声波在含气泡液体中的线性传播

为了探讨含气泡液体对声波传播的影响, 研究了声波在含气泡液体中的线性传播. 在建立含气泡液体的声学模型时引入气泡含量的影响,建立气泡模型时引用 Keller的气泡振动模型并同时考虑气泡间的声相互作用,得到了经过修正的气泡振动方程. 通过对含气泡液体的声传播方程和气泡振动方程联立并线性化求解,在满足 (ω R₀)/c << 1 的前提下,得到了描述含气泡液体对声波传播的衰减系数和传播速度. 通过数值分析发现,在驱动声场频率一定的情况下,气泡含量的增加及气泡的变小均会导致衰减系数增加和声速减小;气泡的体积分数和大小一定时, 驱动声场频率在远小于气泡谐振频率的情况下,声速会随驱动频率的增加而减小; 气泡间的声相互作用对声波传播速度及含气泡液体衰减系数的影响不明显.最终认为气泡的大小、 数量和驱动声场频率是影响声波在含气泡液体中线性传播的主要因素. 关键词： 含气泡液体 线性声波 声衰减系数 声速     

南海北部负跃层环境下海底参数声学反演

利用2015年南海北部声学实验的实验数据,对海底声学参数进行反演。在综合分析声速起伏及海底模型对海底反演影响的基础上,通过选择等效的海水声速剖面和海底模型,改进了多参量联合地声反演方法,使得其不仅能解决反演中的多值性问题,还能适用于负跃层起伏环境下的声学反演。即当用匹配场反演海底声速和用传播损失反演海底衰减时,如果温跃层内有内波等随机起伏,可使用传播路径上平均声速剖面和单层等效海底进行声场计算。反演得到的海底声速和密度结果与海底采样测量符合较好,拟合给出了海底衰减系数随频率的非线性经验关系式。反演结果可为南海北部声传播规律研究与应用提供海底参数。      

深海近距离声场频率-距离干涉结构反演海底声学参数

地声反演一般存在多解性的问题,不易有效分离沉积层声速与厚度,本文提出了一种当声源与接收水听器分别位于海面与海底附近时匹配声场干涉周期反演深海沉积层声速与厚度的方法。该声场周期结构由直达波与海底沉积层反射回波干涉形成,其干涉周期受沉积层声速和厚度影响,通过匹配实测与理论计算的声场干涉周期可有效反演沉积层声速和厚度。开展了深海实验验证,利用水听器接收到的近距离船舶噪声的声场干涉条纹,反演得到的实验海域海底沉积层声速与该海域海底表层采样平均值差小于20 m/s。数值仿真与实验结果表明该方法可以有效反演沉积层的声速与厚度。      

利用海洋环境噪声估计浅海海底表层声速

为提高反演效率,提出一种快速估计浅海海底表层声速的方法。根据噪声能流理论,垂直阵接收的海洋环境噪声数据能够用于无源提取海底反射损失,反射损失曲线中具有明显的临界角效应,从而接估计海底表层声速。以射线模型为基础,推导了噪声提取的反射损失与理论值之间的差异,并讨论实际阵列波束形成在不同角度和频率下的性能。考虑到非等声速环境下声线会发生弯曲,需对角度进行修正以提高方法的广泛适用性。不同频率的临界角与有效深度之间存在对应关系,黄海某海区数据处理结果表明,在临界角不变的有效深度内,海底表层可以视为等声速层,该海区海底表层0.5 m内声速估计结果为1547 m/s,与有源反演结果相近。      

一种低声速沉积层海底参数声学反演方法

软泥底环境下沉积层参数的声学反演是国际水声领域的一个研究热点.浅海中,当高声速基底和海水之间存在一层低声速(小于海水声速)的沉积层时,小掠射角情况下不同频率声传播损失会出现周期性增大现象.基于此现象,提出一种适用于低声速沉积层的海底参数声学反演方法.首先,推导给出小掠射角情况下传播损失周期增大的频率间隔与沉积层声速、厚度及近海底海水声速之间的解析表达式;其次,利用一次黄海实验中软泥底环境下的宽带声传播信号,提取了小掠射角下传播损失增大的频率周期;再次,把该解析表达式作为约束条件,结合Hamilton密度与声速的经验公式,采用匹配场处理反演给出沉积层的声速、密度、厚度及基底的声速、密度;然后,利用声传播损失数据反演得到泥底环境下不同频率的声衰减系数,通过拟合发现泥底声衰减系数随频率近似呈线性关系;最后,给出了双层海底模型和半无限大海底模型等效性的讨论.反演结果为低声速沉积层海底声传播规律研究与应用提供了海底声学参数.     

