建筑环境与暖通空调节能

本文针对暖通空调节能的趋势,分析了建筑环境对暖通空调系统的影响,提出从建筑环境方面考虑问题是暖通空调节能的必要途径。     

暖通空调节能设计分析

随着社会经济的大力发展,各行各业对于能源消耗都比较大,尤其是在建筑领域能耗更大,而暖通系统在建筑领域能耗中占比最大,过多的能耗给环境带来了巨大的压力,让人们生活的环境日益变得恶劣,因此,暖通空调的创新方法提出至关重要。降低暖通空调的能耗,从而让建筑领域的整体能耗下降。让国家在经济发展的同时更能关注环境问题,促进经济的平稳运行。对暖通空调的概念进行介绍,分析暖通空调节能设计的意义,从暖通空调设计的原则提出暖通空调的发展现状,最后提出如何进行节能设计。     

建筑环境与暖通空调节能设计分析

建筑环境与暖通空调对人们日常生活有十分紧密的联系,主要是由于人们的日常生活和工作一般都在建筑内,为了保障建筑物内空气环境的温湿度,常常采用暖通空调系统来实现这一目的。基于此,对建筑环境与暖通空调节能设计进行简要探讨。     

建筑暖通空调设计及节能分析

当前建筑暖通空调的能耗在中国的能源消耗中的占比为10%左右,考虑到中国采暖用冷的城镇人口占比较低,因此实际的建筑暖通空调能耗占比已经相当高了。为了响应国家的低碳发展政策,对建筑暖通空调系统的节能设计提出了更高的要求。暖通设计工作者要根据不同的建筑类型、特点和用途对空调系统进行差异化设计,其目的就是达到既要满足建筑的用能需求又能使能耗最小化。从当前暖通空调设计发展现状着眼,对建筑暖通空调的设计及节能进行分析,尽可能地降低能源消耗,促进暖通空调的节能发展。     

建筑暖通空调系统节能设计中绿色理念的运用

在建筑工程中,暖通空调系统的能耗较高,为降低该系统的能耗,可在节能设计中引入绿色理念。从分析建筑暖通空调节能设计引入绿色理念的重要意义入手,阐述了基于绿色理念的暖通空调系统设计原则,以及绿色理念在建筑暖通空调系统节能设计中的运用,最后论述了工程应用实例。     

建筑本体(热工)、建筑总体及暖通空调节能设计的主旨与区别

建筑本体节能设计是建筑节能设计的基础部分,建筑热工节能设计是建筑本体节能设计的主要组成部分;暖通空调等建筑设备节能设计是建筑节能设计的终端部分,建筑总体节能设计由基础部分和终端部分组成。建筑本体节能设计旨在控制暖通空调等建筑设备的用能负荷,建筑热工节能设计旨在控制围护结构暖通空调负荷,暖通空调等建筑设备节能设计旨在控制其供用能系统效率,建筑总体节能设计旨在控制整个建筑物的能耗。《对公共建筑节能设计标准宣贯辅导教材》等相关文献中对上述几种节能设计(参数)的含义、功用与区别表述不甚清晰的部分进行了分析和讨论。     

暖通空调系统现行节能技术问题的探讨及分析

现代建筑中,暖通空调能耗占建筑总能耗的比例越来越大,为了实现节能降耗的目标,推进建筑行业节能减排工作,研究其节能技术是十分必要的。文中从影响暖通空调能耗的几个方面出发,探讨目前暖通空调的节能技术并分析其存在的一些问题。     

暖通空调制冷系统中的节能环保技术分析

自改革开放后,我国经济呈飞跃式发展,人们的生活水平也不断提高,当人们在温饱得以保障后,进一步对生活的各个方面的要求越来越高。特别是现代建设的不断发展,暖通空调逐渐成为现代建筑中不可或缺的一部分。暖通空调在带给人们舒适的生活与工作环境的同时,也对环境造成了极大的影响,并且暖通空调制冷系统在运行过程中还会消耗较多的能源,这显然违背了我国经济社会的可持续发展理念,因此针对暖通空调制冷系统的工作原理,科学的应用节能环保技术来降低能耗,减少对环境的影响非常重要,文中就暖通空调制冷系统中节能环保技术的应用开展分析。     

实现绿色建筑暖通空调设计的技术

叙述了绿色建筑的定义和设计原则,分析了实现绿色建筑中暖通空调设计的技术措施,以期进一步促进绿色建筑暖通空调建设,实现节能、环保,为社会经济发展和人民生活水平带来更大的经济效益和社会效益.     

太原市东岳大厦暖通空调设计

叙述了太原市东岳大厦暖通空调系统的设计.针对各房间的不同建筑特点和使用功能,结合具体情况采用了相应的空调方式,在不同区域分别采用全空气一次回风系统和风机盘管加新风系统,兼顾了暖通空调系统的功能性和节能要求,指出,空调排风与防排烟联合系统的设置,保证两系统各自运行的同时节约了初投资；冷却塔设置在住宅屋面,提升了住宅区的建筑声环境,减少了对住户的干扰；住宅区分户采暖的方式更为简单且便于控制调节.     

