关节置换后的深静脉血栓形成

背景：关节置换后形成深静脉血栓发病的概率为40%~60%,而深静脉血栓容易出现肺栓塞并发症而危及生命,死亡率高达20%~30%。 目的：对骨科关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成的病因与治疗及并发症肺栓塞的治疗进展进行阐述。 方法：以“关节置换,静脉栓塞,肺栓塞,病因,预防,治疗”为关键词应用计算机检索2000/2010万方数据库和中国期刊全文数据库。 结果与结论：关节置换后下肢深部静脉血栓形成的病因及发病机制有着多方面的因素,深静脉血管壁损伤,血流缓慢和高凝状态是静脉血栓形成的3个因素。患者的全身状况差,合并其他疾病,关节置换手术创伤,手术麻醉方法,手术时间延长,肢体固定以及长期卧床都是下肢深静脉血栓形成的高危因素。下肢深静脉栓塞和肺栓塞是导致关节置换后患者高致残率和高死亡率的主要原因。临床医生应于术前对关节置换患者形成深静脉血栓的危险因素进行系统评估,并采取相应措施,最大限度降低其发生率。     

急性缺血性卒中后静脉血栓栓塞的预防

卒中可促使静脉血栓栓塞(VET)的发生率提高,卒中后深静脉血栓(DVT)的发生率与髋关节或膝关节置换术后的发生率相当。不同研究报道的肺栓塞发生率变化较大。国际卒中试验(IST)发现未进行预防性治疗的卒中患者肺栓塞的发病率为0．9%,因该研究未对肺栓塞进行系统筛查,故测得的发病率可能较实际值偏低。     

神经外科手术后静脉血栓栓塞症的预防和治疗

静脉血栓栓塞症包括深静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞两种类别疾病,是一种严重的外科手术并发症。静脉血流滞缓、高凝状态和血管壁损伤是导致深静脉血栓形成的三大主要因素。神经外科有很多深静脉血栓发生危险因素,如手术时间较长(超过4h),激素的应用,术中脑部释放促凝物质,术后肢体力弱或偏瘫,长期卧床,消瘦和脱水治疗等。使用循序加压弹力袜、间歇充气加压泵等物理方法和低剂量肝素、低分子肝素等药物方法预防深静脉血栓形成不仅安全,而且有效。低剂量肝索、低分子肝索等药物可以有效治疗深静脉血栓。     

缺血性脑卒中并发静脉栓塞疾病的高危因素与预防的临床研究

目的分析缺血性脑卒中并发静脉血栓的高危因素,探讨下肢空气压力泵与低分子肝素在预防上的效果,为临床治疗缺血性脑卒中提供参考。方法 185例缺血性脑卒中患者按是否并发静脉血栓分为两组,单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析筛选高危因素;在空气压力泵与低分子肝素干预下,统计缺血性脑卒中并发静脉栓塞的情况,分析两种方法的差异。结果高龄、高血压病及卧床时间是缺血性脑卒中并发静脉栓塞的高危因素,高密度脂蛋白为保护因素(P<0.05);空气压力泵在预防下肢深静脉血栓上效果最好,而下肢空气压力泵及综合治疗在预防肺栓塞上优于低分子肝素。结论长期卧床时间作为缺血性脑卒中并发静脉血栓的高危因素较其他因素可以有效改善,认为早期下肢空气压力泵能有效降低静脉血栓的发病率,是预防的理想方法。     

关注卒中后静脉血栓栓塞

静脉血栓栓塞(简称VTE)临床表现有两种形式,即深静脉血栓(简称DVT或静脉炎)和肺栓塞(简称PE)。在美国,VTE症年新发病例为1/1000,其中1/3为PE, 2/3为DVT,PE和DVT往往并存。有研究显示50%被确诊为DVT的患者同时存在PE,而高达70%被确诊为PE的患者同时存在DVT。我国九五攻关课题“肺血栓栓塞早期诊断与防治”的研究结果显示:脑卒中后DVT的发病率为6．67%。详     

