多天线认知无线电网络自适应空间映射频谱共享

针对集中式多用户多天线认知无线电网络,提出一种基于自适应空间映射的频谱共享策略,根据授权用户接入的随机性所带来的频谱和空间资源占用情况的变化,认知系统将发射信号自适应地映射在认知基站与授权用户之间信道的子空间上,避免或抑制系统间干扰,从而在保证授权用户通信质量的前提下,为认知用户提供通信机会,并且在认知系统内部利用块对角化和奇异值分解方法分离不同认知用户的信号,消除系统内干扰。性能分析和仿真结果表明,与已有的频谱共享方法相比较,该策略不仅具有更高的认知系统可达和速率,并且对于由不同授权系统负载情况形成的不同场景具有更强的鲁棒性。     

认知网络中的能量回收技术：性能分析及优化设计

通信网络中有限的能源和频带资源限制了网络容量的进一步提升.对能量回收技术在认知网络中的应用进行研究,量化评估用户可回收的能量以及可达吞吐率,并进行优化设计很有必要.在所分析的系统中,当授权用户进行通信时,非授权用户可回收无线信号中所带有的能量,并利用回收的能量进行频谱检测;当检测到授权用户空闲时,非授权用户将接入频谱,利用回收到的能量进行数据传输.采用马尔科夫链模型对通信场景进行描述分析,发现授权用户的活跃程度对非授权用户可回收的能量、获得的传输机会带来影响,进而决定了非授权用户的可达吞吐量.在此基础上,提出一种通过控制授权用户业务量,以最大化网络能量效用和频谱效用的优化方案,并通过仿真证实了理论分析的正确性.     

感知不确定下卫星认知无线网络多频谱接入优化策略

针对卫星认知无线网络频谱感知不确定性较大导致传统频谱接入机制效率降低的问题,该文提出一种基于动态多频谱感知的信道接入优化策略。认知LEO卫星根据频谱检测概率与授权用户干扰门限之间的关系,实时调整不同频谱感知结果下的信道接入概率。在此基础上以系统吞吐量最大化为目标,设计了一种基于频谱检测概率和虚警概率联合优化的判决门限选取策略,并推导了最佳感知频谱数量。仿真结果表明,认知用户能够在不大于授权用户最大干扰门限的前提下,根据授权信道空闲状态动态选择最佳频谱感知策略,且在检测信号信噪比较低时以更加积极的方式接入授权频谱,降低了频谱感知不确定性对信道接入效率的影响,提高了认知系统吞吐量。     

机会频谱接入系统中基于次用户容量分析的检测参数设计

该文对认知网络中基于机会频谱接入(OSA)技术的认知用户的信道容量表达式及其检测参数进行了研究。首先讨论了次用户信号干扰噪声比(SINR)的特性,得到存在干扰和不存在干扰两种状况下的SINR的均值表达式,探讨SINR对次用户信道容量的影响, 以及次用户的信道容量在OSA方式下的变化。并在此基础上,结合信道统计特性,运用跨层设计思想,设计次用户的发送数据帧长和检测频率。从分析结果可以看出,主用户对授权信道的占用模型影响次用户的SINR,进而影响到次用户检测频率和传输帧长的设计,结果表明从次用户物理层特性和主用户业务特性结合角度设计次用户检测参数的方案,在保证次用户吞吐量要求的同时,降低了主次用户之间的干扰,同时提高了系统对频谱的利用率。     

上海地区白频谱应用规范的分析研究（下）

认知用户的无线电频谱感知技术 1．频谱感知技术分类 认知用户,需要利用频谱感知技术侦测授权频段的频率空闲情况,从中找出可使用信道。当授权用户重新接入时,即需检测到．并迅速让出占用频道．切换到其他空闲频道或中止通信,以避免授权用户受到干扰。     

基于广义特征值的合作频谱感知方法

现有的基于特征值的合作频谱感知方法要求认知用户各感知节点接收到的授权用户信号具有相关性。针对这个问题,提出了一种基于广义特征值的合作频谱感知方法。该方法利用过去不存在授权用户的感知周期采样协方差矩阵与当前感知周期采样协方差矩阵之间的最大广义特征值(MGED,maximum generalized eigenvalue de-tection)作为检验统计量,以此判决当前感知周期是否存在授权用户信号,从而实现频谱感知。所提方法不需要授权用户信号和噪声功率的先验信息。当认知用户各感知节点上的授权用户信号不相关时,现有的基于特征值的频谱感知方法均失效,而所提频谱感知方法仍然具有较高的检测性能。最后仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。     

