Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金中间马氏体相变

采用差示扫描量热和x射线衍射技术研究Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金的马氏体相变行为.结 果发现,在多晶Ni565_56.5Fe190_19.0Ga245_{2 4.5}和Ni563_56.3Fe170_17.0 Ga267_26.7合金中除马氏体相变外,还观察到一次完整的、正相变和逆相 变对应出现、单 纯由温度诱发的中间马氏体相变.该中间马氏体相变与马氏体相变均为热弹性相变. 关键词： Ni-Fe-Ga 中间马氏体相变 磁致形状记忆合金     

Structural and magnetic investigations in the vicinity of first-order transformations in Ni–Mn–Ga–Co ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Among the series of alloys derived from Ni₅₀Mn₂₉Ga₂₁ on selective substitution of Co for Ni and Mn, two alloys Ni_49.8Mn_27.2Ga_21.2Co_1.8 and Ni_46.9Mn_28.8Ga₂₁Co_3.3 referred to as CoMn-1.8 and CoNi-3.3, respectively, are found to exhibit an additional first-order transformation below their martensitic transformation temperatures. Systematic studies on temperature and field dependence of magnetic properties of these alloys are carried out, through the transformations, to understand their origin. An examination of these results in conjunction with those from structural investigations reveals that the transformation in the CoMn-1.8 alloy is an intermartensitic transformation and has a structural origin, while that in the CoNi-3.3 alloy is not of the structural origin and is attributed to local spin inversion of Co moments, which is of the magnetic origin.     

热磁预处理对Ni-Mn-Ga单晶磁学和力学性能的影响

研究了预先热磁处理对Ni_503Mn_287Ga₂₁单晶的磁学和力学性能的影响.首先将样品加热到居里温度之上让其冷却,冷却方式分为两种：一种是施加一定大小的磁场从高于居里温度冷却至室温,另一种是在样品经历顺磁-铁磁相变后但还未发生奥氏体-马氏体相变前施加相同大小和方向的磁场并冷却至室温.室温时的拉伸-压缩实验结果表明单晶样品在经历前一种处理后,其可逆应变、磁化强度的变化 （ΔM）比后一种处理的相应值要小很多.在后一种热磁处理的样品中,顺磁-铁磁相变发生后形成了自发磁畴,但这种磁畴不具有择优取向.在顺磁-铁磁相变结束后施加磁场,容易导致择优的马氏体准单畴出现,从而表现出大的可逆应变和ΔM.但对于前者,我们认为样品从居里温度降到室温过程中,其中的磁畴在相同的磁场作用下获得择优生长,形成大磁畴,导致磁诱导的强各向异性.这种择优取向的大磁畴在随后马氏体相变期间影响着马氏体的自发排列方式,不利于马氏体准单畴的出现,结果导致较小的可逆应变和ΔM. 关键词： 磁和力学锻炼 Ni-Mn-Ga单晶 铁磁和马氏体相变     

郝斯勒合金Ni-Mn-Ga中间马氏体相变研究

在马氏体相变温度(M_s)接近室温的Ni₅₂Mn₂₄Ga₂₄单晶中观察到了单纯由温度诱发的完整的热弹性中间马氏体相变.发现由于机械研磨过程中引入的内应力所导致的晶格畸变可以抑制中间马氏体相变.另外,通过对同样组分的退火和未退火的多晶样品的研究,发现中间马氏体相变与晶体的内部应力密切相关 关键词： 中间马氏体相变 2MnGa')" href="#">Ni₂MnGa     

Si掺杂的铁磁形状记忆合金Co50Ni21Ga29Six的物性研究

成功生长了Co₅₀Ni₂₁Ga₂₉:Si(x=1,2)单晶样品,对其磁性,马氏体相变及其相关性质进行了细致的测量.发现掺Si成分的单晶具有非常迅速的马氏体相变行为、2.5％的大相变应变、大于100 ppm的磁感生应变和4.5％的相变电阻.进一步研究指出,在CoNiGa合金中掺入适量Si元素,能够降低材料的马氏体相变温度,减小相变热滞后,提高材料的居里温度,并使得磁性原子的磁矩有所降低.尤其重要的是Si元素的添加能够增大材料马氏体的磁晶各向异性能,改善马氏体变体的迁移特性,从而获得更大的磁感生应变. 关键词： 铁磁形状记忆合金 Heusler合金 50Ni₂₁Ga₂₉Si_x')" href="#">Co₅₀Ni₂₁Ga₂₉Si_x     

Intermartensitic transformation and magnetic field effect in NiMnInSb ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Partially substituting Sb for In, we found an irreversible transformation of martensite to intermartensite at 90 K in Ni₅₀Mn₃₄In₁₂Sb₄ alloy during heating. The reverse transformation of martensite and intermartensite to the parent phase induced by a magnetic field has been investigated. The results indicate that, if a sufficiently high magnetic field is applied, the intermartensite state is no longer necessary as an intermediate state. Thus, a difference of the transformation originating from magnetic and from thermal energies has been found. In this competition, lattice distortions play an important role to promote the occurrence of the intermediate intermartensitic path.     

