翡翠贻贝对塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食及毒素积累的初步研究

塔玛亚历山大藻是一种可产生PSP毒素的海洋微藻，通过室内摄食实验，初步研究了厦门港水产养殖动物翡翠贻贝对塔玛亚历山大藻的滤食率与光照度、温度、藻液浓度等因素的关系，并对比了翡翠贻贝对其它饵料微藻的摄食压力．同时对比了不同细胞密度的塔玛亚历山大藻浓度对翡翠贻贝毒素累积的影响．     

塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻对黑褐新糠虾和卤虫的急性毒性作用

以黑褐新糠虾和卤虫为实验材料,研究了两种典型有毒有害赤潮藻,塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻的毒性.结果表明塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻都能影响糠虾的存活,在9 h内塔玛亚历山大藻和赤湖异弯藻对糠虾的半致死浓度分别约为7000和450 000个/cm3;在24 h内塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻对卤虫存活没有显著影响,而赤潮异弯藻能对卤虫的活力产生强烈的抑制作用,0.1,1.5,5和24 h的半抑制浓度分别为15 000,7500,4500,3000个/cm3,但在赤潮异弯藻较低浓度为3000个/cm3时,经过48 h卤虫的运动能力能够恢复到正常水平.结果表明,这两种有害藻对同一种生物的毒性大小存在差异,而这两种甲壳类生物对同一种有害藻的反应也不相同.     

有机锡对海洋微藻的毒性效应

三丁基锡(包括三丁基锡氧化物TBTO和三丁基锡氟化物TBTF)、三苯基锡化合物在低浓度下可限制海洋单细胞藻的生长和存活。一次培养实验结果表明:TBTO、TBTF、三苯基锡对三角褐指藻具有强毒性,其72小时半致死浓度EC 50分别为TBTO,0.83μg/dm~3TBTF,1.09μg/dm~3;三苯基锡,0.93μg/dm~3。     

四种/株亚历山大藻(Alexandrium)毒性的比较研究

通过对塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK和AT-6藻株)、链状亚历山大藻(ACDH藻株)和微小亚历山大藻(AM-1藻株)的PSP毒素含量和组成以及它们分别对轮虫、黑褐新糠虾和鲈鱼存活影响的比较研究发现:塔玛亚历山大藻AT-6藻株不产生麻痹性贝毒毒素PSP,而塔玛亚历山大藻ATHK、链状亚历山大藻ACDH和微小亚历山大藻AM-1均产生PSP毒素,其总含量分别为19.74、5.395、5.57fmol/cell(2.60、0.36、1.61pgSTXeq/cell)。塔玛亚历山大藻AT-6对轮虫、黑褐新糠虾和鲈鱼这三种生物均没有不利影响;对于轮虫,塔玛亚历山大藻ATHK和链状亚历山大藻ACDH的96hLC50分别为:200和1200cells/ml,而微小亚历山大藻AM-1无不利影响;对于糠虾,塔玛亚历山大藻ATHK、链状亚历山大藻ACDH和微小亚历山大藻AM-1的96hLC50分别为7000、11000、16000cells/ml;对于鲈鱼,这三株藻的96hLC50分别为3700、4000、20000cells/ml。四株亚历山大藻对三种生物的毒性大小与其PSP毒素含量和组成无直接的相关关系,其毒性作用可能来自其他未知毒性物质。塔玛亚历山大藻ATHK不同组分分别对三种生物的毒性比较研究表明:藻细胞重悬液和藻液对三种生物的不利影响最为显著,去藻过滤液和细胞碎片对轮虫和鲈鱼没有明显影响,但糠虾的存活率有所下降;细胞内容物对轮虫和糠虾也无影响,但对鲈鱼的存活有一定影响。以上研究表明:不同亚历山大藻的毒性大小存在差别,其对不同生物的危害机制也不相同,除PSP毒素外,亚历山大藻可能还存在其他的毒性物质。     

不同氮磷比和铁浓度对两种海洋微藻生产二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐的实验研究

本文通过实验室培养研究了不同氮磷比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)以及铁浓度(10、100、1 000nmol·L-1)对尖刺拟菱形藻、塔玛亚历山大藻二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)产生的影响。氮营养和磷营养对尖刺拟菱形藻释放DMSP和DMS没有明显的影响,但是塔玛亚历山大藻受N/P比的影响则很显著,低N/P比(0∶1)条件下的DMS浓度是高N/P比(50∶1)条件下的2.5倍。另外,培养液中不同初始铁浓度会影响到细胞内DMSP的合成和DMS的释放,且具有种间差异,高Fe3+浓度有助于尖刺拟菱形藻藻液中DMSPd的形成以及DMS的释放,却抑制了塔玛亚历山大藻细胞内DMSP的生产。总的来说,浮游植物产生DMSP先取决于对营养盐的总体需求,其次是营养盐的比例。     

