内蒙古河套平原浅层高铁高氟地下水分布与成因

为了查明内蒙古河套平原高铁高氟地下水的分布与形成原因,通过实地调查、监测、资料分析和试验测试等方法手段,详细研究了地下水中铁、氟的分布、地球化学特征及其来源。结果表明:高铁水主要分布在平原中部的冲湖积平原,地势低洼和地下水的排泄地带含量最高;高氟水主要以条带状分布在山前的冲洪积扇地带;在调查研究区12510.83 km2的范围内,深度在10~40 m的浅层地下水中,分布有高铁水9310.66 km2,高氟水2308.35 km2,分别占调查研究区总面积的74.40%和18.45%;研究认为,河套平原高铁高氟地下水的形成主要是由自然地质环境所致,是不同地质环境条件下环境水文地球化学作用的结果;地下水中的铁主要来源于由黄河携带来的大量的第四系沉积物,而溶出的主要原因是地下氧化还原条件的变化;地下水中的氟主要来源于平原周边的山区,气候、地质构造、水文地质和水化学条件是氟富集的主要因素;研究表明河套平原高铁水与高氟水不存在正相关关系。     

武清凹陷浅层含氟地下水演化特点及成因分析

选取武清北水源地所在Ⅳ级构造单元——武清凹陷为研究区,共布设地下水取样点95个.以第一含水组地下水中氟为研究对象,在水文地质调查及取样分析测试基础上,运用水化学图解、统计分析、水文地球化学模拟等方法,分析武清凹陷浅层地下水中F-含量空间分布特征、演化特点及成因.结果 表明:研究区浅层地下水F-质量浓度总体较高,分布趋势为以WN-ES为轴线浓度最高,向两侧浓度逐渐降低;高氟地下水的水化学类型较复杂,总体具有弱碱性、高钠、低钙的特征;高氟水形成主要受控于该地区强烈的蒸发浓缩作用、萤石溶解作用、方解石—白云石沉淀作用和F-解吸作用等.     

内蒙古河套平原高碘地下水的水文地球化学特征

以内蒙古河套平原西北部的高砷地下水分布区为研究区,通过对区内22组地下水和2组地表水中碘含量的测试和分析可知,研究区地下水中碘含量在27.30～1 638.00μg/L,其中,约50%的地下水样品中碘含量超过我国饮用水的标准限定值150μg/L,约84.6%的高碘地下水为高砷地下水。高碘地下水主要分布于研究区北部地下水水流相对滞缓的平原中心地带,以Cl-Na、Cl·HCO₃-Na和HCO₃·Cl-Na型水为主。研究区地下水中碘的富集有两种机制:浅层地下水的蒸发作用和深部富含有机质的、偏还原的地下水环境中的微生物作用。两种机制相比,后者对地下水中碘的贡献更大些,但前者更普遍些。     

运城盆地高氟地下水的分布及成因分析

本文通过对运城盆地高氟地下水的分布规律及成因探讨,确认高氟是受在本区半干旱的气候条件、富含氟化物的包气带土体、碱性的地球化学环境及独特的水文地质构造综合作用下形成的,并详细地揭示了区内高氟地下水的形成机理.     

基于随机森林建模预测河套盆地高砷地下水风险分布

河套盆地浅层地下水砷污染严重,对当地居民健康造成严重影响。当前对河套盆地浅层地下水高砷分布的研究受限于采样时间和样本数量,难以从宏观角度对河套盆地高砷地下水的空间分布作出较为全面的评价。本文基于研究区506个浅层地下水样品,以9个地表环境参数为初始预测变量,经过最佳变量组合筛选,采用随机森林建模来产生风险概率,评价了预测变量的重要性以及对高砷地下水的影响。以气候因子为动态预测变量,根据模型识别不同季节地下水高砷的概率分布并制作了风险区专题图。结果表明：研究区的地下水样品砷含量为0.05~916.7μg/L,超标率（砷浓度>10μg/L）为50%;地下水高砷风险区主要分布在河套盆地的沉积中心地带,但冬季高砷风险区面积减少1907km2,占研究区总面积14.14%;降水、干旱指数、排灌渠影响、潜在蒸散、温度是影响高砷地下水最重要的指标。研究认为,河套盆地的气候变量（降水、干旱指数）与含水层砷含量显著相关,控制高砷地下水在河套盆地的沉积中心地带发生季节性变化。     