Magnetic indication of the stress-induced martensitic transformation in ferromagnetic Ni–Mn–Ga alloy

A quantitative study of the stress-induced martensitic transformation in Ni_49.7Mn_29.1Ga_21.2 magnetic shape memory alloy has been carried out in two different ways: the first way is based on the measurements of saturation magnetization under variable mechanical stress and the second one is founded on the quantitative theoretical treatment of experimental stress–strain loops. A functional dependence between the volume fraction of transformed martensite and applied stress has been determined from both magnetization and strain values. A quantitative agreement between the functions determined in two different ways has been observed, and hence, the effectiveness of the magnetic indication of the stress-induced martensitic transformations has been proved. This method can be used to monitor stress-induced transformations in martensitic films, needles and small specimens.     

Frequency-dependent electromagnetic properties of the Pb-doped manganite measured in the transformer-type circuit

The dependence of the transformation coefficient of the four-pole network with the toroid core made of the La_0.6Pb_0.4MnO₃ manganite on dc biasing magnetic field and frequency was experimentally investigated. The factors which influence the value of the transmission coefficient are analyzed. In the megahertz frequency range the frequency dependence of the transformation coefficient has a resonant form with the position of the maximum and amplitude increasing with the dc biasing. The dc magnetic field dependence of the phase shift between the voltages in the primary and secondary windings was investigated. The results are interpreted taking into account the imaginary component of magnetic permeability of the core material.     

Ni2MnGa单晶马氏体相变过程摩擦耗能的热动力学计算

根据相界面摩擦原理，在推导出计算Ni₂MnGa系统热动力学参量的一般表示式的基础上，结合马氏体相变温度分别在室温以下、室温附近、室温以上三种非正配分比Ni₂MnGa单晶自发相变应变和交流磁化率随温度变化的测量结果，计算了三种样品马氏体相变过程中界面摩擦所消耗的能量.结果进一步表明正是相变过程中的界面摩擦导致了相变的热滞后，而三种样品马氏体相变过程的摩擦耗能和相变热滞后存在较大差别的原因在于三种样品马氏体相变生成物具有不同的结构. 关键词： 马氏体相变 应变 界面摩擦     

Martensitic transformations and magnetic properties of nonstoichiometric alloys of the Ni-Mn-In system

Martensitic transformations and magnetic properties of Ni_89-x Mn _x In₁₁ (42 ≤ x ≤ 44) alloys have been investigated. Critical temperatures of magnetic and structural phase transitions in the studied alloy system have been determined. It has been shown that the martensitic transformation induced by the magnetic field is observed in all alloys. Temperature dependences of the spontaneous magnetization of austenite and martensite as well as the magnitude of the critical field, in which martensitic transformation occurs, have been determined.     

Ni53.2Mn22.6Ga24.2单晶的两步热弹性马氏体相变及其应力应变特性

对具有两步完全热弹性的Ni_53.2Mn_22.6Ga_24.2单晶的物性采用多种测量手段进行了表征,特别研究了不同温度下的应力-应变特性.研究表明,热诱发的中间马氏体相变应变远大于马氏体相变应变.在较低的形变温度下,沿单晶母相［001］方向的压应力诱发的是两步马氏体相变,材料表现出赝弹性;在较高的形变温度下,只能观察到一步马氏体相变,材料展现出完全超弹性特性.此外,利用热力学理论分别计算了诱发马氏体相变和中间马氏体相变的临界应力与形变温度的关系,与实验测量得到的结果相符. 关键词： 马氏体相变 形状记忆效应 应变 超弹性     

Enhanced magnetocaloric effect in a Co-doped Heusler Mn50Ni37Co3In10 unidirectional crystal

A high-pressure optical zone-melting technique was employed to grow a Mn-rich Heusler Mn₅₀Ni₃₇Co₃In₁₀ unidirectional crystal in the present study. It was found that the Co-doped Mn₅₀Ni₃₇Co₃In₁₀ unidirectional crystal showed a low magnetic hysteretic loss and a widened working temperature interval in the vicinity of the martensitic transformation. The inverse magnetic entropy change (∆S_M) reached 7.84 Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹ around 237.5 K under a magnetic field change of 30 kOe, and the corresponding effective refrigeration capacity (RC_eff) was about 127.2 Jkg⁻¹. The experimental results demonstrated a high potential to develop high-performance Mn-rich Heusler Mn–Ni–In magnetocaloric materials by means of Co doping in combination with the high-pressure optical zone-melting fabrication technique.     