认知无线电网络基于空分复用的机会频谱接入

传统的认知无线电技术采用机会频谱接入,认知用户的通信质量难以得到保证。通过利用多天线技术提供的空间信号处理能力,该文提出一种基于空分复用的机会频谱接入方法,当存在频谱空洞时,采用传统的机会频谱接入;无空闲频率资源可用时,认知系统利用空域信息完成发射预编码与接收滤波,从而以空分复用的方式实现通信。文中对认知系统天线配置要求进行了分析,当满足该要求时,认知系统能够与授权系统在同一授权频道实现无互扰共存。仿真结果表明,与传统的机会频谱接入相比,所提方法能够在不影响授权系统性能的情况下有效改善认知系统的通信性能。     

基于D-S证据理论的循环平稳频谱协作感知

为了避免干扰授权用户的正常通信,认知无线电系统需要较好的频谱检测性能。提出了基于循环平稳特征和D-S证据理论的多天线多用户频谱协作感知方法。分析了多天线接收信号的谱相关函数,在频域按照最大比合并的方法合并各天线接收信号,得到合并信号的谱相关函数。依据谱相关函数的能量,在多用户中采用D-S证据理论做协作频谱检测。仿真分析表明,基于循环平稳特征和D-S证据理论的多天线多用户频谱协作感知方法可有效改善认知无线电系统检测性能。     

基于上行时隙的新型信号检测方法研究

本文利用通信系统具有上下行时隙的特点,根据基站和用户终端发射功率的不同,提出了基于上行时隙的能量检测算法。在非授权用户系统的认知节点进行在线能量检测时,容易受到系统自身发射信号的干扰。为了减轻该影响,本文基于上行时隙进行能量检测,这样认知节点所受干扰主要来源于系统的用户终端,其带来的干扰相对较小。文中选取了TD-LTE系统作为非授权用户、雷达系统作为授权用户的认知系统开展研究,并通过MATLAB仿真证明了基于上行时隙的能量检测算法的可行性。     

认知无线电中基于干扰温度的频谱探测技术

认知无线电的提出,能够在一定程度上提高频谱利用率,解决目前通信频谱资源紧缺的问题.频谱探测是认知无线电中的关键技术之一,通过频谱探测技术来检测授权用户的频谱空洞,以使得非授权用户能够有效利用.文章介绍了常用的基于干扰温度的探测模型以及频谱估计算法,进行了分析与总结,并且提出了目前频谱探测技术的不足之处.     

Distributed power control algorithm for cognitive radios with primary protection via spectrum sensing under user mobility

Substantial spectrum gains have been demonstrated with the introduction of cognitive radio however; such gains are usually short lived due to the increased level of interference to licensed users of the spectrum. The interference management problem is herein tackled from the transmitter power control perspective so that transmissions by cognitive radio network does not violate the interference threshold levels at the primary users as well as maintain the QoS requirements of cognitive radio users. We model the cognitive radio network for mobile and immobile users and propose algorithms exploiting primary radio environment knowledge (spectrum use), called power control with primary protection via spectrum sensing. The algorithm is briefly introduced for time invariant systems and demonstrated that it has the ability to satisfy tight QoS constraints for cognitive radios as well as meet the interference constraints for licensed users. We, however, further show that such assumption of terminal immobility in the power control algorithm would fail in cases where user mobility is considered, resulting in increased levels of interference to the primary as well as increased outages in cognitive radio network. We model the link gain evolution process as a distance dependent shadow fading process and scale-up the target signal to interference ratio to cope with user mobility. Since mobility driven power control algorithms for cognitive radios have not been investigated before, we therefore, propose a mobility driven power control framework for cognitive radios based on spectrum sensing, which ensures that the interference limit at the primary receiver is unperturbed at all times, while concurrently maintaining the QoS within the cognitive radio network as compared to static user cases. We also corroborate our algorithms with proof of convergence.     

Decentralized dynamic spectrum access for cognitive radios: cooperative design of a non-cooperative game

We consider dynamic spectrum access among cognitive radios from an adaptive, game theoretic learning perspective. Spectrum-agile cognitive radios compete for channels temporarily vacated by licensed primary users in order to satisfy their own demands while minimizing interference. For both slowly varying primary user activity and slowly varying statistics of ?fast? primary user activity, we apply an adaptive regret based learning procedure which tracks the set of correlated equilibria of the game, treated as a distributed stochastic approximation. This procedure is shown to perform very well compared with other similar adaptive algorithms. We also estimate channel contention for a simple CSMA channel sharing scheme.     

Multihop cognitive radio networks: to route or not to route

Routing is a fundamental issue to consider when dealing with multihop cognitive radio networks. We investigate in this work, the potential routing approaches that can be employed in such adaptive wireless networks. We argue that in multihop cognitive radio environments no general routing solution can be proposed, but cognitive environments can be classified into three separate categories, each requiring specific routing solutions. Basically, this classification is imposed by the activity of the users on the licensed bands that cognitive radios try to access. First, over a relatively static primary band, where primary nodes idleness largely exceeds cognitive users communication durations, static mesh routing solutions can be reused, whereas second, over dynamically available spectrum bands new specific routing solutions have to be proposed, we give some guidelines and insights about designing such solutions. Third, if cognitive radios try to access over highly active and rarely available primary bands, opportunistic forwarding without preestablished routing is to be explored.     