海底反射损失的高分辨率估计方法

在海洋声学中,海底反射损失是一个重要的物理量,不仅可以用于传播损失的计算,也可以用来反演海底参数(如声速、密度、吸收系数等)。海底反射损失与声波频率和掠射角有关,近年来出现了多种估计方法,其中一种简单的被动方法是对环境噪声做垂直波束形成,来自海底与来自海面的噪声比例能够反映出海底反射损失的大小[1]。该方法的一个主要优点是能够直接得到反射损失,不需要任何反演机制。但有一个明显的缺点,当垂直接收     

利用浅海声场干涉条纹反演海底参数方法研究

浅海频散特性导致声场在距离-频率平面形成干涉条纹,该干涉条纹蕴含着声源以及海底信息。本文通过降噪、滤波等方法,提取船舶辐射噪声干涉条纹中距离域干涉准周期、波导不变量以及去扩展衰减系数(不考虑扩展损失后接收到噪声级随距离的衰减程度)三种特征量的观测值,基于无限均匀沉积层海底模型,采用简正波计算程序理论计算上述三种特征量作为拷贝,提出一种以模拟退火法作为搜索寻优策略的新的匹配反演海底参数的方法。海试数据处理结果表明,该方法反演估计所得海底密度、声速、衰减系数三参数用于浅海负跃层条件下的声场预报效果比较良好。     

斜坡海底条件下声场垂直相关特性研究

利用数值仿真和实验研究分析和总结了不同斜坡海底条件下声场垂直相关性随垂直间隔和传播距离的变化规律,并利用楔形简正波理论对海底倾斜引起的声场垂直相关变化机理进行了解释.研究结果表明,上坡和下坡地形的声场垂直相关性具有很大的差别.与水平海底相比,下坡海底会增加声场垂直相关性,上坡海底会减小声场垂直相关性.有效简正波之间的干...     

典型深海声场频率-距离干涉结构分析及实验研究

基于射线理论分析了在典型深海情况下声源与接收水听器位于海水表层时声场频率-距离干涉结构,给出了直达声作用区与影区情况下声场频率-距离干涉结构的近似理论表达式。数值仿真与实验结果表明:在直达声作用区内,由直达声与海面一次反射声形成声场干涉结构,频率域干涉周期为该两条声线到达时间差的倒数;在影区内,由声源-海底-接收器、声源-海面-海底-接收器、声源-海底-海面-接收器和声源-海面-海底-海面-接收器四条声线形成声场干涉结构,声强随着频率具有两种干涉周期,分别随着声源深度、接收水听器深度的增大而减小,并与收发距离有关。本文给出的理论表达式可以较好的解释实验观测到的声场频率-距离干涉结构。      

水声材料横波声速和衰减系数参量源法测量系统

提出了测量10-100 kHz频段水声材料平均横波声速和衰减系数的测量系统,系统具有低频、小尺寸、窄波束的特点。测量装置应用截断参量源作为声源,结合了精密的坐标系统。在对平板声压透射系数的平面波模型进行理论修正和实验研究的基础上,测量平板样品的透射系数(插入损失)的频谱和角谱,并采用曲线拟合方法来估计样品在测量频段的平均横波声速和衰减系数。在2 m×1 m×1.5 m消声水槽中,对一些典型样品(尺寸500 mm×600 mm)进行了测量实验,结果表明,水声材料样品在声波不同入射角时的声学性能有较大差异,不能用声波垂直入射时的声学性能数据代替;横波声速和衰减系数是评定水声材料声学性能的重要参数,尤其在声波斜入射情况下;在研究材料构件或复杂器件的声学性能时它们也是必不可少和不能不考虑的。实验还验证了测量方法和系统的可行性,也表明仅在这一频段的测量还远不能满足水声工程的实际需求, 有必要将测量方法应用扩展到更低或更高的频段。     

The wave equation with viscoelastic attenuation and its application in problems of shallow-sea acoustics

A suitable tool for the simulation of low frequency acoustic pulse signals propagating in a shallow sea is the numerical integration of the nonstationary wave equation. The main feature of such simulation problems is that in this case the sound waves propagate in the geoacoustic waveguide formed by the upper layers of the bottom and the water column. By this reason, the correct dependence of the attenuation of sound waves in the bottom on their frequency must be taken into account. In this paper we obtain an integro-differential equation for the sound waves in the viscoelastic fluid, which allows to simulate the arbitrary dependence of acoustic wave attenuation on frequency in the time domain computations. The procedure of numerical solution of this equation based on its approximation by a system of differential equations is then considered and the methods of artificial limitation of computational domain are described. We also construct a simple finite-difference scheme for the proposed equation suitable for the numerical solution of nonstationary problems arising in the shallow-sea acoustics.     