Effect of Al doping on the martensitic transition and magnetic entropy change in Ni-Mn-Sn alloys

Effect of Al doping on the martensitic transition and magnetic entropy change in Mn₅₀Ni₄₀Sn_10−xAl_x was investigated. The experimental results show that the martensitic transition temperatures increase with the increase of Al content due to cell contraction, while the martensitic transition temperature range decreases rapidly. Mn₅₀Ni₄₀Sn₈Al₂ alloy has the largest value of  (3.14 J/kg K) for the magnetic field changing from 0 to 10 kOe, which is nearly twice as large as that of Mn₅₀Ni₄₀Sn₁₀ alloy. It is demonstrated that a larger can be obtained due to the sharper magnetization change around martensitic transition.     

内应力对Mn2NiGa铁磁形状记忆合金的结构、相变和磁性能的影响

通过施加压应力的方法,在铁磁形状记忆合金Mn₂NiGa中引入残留内应力,研究了内应力对 Mn₂NiGa材料的结构、相变和磁性能的影响.研究发现,加压过程使材料发生了塑性形变,在材料内部引入了大量的位错缺陷.卸载后保留的位错缺陷在材料中造成了残留的内应力,导致了马氏体相变温度大幅度提高, 使原本室温下的母相转变成了马氏体相.测量到导致样品转变成马氏体的阈值压应力为1.0 GPa.加压形成的马氏体中的残留内应力将矫顽力从低于50 Oe提高到350 Oe.残留内应力在730 K的热处理中由于位错缺陷的消失而得以消除,样品实现了马氏体逆相变.如此高的逆相变温度使得 Mn₂NiGa马氏体的居里温度测量成为可能,获得了530K的数值.     

Ni54Fe19Ga27单晶的形状记忆和超弹性

本文研究了单晶Ni₅₄Fe₁₉Ga₂₇不同方向的形状记忆效应、超弹性和磁性. 研究发现,单晶样品具有良好的双向形状记忆效应.不同晶体学方向的相变应变随着热循环次数的变化而改变. 在外应力作用下,通过应力诱发马氏体相变,样品在[001],[110],[111]方向分别产生了3.3%, 2% 和3%的可回复应变平台.磁性测量结果表明马氏体的磁晶各向异性能约为4.8× 10⁵ erg/cm³,远远小于变体孪生所需机械应力能,因此磁场的作用是使磁矩发生转动而不是使孪晶界移动, 成功揭示了不能在NiFeGa中获得大磁感生应变的物理根源.     

Giant entropy change at the co-occurrence of structural and magnetic transitions in the Ni Mn Ga Heusler alloy

We have studied the isothermal entropy change around a first-order structural transformation and in correspondence to the second-order Curie transition in the ferromagnetic Heusler alloy Ni_2.15Mn_0.85Ga. The results have been compared with those obtained for the composition Ni_2.19Mn_0.81Ga, in which the martensitic structural transformation and the magnetic transition occur simultaneously. With a magnetic field span from 0 to 1.6 T, the magnetic entropy change reaches the value of 20 J/kg K when transitions are co-occurring, while 5 J/kg K is found when the only structural transition occurs. Received 27 September 2002 / Received in final form 17 February 2003 Published online 11 April 2003 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: solzi@fis.unipr.it     

Magnetic transitions and structure of a NiMnGa ferromagnetic shape memory alloy prepared by melt spinning technique

A ferromagnetic shape memory alloy with nomial composition Ni_52.5Mn_24.5Ga₂₃ (at%) was developed by a melt spinning technique. The as-spun ribbon showed dominant L2₁ austenitic (cubic) structure with a splitting of the primary peak in the X-ray diffractogram indicating the existence of a martensitic feature. The quenched-in martensitic plates were revealed in transmission electron microscopy. An increase of magnetization at low temperature indicated a martensite to austenite transformation and its reverse with a drop in magnetization during the cooling cycle. Higher magnetic fields propel martensite–austenite transformation spontaneously.     