Power Control for Cognitive Radio Networks: A Game Theoretic Approach

In communication industry one of the most rapidly growing area is wireless technology and its applications. The efficient access to radio spectrum is a requirement to make this communication feasible for the users that are running multimedia applications and establishing real-time connections on an already overcrowded spectrum. In recent times cognitive radios (CR) are becoming the prime candidates for improved utilization of available spectrum. The unlicensed secondary users share the spectrum with primary licensed user in such manners that the interference at the primary user does not increase from a predefined threshold. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to address the power control problem for CR networks. The proposed solution models the wireless system with a non-cooperative game, in which each player maximize its utility in a competitive environment. The simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm improves the performance of the network in terms of high SINR and low power consumption.

     

Dynamic Frequency-Band Reallocation and Allocation: from Satellite-Based Communication Systems to Cognitive Radios

This paper discusses two approaches for the baseband processing part of cognitive radios. These approaches can be used depending on the availability of (i) a composite signal comprising several user signals or, (ii) the individual user signals. The aim is to introduce solutions which can support different bandwidths and center frequencies for a large set of users and at the cost of simple modifications on the same hardware platform. Such structures have previously been used for satellite-based communication systems and the paper aims to outline their possible applications in the context of cognitive radios. For this purpose, dynamic frequencyband allocation (DFBA) and reallocation (DFBR) structures based on multirate building blocks are introduced and their reconfigurability issues with respect to the required reconfigurability measures in cognitive radios are discussed.     

基于三个认知用户的多分支频谱感知方法

为了在认知无线电网络中有效地感知出授权用户,通过在无线通信网络中对多分支协作分集方式的研究,提出了在3个认知用户组成的认知无线电网络中,2个认知用户作为1个认知用户的中继用户,采用多分支协作分集方式感知授权用户。对其检测性能进行了理论分析,表明该方法是一种有效的感知方法,并且在低信噪比环境下,也可以有效地提高检测概率和降低检测时间从而提高网络的敏捷度增益。实验仿真结果证明,在低信噪比的环境下,该方法也可以获得较好的性能。     

A Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Technique with Dynamic Frequency Boundary Detection and Information-Entropy-Fusion for Primary User Detection

The invention of cognitive radio concept is aimed to overcome the spectral scarcity issues of emerging radio systems by exploiting under-utilization of licensed spectrum. As the cognitive users (secondary users) are only allowed to use a licensed spectrum in the absence of its rightful owner, the ability to accurately sense the presence of the rightful owners (primary users) is highly essential. The traditional way of having individual secondary users perform their own spectrum sensing is vulnerable to the presence of noise and shadowing of propagation channel. Cooperative spectrum sensing emerges as an attractive alternative that exploits the inherent geospatial diversity of multiple cognitive radios to enhance the robustness of sensing accuracy. Two specific issues in cooperative spectrum sensing are discussed in this paper. The first issue is on dynamic detection of primary user’s bands. A dynamic band clustering (DBC) algorithm that uses K-means clustering technique is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm reduces the number of erroneous narrow subbands resulting from spurious noise. This in turn minimizes the number of subbands to be detected and hence the overall sensing time. The second issue is on reducing the overheads required to facilitate fusion center operation. A novel entropy-based maximal ratio combining for decision-fusion center is also proposed in this paper. Based on extensive simulation studies, the proposed fusion technique is shown to be comparable to conventional information-fusion techniques. The performance offered by the proposed technique is achieved with significant reduction in the bandwidth overheads.     

基于强化学习的合作频谱分配算法

为了解决认知无线电网络中的频谱分配问题,提出了一种基于用户体验质量的合作强化学习频谱分配算法,将认知网络中的次用户模拟为强化学习中的智能体,并在次用户间引入合作机制,新加入用户可以吸收借鉴其他用户的强化学习经验,能够以更快的速度获得最佳的频谱分配方案;并且在频谱分配过程中引入了主用户和次用户之间的价格博弈因素,允许主用...     

Performance evaluation of sequential spectrum handoff in cognitive radio networks: a single‐user case

Powerful spectrum handover schemes enable cognitive radios to exploit transmission opportunities in primary users’ channels appropriately. In this paper, modeling and performance evaluation of sequential spectrum sensing strategy are addressed. To this end, the average number of handovers required for finding a transmission opportunity is evaluated assuming that a prior knowledge of the presence and absence probabilities of the primary users is available. Moreover, the average throughput maximization of a secondary user by optimizing its spectrum sensing time is formulated, and a set of illustrative numerical results is then presented to validate the analytical analysis.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.