新疆吐-哈盆地地下水水文地球化学特征及形成作用

新疆吐-哈盆地水资源严重缺乏,地下水是当地主要的水资源,探讨该地区地下水水文地球化学特征对区域地下水资源开发利用与保护具有重要意义。通过运用阴阳离子Piper三线图、氢氧稳定同位素、Gibbs图以及离子相关关系分析的方法,探讨了该地区地下水化学特征及其形成作用。结果表明:吐-哈盆地地下水的补给来源主要以大气降水为主,排泄以蒸发为主;溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用对地下水化学组分的形成具有主导作用;沿地下水流动方向水化学类型由Cl·SO_4-Na型逐渐演变为Cl-Na型,水化学组分变化规律具有较好的一致性并且浓缩现象比较明显。     

基于集成学习优化的河套盆地地下水砷风险评估

河套盆地浅层地下水砷污染严重超标,其潜在的高砷风险对当地居民健康造成严重威胁。当前宏观尺度的高砷地下水风险分布认识仍显不足。本研究以605个浅层地下水样数据以及沉积环境、气候、人类活动、土壤理化特征、水文地质条件等环境因子为数据源,构建了以随机森林（RF）、极端梯度提升（XGBoost）、支持向量机（SVM）为基学习器,线性判别分析（LDA）为元学习器的高砷地下水Stacking集成学习模型,预测了研究区地下水砷风险分布,并对影响该地区地下水砷风险分布的关键环境因子进行识别。研究表明：研究区地下水砷浓度超标（>10μg/L）率为49.59%,多集中在改道形成的古河道影响带和黄河决口扇;构建的Stacking集成模型比单一模型中性能最优的RF模型具有更高的可靠性,ROC曲线下的面积（AUC）和准确率分别提高了1.1%和3.2%;高风险区面积达到5 257 km²,占研究区总面积的38.44%;沉积环境是影响高砷地下水风险分布的关键环境因素,对模型准确性贡献度高达25.06%。研究结果能够为地下水砷风险分布制图提供方法及参考,对地区饮水安全和人类健康具有重要意义。     

内蒙古河套平原地下水砷异常分布规律研究

通过对内蒙古河套平原砷异常区的实际调查、现场取样、测试、室内实验以及数据分析,得出本区高砷地下水的分布具有明显的地带性,其中双庙和三道桥、沙海和蛮会、白脑包和狼山、塔尔湖及胜丰5片为高砷水地带,从西向东呈不连续的条带状展布,而且与盆地沉降中心带相一致。同时分析了高砷地下水的分布规律及其与古地理环境特征、地下水环境演化的关系。通过研究,可以看出以还原环境为主的富含有机质的湖沼相沉积环境、特定的地质、地形条件为地下水砷异常的原因。     

忻州盆地地下水化学特征及成因分析

对地下水的水化学特征和类型进行了分区,对地下水的各常规离子的空间分布变化特征及异常现象进行了系统分析;依据水岩作用原理,揭示了忻州盆地地下水水文地球化学演化的基本规律以及人为影响因素。     

陇东白垩系盆地地下水水化学特征及分布规律

陇东白垩系盆地地处甘肃省陇东黄土高原地区.盆地内蕴藏有丰富的地下水资源,然在特定的地理环境及地质构造背景条件下,地下水化学特征变化复杂.对陇东白垩系盆地保安群地下水的水化学特征进行分析研究,得出:盆地内划分的白垩系三层含水岩组水化学特征及分布规律各具特征,整个盆地内地下水水化学场存在一个大致以马莲河为中心、由周边向中部的水平分带,TDS从盆地东西两侧向中心由低渐高;而垂直分带规律则根据水动力特征,分为水交替强烈带、水交替缓慢带和水交替极缓慢带,各带的水化学特征也不相同.     