全髋关节置换后深静脉血栓栓塞与APACHEⅡ评分：98例资料回顾

背景：全髋关节置换后发生深静脉血栓栓塞的发生存在多种危险因素,且涉及多个临床学科,目前尚缺乏系统、可靠的评分预测系统。但临床上早期可以通过深静脉多普勒超声来判断其发生情况。急性生理学与慢性健康评定标准(APACHEⅡ)在国内外已被广泛用于对ICU危重患者病情严重程度的分析和预后评估。 目的：评价APACHEⅡ评分与全髋关节置换后深静脉血栓栓塞的相关性。 方法：回顾性分析2000/2005解放军401医院全髋关节置换病例98例(106髋)的动态APACHEⅡ评分,包括置换前、发生深静脉血栓时及出现肺栓塞时,比较深静脉血栓栓塞症发生组与未发生组的APACHEⅡ评分差异,以及深静脉血栓栓塞症患者中发生肺栓塞组与未发生肺栓塞组的APACHEⅡ评分差异。 结果与结论：发生深静脉血栓栓塞症组与未发生深静脉血栓栓塞症组置换前APACHEⅡ评分差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。深静脉血栓栓塞症患者中肺栓塞组APACHEⅡ评分明显高于未发生肺栓塞组(P < 0.05)。提示APACHEⅡ评分与早期深静脉血栓栓塞症的发生无明显相关性;但深静脉血栓栓塞症发生后,APACHEⅡ评分与肺栓塞发生有相关性,且APACHEⅡ评分分值越高,肺栓塞发生风险越大。     

意识障碍患者并发深静脉血栓的护理

深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis，DVT）临床上并不少见，其中以下肢深静脉血栓最为常见，约占深静脉血栓的90％以上，而神经外科手术后DVT的发病率在24％左右。DVT是病死率极高的肺动脉栓塞（pulmonary embolism，PE）的基础疾病，故预防DVT的发生显得非常重要。本文就将发生DVT护理体会综述如下。     

D-二聚体在脑出血术后合并下肢深静脉血栓早期诊断中的意义

目的下肢深静脉血栓是高血压脑出血常见并发症之一,对脑出血合并下肢深静脉尚无安全有效的治疗方法。因此,本研究旨在探索D-二聚体在高血压脑出血患者术前术后变化趋势,对合并下肢深静脉的早期预测与诊断提供帮助。方法以延安大学咸阳医院神经外科一病区高血压脑出血急诊行脑内血肿清除术患者为研究对象,检测其术前、术后D-二聚体,采用彩色多普勒超声检测下肢深静脉血栓,采用t检验分析差异。结果术后深静脉血栓组与未合并发深静脉血栓组入院时血浆D-二聚体浓度比较无统计学差异(P0.05),深静脉血栓组术后24 h、术后72 h、7 d血浆D-二聚体浓度均高于未合并深静脉血栓组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论检测外周血中D-二聚体浓度的变化可作为高血压脑出血合并下肢深静脉血栓的预测与早期诊断重要指标。     

小剂量肝素在脑肿瘤开颅手术病人围手术期应用的安全性评估:前瞻性随机双盲研究

深静脉栓塞、肺栓塞等血栓栓塞现象一直是引起神经外科手术病人术后发病和死亡的重要原因。尽管使用小剂量肝素对预防神经外科手术病人血栓栓塞现象有确切疗效,但是,神经外科医生因担心用药后增加出血并发症而不愿意使用它。为了澄清这个问题,作者设计了一个前瞻性、随机、双盲的研究来评估脑瘤病人围手术期应用小剂量肝素的安全性。     

髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的预防性护理

目的探讨髋关节置换术后预防下肢深静脉血栓形成的护理对策。方法对70例髋关节置换术患者给予术前宣教、术后早期积极主动和被动活动、对高危人群辅以预防性抗凝治疗,预防下肢深静脉血栓的发生。结果70例髋关节置换术患者经护理干预后,无1例发生下肢深静脉血栓,住院时间15～24d,平均住院（18．3±2．4）d。结论指导髋关节置换患者术后早期功能锻炼,并进行预防性抗凝治疗,能有效预防髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的形成。     

High prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis on admission in a medical unit among elderly patients

The prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients remains questioned. All consecutive outpatients admitted in our medical unit were considered for inclusion in this study which aimed to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic venous thrombosis on admission and the incidence during hospital stay. Exclusion criteria were: age <18 years, suspicion of venous thromboembolism, stay <4 days, ongoing anticoagulant therapy. Venous compression ultrasonography of the lower limbs was performed within 48 h. 234 patients were included. The prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis on admission and the incidence during hospital follow-up were respectively 5.5% (95% confidence interval, 3.1 to 9.5%) and 2.6 per 1,000 person-days (95% confidence interval, 0.0 to 5.2). The prevalence and the incidence reached respectively 17.8% (95% confidence interval, 8.5 to 32.6%) and 6.0 per 1,000 person-days (95% confidence interval, 0.0 to 12.7) among patients over 80 years. A high prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis on admission was suggested particularly among elderly medical patients.     

Rates of proximal deep vein thrombosis as assessed by compression ultrasonography in patients receiving prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin after major orthopedic surgery

Patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery are at an increased risk of thromboembolism even after the acute postoperative phase. Therefore, prolonged thromboprophylaxis is currently recommended and widely used. The length of hospital stay after major orthopedic surgery is steadily decreasing and most patients are transferred to specialized rehabilitation centers in the early postoperative phase. Consequently, thromboprophylaxis is usually given during the rehabilitation period. Previously there have been no systematic studies of how many patients with asymptomatic thrombosis are transferred to a rehabilitation center or how many patients develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT) during rehabilitation. In the present study, 238 patients who had undergone major orthopedic surgery were examined by compression ultrasonography on day 1 or 2 and on day 20 of their rehabilitation phase in order to detect asymptomatic proximal DVT. Sonograms were read centrally with blinding to the clinical course of the patients. All patients received standard thromboprophylaxis during the acute postoperative phase. Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin was given during the rehabilitation phase. The mean duration of thromboprophylaxis was 36.8 days. At admission to the rehabilitation center, proximal DVT was identified in 16 patients (6.7%). New proximal DVT at discharge from the rehabilitation center was identified in 3.2% of patients following prolonged thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin. In conclusion, a considerable percentage of patients with asymptomatic proximal DVT are transferred to rehabilitation centers following major orthopedic surgery. Using prolonged thromboprophylaxis, new proximal DVTs will still develop during rehabilitation, but at a low rate.     

Deep vein thrombosis in patients with stroke

A frequent condition affecting patients with stroke is venous thromboembolism (VTE), which consists of two components: deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism as its complication The main risk factors of VTE are: age over 65 years, motor deficit with immobilisation, heart failure, infection, obesity and coagulopathy Typical symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (pain, tenderness, swelling of calf and increased skin temperature) can be masked by sensory and autonomic deficits following brain ischaemia Diagnosis of VTE is based on clinical symptoms confirmed by biochemical and radiological findings The treatment of VTE consists of anticoagulation; prevention of VTE in stroke patients is based on use of low-molecular heparins and non-pharmacological methods.     

Deep vein thrombosis after elective cesarean section

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy is associated with an overall 5-10 fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The absolute risk is highest during and shortly after delivery. Although operative delivery further increases the risk of VTE, there is no consensus on thromboprophylaxis after an elective cesarean. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in a low risk cesarean section population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine women undergoing elective cesarean section were screened for DVT using triplex Doppler sonography 3-5 days after delivery. Markers of activated coagulation were also followed and all women were screened for thrombophilia. Postoperative thromboprophylaxis was not given. During the same period all cases of symptomatic VTE were also recorded. RESULTS: No DVT was detected by ultrasonography and no women developed symptomatic VTE during the six weeks follow-up period after delivery. Six women had thrombophilia. During the study period, a cesarean section was performed in 1067/5364 (20%) deliveries. Five of these women (0.47%) developed symptomatic pulmonary embolism, and all of these women had additional risk factors for VTE. CONCLUSION: The risk of DVT among healthy pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section is low, and general medical thromboprophylaxis is probably not justified.     