哈斯勒合金Ni-Mn-Ga的马氏体相变和磁增强双向形状记忆效应

通过研究铁磁性金属间化合物Ni_2+xMn_1-xGa(x=-0.1,0,0.08,0.13,0.18,0.2)和Ni_2-xMn_1+x/2Ga_1+x/2(x=-0.1,0,0.04,0.06,0.1)两个系列多晶样品的交流磁化率随温度的变化行为,得到了化合物在不同组分下的马氏体相变温度TM和居里温度T_C.发现随着Ni成分的增加,前者的马氏体相变温度T_m增加,而居里温度T_C降低,后者的马氏体相变温度T_m和居里温度T_C均是先增大后减小.报道了T_m在室温附近的单晶样品Ni₅₂Mn₂₄Ga₂₄的磁场增强双向形状记忆效应.发现伴随着马氏体相变,样品在[001]方向可产生1.2%的收缩.如果在该方向施加1.2T的偏磁场可以使该应变值增大到4.0%.而垂直于[001]方向施加1.2T的偏磁场时,在[001]方向产生1.6%的膨胀.阐明了产生大应变的原因并非相界移动,而是单晶的杂散内应力小和外加磁场通过孪晶界移动使马氏体变体重组的共同结果. 关键词： 形状记忆效应 马氏体相变 2MnGa')" href="#">Ni₂MnGa     

Martensitic transformation in as-grown and annealed near-stoichiometric epitaxial Ni2MnGa thin films

Magnetic shape memory nanostructures have a great potential in the field of the nanoactuators. The relationship between dimensionality, microstructure and magnetism characterizes the materials performance. Here, we study the martensitic transformation in supported and free-standing epitaxial Ni₄₇Mn₂₄Ga₂₉ films grown by sputtering on (0?0?1) MgO using a stoichiometric Ni₂MnGa target. The films have a Curie temperature of ~390 K and a martensitic transition temperature of ~120 K. Similar transition temperatures have been observed in films with thicknesses of 1, 3 and 4 μm. Thicker films (with longer deposition time) present a wider martensitic transformation range that can be associated with small gradients in their chemical concentration due to the high vapour pressure of Mn and Ga. The magnetic anisotropy of the films shows a strong change below the martensitic transformation temperature. No features associated with variant reorientation induced by magnetic field have been observed. Annealed films in the presence of a Ni₂MnGa bulk reference change their chemical composition to Ni₄₉Mn₂₆Ga₂₅. The change in the chemical composition increases the martensitic transformation temperature, being closer to the stoichiometric compound, and reduces the transformation hysteresis. In addition, sharper transformations are obtained, which indicate that chemical inhomogeneities and defects are removed. Our results indicate that the properties of Ni–Mn–Ga thin films grown by sputtering can be optimized (fixing the chemical concentration and removing crystalline defects) by the annealing process, which is promising for the development of micromagnetic shape memory devices.     

Martensitic transformations in some ferrous and non-ferrous alloys under magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure

Martensitic transformations are extensively influenced by external fields, such as temperature and uniaxial stress, in transformation temperatures, crystallography and amount and morphology of the product martensites. Therefore, to clarify the effect of external fields on martensitic transformations it is very important to understand the essential problems of the transformation, such as thermodynamics, kinetics and the origin of the transformation, whose information is naturally useful in technological applications using the transformation. Magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure are important in such external fields because there exist some significant differences in magnetic moment and atomic volume between the parent and martensitic states. In the present paper, therefore, we summarizz the effects of magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure on martensitic transfonnations in some ferrous and non-ferrous alloys by referring to past and recent works made by our group and many other researchers. The transformation start temperatures of all the ferrous alloys examined increase with increasing magnetic field, but those of non-ferrous alloys, such as Ti-Ni and Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys, are not affected. On the other hand, the transformation start temperature decreases with increasing hydrostatic pressure in some ferrous alloys, but increases in Cu-Al-Ni alloys. The magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure dependencies of the martensitic start temperature are in good agreement with those calculated by our proposed equations.

During investigations of ferrous Fe-Ni-Co-Ti shape memory alloy, we found that a magnetoelastic martensitic transformation appears and, in addition, several martensite plates grow nearly parallel to the direction of the applied magnetic field in a specimen of Fe-Ni alloy single crystal.

We further found that the isothermal process in Fe-Ni-Mn alloy changes to athermal under a magnetic field and the athermal process changes to isothermal under hydrostatic pressure. Based on these facts, a phenomenological theory has been constructed, which unifies the two transformation processes.