulation, inadequate water vapor and unfavorable dynamic conditions but sufficient energy, a local sudden heavy rainfall was caused by the release of strong unstable energy that was triggered by cold air transport into middle and lower layers and the propagation of gravity waves. The distributions of rain area, rain clusters, and 10-minute rainfall showed typical mesoscale and microscale fluctuation characteristics. In the mesoscale rain area or upstream, there was a quasi-stationary wave of mesoscale gravity waves with their propagation downstream. In the course of propagation from southwest to northeast, the wavelength became longer and the amplitude attenuated. In the various phases of gravity wave development, there were evident differences in the direction of the wave front. Wave energy was mainly in the lower layers. Unstable vertical wind shear at heights of 1–6 km provided fluctuation energy for the gravity waves. The mechanisms of heavy rainfall formation were different at Linyou and Hancheng stations. Diabatic heating was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Linyou. The explosive short-period strong precipitation was caused by the release of strong effective potential energy triggered by the gravity waves, and its development and propagation after that energy maximized. In contrast, the latent heat release of upstream precipitation was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Hancheng. This formed a positive feedback mechanism that produced continuous precipitation. In the studied event, the development of westerly belt systems had disturbed the wind field. The contribution of kinetic energy generated by this disturbance could not be ignored. The Froude number, mountain shape parameter, and ratio between mountain height and temperature inversion layer thickness had various effects of atmosphere and terrain on mesoscale and microscale mountain waves. In upper and lower layers, there were five airflows that were strengthened by the terrain. All these had important influences on local heavy rainfall at Linyou and Hancheng stations.     

强弱天气尺度强迫下广东短时强降水时空特征分析

利用2010—2019年广东区域自动站逐时雨量定义短时强降水日,采用500 hPa和700 hPa广东区域日平均垂直速度来客观衡量天气尺度强迫,并对年均和强/弱天气尺度强迫下的短时强降水进行时空分布特征分析,结果表明：广东区域的短时强降水主要发生在4—9月,发生频次具有准双峰的日变化;粤西是短时强降水最频发区;茂名山区的短时强降水主要发生在白天,弱天气尺度强迫下占比达80%以上;频发次中心位于珠江三角洲,持续1小时以上的短时强降水占该地发生频次75%。强天气尺度强迫下短时强降水4—6月最多,弱天气尺度强迫下则7月达到峰值。弱天气尺度强迫下,仅历时1小时的短时强降水在粤北河源-梅州北部山区、粤东莲花山脉附近有次中心;历时2小时及以上的相对集中在粤西、珠江三角洲北部和粤东惠州-汕尾一带;3月肇庆-云浮和珠江口附近弱天气尺度个例占比高;7月粤北占比高;早晨07时在粤西阳江沿海有孤立的高频中心。     

VARIATION AND CAUSES OF PERSISTENT DROUGHT EVENTS IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

Variation characteristics of persistent drought events in Guangdong province are analyzed using 45-year(1961-2005) and 86-station observational precipitation data of Guangdong,and the causes of drought events are discussed from different angles(e.g.,atmospheric circulation,sea surface temperature) on the basis of global coverage datasets of sea surface temperature and atmospheric elements.It is found that the occurrence frequency of persistent drought events in Guangdong province is once every 26 months on average,and autumn-winter or winter-spring persistent drought events take up the majority.The persistent drought events possess large scale spatial characteristics.While the 1960s is the most frequent and strongest decade of drought events in the latter half of the 20th century,the occurrence is more frequent and the intensity is stronger in the first five years of the 21st century(2001-2005).This reflects the response of regional extreme climatic events in Guangdong to global climatic change.The atmospheric circulation,sea surface temperature,etc,appear to have different abnormal characteristics when drought events happen in different seasons.The results of this paper provide some good reference information for the drought forecast,especially for the dynamic interpretation of climatic model products.