Management and adherence to VTE treatment guidelines in a national prospective cohort study in the Canadian outpatient setting. The Recovery Study

Documenting patterns and outcomes of venous thromboembolism (VTE) management and degree of adherence by clinicians to treatment guidelines could help identify remediable gaps in patient care. Prospective, clinical practice-based data from Canadian outpatient settings on management of VTE, degree of adherence with treatment guidelines and frequency of recurrent VTE and bleeding during follow-up was obtained in a multicentre, prospective observational study. From 12 Canadian centres, we assessed 868 outpatients with acute symptomatic VTE who received the low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin alone or with vitamin K antagonists (VKA), at baseline and at six months (or at the end of treatment, whichever came first). Index VTE was limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in 583 (67.2%) patients, pulmonary embolism (PE) with or without DVT in 262 (30.2%) patients, and unusual site DVT in 23 (2.6%) patients. VTE was unprovoked in 399 (46.0%) patients, associated with cancer in 74 (8.5%) patients, transient risk factors in 327 (37.7%) patients and hormonal factors in 68 (7.8%) patients.With regard to guideline adherence, 58 (7.3%) patients received <5 days LMWH and 114 (14.5%) had overlap <1 day. Among patients with cancer-related VTE, 59.5% were prescribed LMWH monotherapy and 43.2% received such treatment for >3 months. Only 38.1% of patients with transient VTE risk factors had received thromboprophylaxis. Our study provides useful information on clinical presentation, management and related outcomes in Canadian outpatients with VTE. Our results suggest there may be important gaps in use of thromboprophylaxis to prevent VTE and use of LMWH monotherapy to treat cancer-related VTE.     

Low-molecular-weight heparin: the optimal duration of prophylaxis against postoperative venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement

Venous thromboembolism is a major health problem. In about 20% of cases, the initial clinical manifestation of venous thromboembolism is sudden death due to pulmonary embolism. Consequently, appropriate prophylaxis is critical in order to improve survival. Because patients with recent surgery have a 22-fold increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism, a large research effort has been directed toward identifying the safest and most effective prophylaxis after surgery, especially after total hip or knee replacement. While low-molecular-weight heparin is the most effective prophylaxis currently available, from 15% to 30% of hip or knee replacement patients still develop deep vein thrombosis by the time of hospital discharge, and another 25% develop new deep vein thrombosis by 3 weeks after discharge. Extended out-of-hospital low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis can safely reduce the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis by about 50%. However, essentially all of these thrombi are small, asymptomatic, and resolve without serious clinical sequelae. Based on one clinical trial, out-of-hospital low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis could reduce the incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism or all-cause death after discharge by a maximum of 2.2%. At current drug costs, universal out-of-hospital low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis is unlikely to be cost-effective. For most patients, 7 to 10 days of low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis is adequate. Future research should be directed at identifying patients at risk for out-of-hospital venous thromboembolism, and targeting extended prophylaxis to those at highest risk.     

Residual venous obstruction in patients with a single episode of deep vein thrombosis and in patients with recurrent deep vein thrombosis

Residual venous obstruction (RVO) in patients with previous deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs has been suggested as an independent risk factor for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). RVO could be a marker of a persistent prothrombotic state. We have compared the rate of RVO in patients with DVT and a personal history of at least one previous episode of VTE to the rate of RVO among patients with a first episode of DVT. All patients underwent compression ultrasonography (CUS) of the lower limbs 1 year after index DVT. RVO was arbitrarily defined as a thrombus occupying, at maximal compressibility, more than 20% of the vein area in the absence of compression. 50 consecutive patients with recurrent DVT and 50 age and sex-matched patients with a single episode of DVT were enrolled. The index event was idiopathic in 62% of patients with recurrent DVT and in 60% of patients with a single episode. In 74% of patients with recurrent DVT the index event occurred in either the contralateral leg or in a different segment of the ipsilateral leg. RVO was detected in 50% of patients with a single episode of DVT and in 88% of patients with recurrent DVT (p<0.00001). The prevalence of RVO is significantly higher in patients with recurrent DVT than in patients with a single episode. This finding supports the importance of RVO as a potential marker of a persistent prothrombotic state.     