麻痹性贝毒PSP在紫贻贝体内的累积、转化与排出

于1998年9月在青岛鲁迅公园附近礁石区采集紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis)，采用实验室培养的方法，初步研究了塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense,ATHK)产生的麻痹性贝毒（Paralytic Shellfish Poison,PSP)在其体内累积、转化与排出的规律。结果表明，在累积实验阶段，紫贻贝内脏的和肌肉中的PSP毒素含量均随实验时间的延长而逐渐增加，累积实验结束时，平均每只贝体内的PSP毒素含量为13.40nmol，毒性水平为12.24ugSTXEq/100g，紫贻贝内脏中的毒素含量远远高于肌肉，内脏中PSP毒素占贝体内PSP毒素总量的97.5%。在8天的排出实验阶段，贝体内的PSP毒素总量呈下降趋势，实验结束时，PSP毒素共排除了约50%，每天排除率约为9%。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对海产双壳类生命活动的影响

通过一种重要有毒赤潮藻——产麻痹性贝毒毒素PSP的塔玛亚历山大藻对几种海产双壳类主要发育阶段:受精卵、D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝、仔贝和成贝生命活动的影响研究,发现该藻对双壳类孵化率、存活率、运动能力、滤食率和生长都有影响,毒性效应与藻密度有明显的相关关系.该藻对受精卵的抑制作用在100个/cm3的密度下最显著,36h后孵化率仅为对照组的30%.进一步的逐项毒性筛选实验表明此毒性来源于藻液、藻细胞和细胞碎片,而与去藻过滤液、藻细胞内容物、标准毒素STX无关,由此可以证实塔玛亚历山大藻确能产生一类非PSP毒素,并与细胞表面的未知毒素相关.     

有机锡对金藻（Dicrateria sp.）有毒性效应

研究了有机锡对金藻的毒性效应，结果表明，三丁基锡（TBT）和三苯基锡（TPT）在低浓度的情况下，即或．可金藻细胞的生长和存活，室内一次培养研究显示，该2种有机锡化合物对金藻表现出很强的毒性，对生长速率的72h半数效应浓度EC50分别为0.58和0.77μg/dm^2。     

有机锡对金藻（Dicrateria sp.）的毒性效应

研究了有机锡对金藻的毒性效应 ,结果表明 ,三丁基锡 (TBT)和三苯基锡 (TPT)在低浓度的情况下 ,即可限制金藻细胞的生长和存活。室内一次培养研究显示 ,该 2种有机锡化合物对金藻表现出很强的毒性 ,对生长速率的 72 h半数效应浓度 EC50 分别为 0 .58和 0 .77μg/ dm3。     

Cr6+对海湾扇贝早期发育的影响

在温度为23℃和盐度为31.6的海水条件下系统地研究了六价铬离子(Cr6+)对海湾扇贝Argopecten irradians胚胎和不同发育阶段的幼虫的影响.海湾扇贝胚胎、早期D形幼虫、壳顶幼虫和眼点幼虫对Cr6+的敏感性各不相同.Cr6+对胚胎孵化的半数影响浓度(48h)EC₅₀为2610μg/dm3;对早期D形幼虫和壳顶幼虫48h的半致死浓度LC₅₀分别为3890和2400μg/dm3.眼点幼虫在变态的过程中对Cr6+尤为敏感:小于200μg/dm3的Cr6+对眼点幼虫的变态有不正常的刺激作用;大于这一浓度的Cr6+对其变态则有抑制作用.因此,其敏感性大小依次为:变态期眼点幼虫>壳顶幼虫>胚胎>D形幼虫.被Cr6+污染的饵料(等鞭金藻Isochrysis galbana)亦可对海湾扇贝幼虫产生毒性影响,说明Cr6+的毒性可通过食物链传递.慢性毒性实验表明:Cr6+对海湾扇贝幼虫的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用,AAS法分析结果显示:Cr6+在D形幼虫体内的累积随着外界Cr6+浓度的升高而增多.根据研究结果提出海湾扇贝人工育苗过程中水质控制Cr6+浓度应低于10μg/dm3.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.