Sound Propagation in Shallow Water with an Inhomogeneous GAS-Saturated Bottom

We present the methods and results of numerical experiments studying the low-frequency sound propagation in one of the areas of the Arctic shelf with a randomly inhomogeneous gas-saturated bottom. The characteristics of the upper layer of bottom sedimentary rocks (sediments) used in calculations were obtained during a 3D seismic survey and trial drilling of the seafloor. We demonstrate the possibilities of substituting in numerical simulation a real bottom with a fluid homogeneous half-space where the effective value of the sound speed is equal to the average sound speed in the bottom, with averaging along the sound propagation path to a sediment depth of 0.6 wavelength in the bottom. An original technique is proposed for estimating the sound speed propagation in an upper inhomogeneous sediment layer. The technique is based on measurements of acoustic wave attenuation in water during waveguide propagation.     

三维浅海下弹性结构声辐射预报的有限元-抛物方程法

利用多物理场耦合有限元法对结构和流体适应性强、抛物方程声场计算高效准确的特点,提出了三维浅海波导下弹性结构声振特性研究的有限元-抛物方程法.该方法采用多物理场耦合有限元理论建立浅海下结构近场声辐射模型,计算局域波导下结构声振信息,并提取深度方向上复声压值作为抛物方程初始值;然后采用隐式差分法求解抛物方程以步进计算结构辐射声场.重点介绍了该方法对浅海下结构声辐射计算的准确性、高效性以及快速收敛性后,对Pekeris波导中有限长弹性圆柱壳的声振特性进行了分析.研究得出,当圆柱壳靠近海面(海底)时,其耦合频率比自由场下的要高(低),当潜深达到一定范围时,与自由场耦合频率基本趋于一致;在低频远场,结构辐射场与同强度点源声场具有一定的等效性,且等效距离随着频率增加而增加;由于辐射声场受结构振动模态、几何尺寸和简正波模式影响,结构辐射场传播的衰减规律按近场声影响区、球面波衰减区、介于球面波和柱面波衰减区、柱面波衰减区四个扩展区依次进行.     

利用多角度海底反向散射信号进行地声参数估计

针对现有海底地声参数估计方法的不足,提出了利用相控参量阵浅地层剖面仪接收的多角度海底反向散射信号进行地声参数估计的方法,首先利用正下方和斜入射方向上沉积层上、下表面的差频反向散射信号进行沉积层厚度和声速估计,然后利用正下方沉积层上、下表面两个不同频率的差频信号的反向散射信号估计沉积层衰减系数,最后利用正下方沉积层上表面原频反向散射信号估计沉积层阻抗,计算沉积层密度从而解决和声速的耦合性,通过水池试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

Spatial attenuation of different sound field components in a water layer and shallow-water sediments

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of spatial attenuation of low-frequency vector-scalar sound fields in shallow water. The experiments employed a towed pneumatic cannon and spatially separated four-component vector-scalar receiver modules. Narrowband analysis of received signals made it possible to estimate the attenuation coefficients of the first three modes in the frequency of range of 26–182 Hz and calculate the frequency dependences of the sound absorption coefficients in the upper part of bottom sediments. We analyze the experimental and calculated (using acoustic calibration of the waveguide) laws of the drop in sound pressure and orthogonal vector projections of the oscillation velocity. It is shown that the vertical projection of the oscillation velocity vector decreases significantly faster than the sound pressure field.     

Sound attenuation in acoustically lined curved ducts in the absence of fluid flow

A study has been made of the sound attenuation in a lined curved duct with rectangular cross-section. In this study, the derivation of the eigenvalue equation was based on the continuity of the normal component of the particle displacement and the matching of the acoustic pressure on the acoustic lining surface. The sound attenuation was calculated by using the acoustic energy expression for the waves propagating in a curved duct. For a given duct geometry and known acoustic lining impedances, a computer program was developed to solve for the eigenvalues and to obtain the sound attenuation of the propagating waves in the lined curved duct. It was found that in the case studied here the fundamental mode was least attenuated. The total sound attenuation was calculated on the assumption that the amplitudes for all propagating waves were equal at a given frequency. Effects of aspect ratio, bend angle and the acoustic impedance on the sound attenuation were investigated in the present work.     

Determination of acoustic attenuation in the Hudson River Estuary by means of ship noise observations

Analysis of sound propagation in a complex urban estuary has application to underwater threat detection systems, underwater communication, and acoustic tomography. One of the most important acoustic parameters, sound attenuation, was analyzed in the Hudson River near Manhattan using measurements of acoustic noise generated by passing ships and recorded by a fixed hydrophone. Analysis of the ship noise level for varying distances allowed estimation of the sound attenuation in the frequency band of 10-80 kHz. The effective attenuation coefficient representing the attenuation loss above cylindrical spreading loss had only slight frequency dependence and can be estimated by the frequency independent value of 0.058 dBm.