VTE in patients with cancer--diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

Management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer is challenging. In addition, cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is becoming an increasingly prevalent condition because of the aging population, the aggressiveness of anticancer therapies, and the improved survival of patients with cancer. Diagnosis of CAT can be difficult because many cancer patients without acute thrombosis often have with signs and symptoms that mimic those of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, while others are found to have clinically silent VTE incidentally on routine staging investigations for their cancer. Prevention of CAT is important for reducing the burden of disease but it has received very little attention from clinicians and researchers. Treatment of CAT is also challenging because oncology patients have a high risk of recurrent thrombosis and major bleeding even while receiving anticoagulant therapy. This review will focus on the current standards of practice for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of VTE in patients with cancer.     

Prevalence of venous thromboembolism at a teaching hospital in Okinawa, Japan

Limited data suggest that Asian Americans may have a lower risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) than Caucasians. However, the actual prevalence of VTE among Asians remains controversial, and has not been described in Japan. We studied all 131,060 patients hospitalized at a single medical centre in Japan (January 1987 - December 1999). Patients with VTE were identified through discharge diagnoses. Hospital records were reviewed for information on patient demographics, risk factors, and diagnostic modalities. VTE occurred in 0.11% of admissions (n=141, 95%CI 0.09-0.13%). Mean age (+/-SD) was 64+/-17 years, 70% were women, 91% had deep vein thrombosis, and 29% pulmonary embolism. Among hospitalized patients 50-69 years old, VTE was significantly more common among women than men (0.31% vs. 0.08%; OR 3.88; 95%CI 1.45-6.31). We found a low prevalence of VTE in Japan compared to that reported in the US. Future studies are needed to clarify the reasons for our findings.     

Thrombophilic abnormalities and recurrence of venous thromboembolism in patients treated with standardized anticoagulant treatment

INTRODUCTION: Whether patients with hereditary or acquired thrombophilia have an increased risk for recurrence of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism) is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of recurrence of venous thromboembolism in patients with and without thrombophilic abnormalities treated with standardized anticoagulant treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Database was from a prospective multicenter randomized study aimed at evaluating the long-term clinical benefit of extending to 1 year the 3-month oral anticoagulant treatment after a first episode of idiopathic proximal deep vein thrombosis. The screening for thrombophilia included antithrombin, protein C, protein S deficiencies, resistance to activated protein C and/or factor V R506Q mutation, the mutation 20210GA of the prothrombin gene, hyperhomocysteinemia and antiphospholipid antibodies. The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism recurrence was done by objective tests and adjudicated by a panel unaware of the results of the thrombophilia screening. RESULTS: A screening for thrombophilic abnormalities was performed in 195 patients. Twenty of 57 (35.1%) thrombophilic patients experienced a recurrence of venous thromboembolism as compared with 29 of 138 (21.0%) patients without thrombophilia (HR=1.78, 95% CI 1.002-3.140, p=0.046). The difference in VTE recurrence between patients with and without thrombophilia was accounted for by those who received 3 months of oral anticoagulation (HR=3.21, 95% CI 1.349-7.616, p=0.008). No difference between thrombophilic and non-thrombophilic patients was observed in the time interval from the index episode to recurrent venous thromboembolism (29.1+/-23.9 and 30.6+/-19.8 months, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Thrombophilic abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence. The role of thrombophilia in the long-term management of venous thromboembolism should be addressed in prospective management studies.