Spatial variation in arsenic and fluoride concentrations of shallow groundwater from the town of Shahai in the Hetao basin,Inner Mongolia

Twenty-nine wells were selected for groundwater sampling in the town of Shahai, in the Hetao basin, Inner Mongolia. Four multilevel samplers were installed for monitoring groundwater chemistry at depths of 2.5–20 m. Results show that groundwater As exhibits a large spatial variation, ranging between 0.96 and 720 μg/L, with 71% of samples exceeding the WHO drinking water guideline value (10 μg/L). Fluoride concentrations range between 0.30 and 2.57 mg/L. There is no significant correlation between As and F⁻ concentrations. Greater As concentrations were found with increasing well depth. However, F⁻ concentrations do not show a consistent trend with depth. Groundwater with relatively low Eh has high As concentrations, indicating that the reducing environment is the major factor controlling As mobilization. Low As concentrations (<10 μg/L) are found in groundwater at depths less than 10 m. High groundwater As concentration is associated with aquifers that have thick overlying clay layers. The clay layers, mainly occurring at depths <10 m, have low permeability and high organic C content. These strata restrict diffusion of atmospheric O₂ into the aquifers, and lead to reducing conditions that favor As release. Sediment composition is an additional factor in determining dissolved As concentrations. In aquifers composed of yellowish-brown fine sands at depths around 10 m, groundwater generally has low As concentrations which is attributed to the high As adsorption capacity of the yellow–brown Fe oxyhydroxide coatings. Fluoride concentration is positively correlated with pH and negatively correlated with Ca²⁺ concentration. All groundwater samples are over-saturated with respect to calcite and under-saturated with respect to fluorite. Dissolution and precipitation of Ca minerals (such as fluorite and calcite), and F⁻ adsorption–desorption are likely controlling the concentration of F⁻ in groundwater.     

Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analyses of arsenic groundwater geochemistry in the Hetao basin,Inner Mongolia

Although high As groundwater has been observed in shallow groundwater of the Hetao basin, little is known about As distribution in deep groundwater. Quantitative investigations into relationships among chemical properties and among samples in different areas were carried out. Ninety groundwater samples were collected from deep aquifers of the northwest of the basin. Twenty-two physicochemical parameters were obtained for each sample. Statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were used to analyze those data. Results show that As species were highly correlated with Fe species, NH₄-N and pH. Furthermore, result of PCA indicates that high As groundwater was controlled by geological, reducing and oxic factors. The samples are classified into three clusters in HCA, which corresponded to the alluvial fans, the distal zone and the flat plain. Moreover, the combination of PCA with HCA shows the different dominant factors in different areas. In the alluvial fans, groundwater is influenced by oxic factors, and low As concentrations are observed. In the distal zone, groundwater is under suboxic conditions, which is dominated by reducing and geological factors. In the flat plain, groundwater is characterized by reducing conditions and high As concentrations, which is dominated by the reducing factor. This investigations indicate that deep groundwater in the alluvial fans mostly contains low As concentrations but high NO₃ and U concentrations, and needs to be carefully checked prior to being used for drinking water sources.     

Environmental geochemistry of high arsenic groundwater at western Hetao plain, Inner Mongolia

Environmental geochemistry of high arsenic groundwater at Hetao plain was studied on the basis of geochemical survey of the groundwater and a core sediment. Arsenic concentration in groundwater samples varies from 76 to 1093 μg/L. The high arsenic groundwater mostly appears to be weakly alkaline. The concentrations of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ are relatively low, while the concentrations of DOC, NH₄⁺, dissolved Fe and sulfide are relatively great. Analysis of arsenic speciation in 21 samples shows that arsenic is present in the solution predominantly as As(III), while particulate arsenic constitutes about 10% of the total arsenic. Methane is detected in five samples with the greatest content being 5107 μg/L. The shallow aquifer in Hangjinhouqi of western Hetao plain is of strongly reducing condition. The arsenic content in 23 core sediment samples varies from 7.7 to 34.6 mg/kg, with great value in clay and mild clay layer. The obvious positive relationship in content between Fe₂O₃, Mn, Sb, B, V and As indicates that the distribution of arsenic in the sediments may be related to Fe and Mn oxides, and the mobilization of Sb, B and V may be affected by similar geochemical processes as that of As.     

内蒙古油房西银多金属矿床地质特征及成因探讨

论述了油房西银多金属矿床的矿体、火山-潜火山岩等地质特征,探讨了矿床成因,初步认为脉状银铅锌矿体受NW向断裂构造和火山构造控制,层状铜钼矿体受隐伏花岗斑岩体制约,矿床属晚侏罗世末-早白垩世初形成的火山、潜火山—斑岩型系列组合矿床。     

内蒙古安家营子赋金岩体地球化学特征及成因

有关内蒙安家营子金矿田赋矿岩体似斑状二长花岗岩的岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素及Sr、O、Pb同位素的研究表明:安家营子似斑状二长花岗岩与中国花岗岩平均化学成分对比,介于花岗岩与石英二长岩之间,属正常系列钙碱性岩石,成岩年龄为(132±5)Ma,属燕山晚期产物;岩体为岩浆成因,与国外Ⅰ型和国内同熔型花岗岩特征一致,侵位深度大于13km,结晶温度在750～800℃范围内;源岩来自上地幔和部分下地壳成分,形成于造山带挤压构造环境;岩体中的岩石-脉岩-矿石成矿元素具有明显的相关性,属同源产物。     

内蒙古毛西嘎达坂银铅锌矿地质特征及成因探讨

内蒙古毛西嘎达坂银铅锌矿床位于内蒙东部黄岗梁―乌兰浩特NE向铁锡多金属成矿带上。在对毛西嘎达坂银铅锌矿床的地质特征进行分析的基础上,系统地研究了氢、氧、硫同位素及流体包裹体等特征,认为燕山期的花岗岩为成矿提供了热源和物质来源,成矿热液既有岩浆水又有大气降水的参与,该矿床为岩浆期后中温含矿热液沿断裂裂隙充填交代形成的银铅锌多金属矿床。     

Influences of groundwater extraction on flow dynamics and arsenic levels in the western Hetao Basin,Inner Mongolia,China

Data on spatiotemporal variations in groundwater levels are crucial for understanding arsenic (As) behavior and dynamics in groundwater systems. Little is known about the influences of groundwater extraction on the transport and mobilization of As in the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia (China), so groundwater levels were recorded in five monitoring wells from 2011 to 2016 and in 57 irrigation wells and two multilevel wells in 2016. Results showed that groundwater level in the groundwater irrigation area had two troughs each year, induced by extensive groundwater extraction, while groundwater levels in the river-diverted (Yellow River) water irrigation area had two peaks each year, resulting from surface-water irrigation. From 2011 to 2016, groundwater levels in the groundwater irrigation area presented a decreasing trend due to the overextraction. Groundwater samples were taken for geochemical analysis each year in July from 2011 to 2016. Increasing trends were observed in groundwater total dissolved solids (TDS) and As. Owing to the reverse groundwater flow direction, the Shahai Lake acts as a new groundwater recharge source. Lake water had flushed the near-surface sediments, which contain abundant soluble components, and increased groundwater salinity. In addition, groundwater extraction induced strong downward hydraulic gradients, which led to leakage recharge from shallow high-TDS groundwater to the deep semiconfined aquifer. The most plausible explanation for similar variations among As, Fe(II) and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations is the expected dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides.     

Arsenic pollution of groundwater and its release mechanism in the central part of the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, China

Arsenic pollution of groundwater has become a serious health problem in several regions of the world. Wuyuan County located in the central part of the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, is one of the most severely arsenic polluted areas. Peoples of the county have used groundwater of shallow （12-25 m） tube-well as drinking water. The groundwater is Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl type on the piper plots and aligns with steady Ca ： Mg ratio on cation diagram. The arsenic content in the water is more than 0.2 mg/L and the highest value reaches up to 0.52 mg/L. Drilling data show that Holocene sediments are divided into three zones on the basis of their color appearances; brown, grey and dark gray zones. The strata from 2m to 9-14m under the surface are mainly composed of clay and silt which are impermeable layers. The grey and dark grey zones composed of sand underlie the impermeable bed and the condition of their zones is reductive. At the depth of 30 m near the bottom of drilling, ORP of the groundwater is -300- -400 mV. The dark grey sand changes to yellow in color under the atmosphere. Under reducing environment, the color returns to its original dark grey. The characteristic color is due to amorphous or low-crystalline Fe sulfide coating sand grains. The sediments are of fluvial origin by the Yellow River. The arsenic content in the sediments is rich in fine-grained part and its values are more than 20 mg/kg in clay layer. The highest is 38 mg/kg. X-ray diffraction and macroscopic observation show that the clay layer is made of minerals such as chlorite and illite and contains high quantities of organic matter.