Progress and methodologies of lifecycle commissioning of HVAC systems to enhance building sustainability

Building energy consumption keeps rising in recent years due to growth in population, increasing demand for healthy, comfort and productive indoor environment, global climate changing, etc. Nowadays, the contribution from buildings toward global energy consumption is approximately 40%. Most of energy use in buildings is for the provision of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). High-level performance of HVAC systems in building lifecycle is critical to building sustainability.As a quality-oriented process, commissioning has been recognized as a valid means to improve performance of buildings and HVAC systems in both energy and environment aspects and should be conducted regularly or continuously throughout the whole building lifecycle. At the same time, building automation systems (BAS) are now standard in most modern buildings. Besides automatic monitoring and control of building services systems, automatic commissioning is a new expectation on modern BAS to save labor, time and cost required by manual commissioning and improve the effectiveness of commissioning. This paper firstly takes a brief look at current situation of building commissioning in research and application world wide, and then summarizes state-of-the-art techniques for automatic commissioning of HVAC systems. It is concluded that, to maximize benefits from commissioning for enhancing building sustainability, more efforts should be made to develop automatic commissioning tools which can be integrated with modern BAS.     

Energy conservation measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in Australia

In this study, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems for a four-storied institutional building in sub-tropical (hot and humid climate) Queensland, Australia are evaluated using the simulation software called DesignBuilder (DB). Base case scenario of energy consumption profiles of existing systems are analysed and simulated first then, the simulated results are verified by on-site measured data. Three categories of ECMs, namely major investment ECMs (variable air volume (VAV) systems against constant air volume (CAV); and low coefficient of performance (COP) chillers against high COP chillers); minor investment ECMs (photo electric dimming control system against general lighting, and double glazed low emittance windows against single-glazed windows) and zero investment ECMs (reset heating and cooling set point temperatures) are evaluated. It is found that the building considered in this study can save up to 41.87% energy without compromising occupancies thermal comfort by implementing the above mentioned ECMs into the existing system.     

A cost‐effective operating strategy to reduce energy consumption in a HVAC system

The operation of the building heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a critical activity in terms of optimizing the building's energy consumption, ensuring the occupants' comfort, and preserving air quality. The performance of HVAC systems can be improved through optimized supervisory control strategies. Set points can be adjusted by the optimized supervisor to improve the operating efficiency. This paper presents a cost‐effective building operating strategy to reduce energy costs associated with the operation of the HVAC system. The strategy determines the set points of local‐loop controllers used in a multi‐zone HVAC system. The controller set points include the supply air temperature, the supply duct static pressure, and the chilled water supply temperature. The variation of zone air temperatures around the set point is also considered. The strategy provides proper set points to controllers for minimum energy use while maintaining the required thermal comfort. The proposed technology is computationally simple and suitable for online implementation; it requires access to some data that are already measured and therefore available in most existing building energy management and control systems. The strategy is evaluated for a case study in an existing variable air volume system. The results show that the proposed strategy may be an excellent means of reducing utility costs associated with maintaining or improving indoor environmental conditions. It may reduce energy consumption by about 11% when compared with the actual strategy applied on the investigated existing system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

联合国环境规划署亚太资源中心办公楼热回收空调系统应用研究

对联合国环境规划署亚太资源中心办公楼采用的新型热回收新风机加空调盘管的集中空调系统进行分析,详细阐述了热回收新风机的特点、优势及节能潜力。对办公建筑的空调系统改造具有一定的指导意义。     

Application of terminal box optimization of single‐duct air‐handling units

Terminal boxes maintain room temperature by modulating supply air temperature and airflow in building heating, ventilation and air‐conditioning (HVAC) systems. Terminal boxes with conventional control sequences often supply inadequate airflow to a conditioned space, resulting in occupant discomfort, or provide excessive airflow that wastes significant reheat energy. In this study, the procedure for the optimal minimum airflow setpoint was developed to improve thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption. The determined minimum airflow setpoint was applied in an office building air‐conditioning system. Improvements in indoor thermal comfort and energy reduction were verified through measurement. The results show that the minimum airflow reset can stably maintain room temperature, satisfy comfort standards and reduce energy consumption compared with the conventional control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大型公共建筑空调系统能耗监测探讨

介绍了我国节能监测（监察）的现状和不足,指出了空调系统节能监测的重要性。分析了空调系统主要能耗和节能监测中常见的问题;指出要规范节能监测标准,真正做到空调系统节能。为政府部门节能减排工作提供措施建议。     

The map of energy flow in HVAC systems

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the most energy consuming building services representing approximately half of the final energy use in the building sector and between one tenth and one fifth of the energy consumption in developed countries. Despite their significant energy use, there is a lack of a consistent and homogeneous framework to efficiently guide research and energy policies, mainly due to the complexity and variety of HVAC systems but also to insufficient rigour in their energy analysis. This paper reviews energy related aspects of HVAC systems with the aim of establishing a common ground for the analysis of their energy efficiency. The paper focuses on the map of energy flow to deliver thermal comfort: the HVAC energy chain. Our approach deals first with thermal comfort as the final service delivered to building occupants. Secondly, conditioned spaces are examined as the systems where useful heat (or coolth) is degraded to provide comfort. This is followed by the analysis of HVAC systems as complex energy conversion devices where energy carriers are transformed into useful heat and coolth, and finally, the impact of HVAC energy consumption on energy resources is discussed.     

综合建筑空调节能技术

介绍了建筑空调节能的综合性技术,包括建筑外观特征与围护结构的节能技术(建筑朝向、布局、围护结构保温隔热、气密性、窗墙比)、建筑空调设备的节能运行技术(蓄能空调、热回收、变频技术)和建筑空调能源利用的节能技术(水源热泵、地源热泵、免费供冷、太阳能)。强调了建筑节能的社会效益和环境效益。     

Optimization of an HVAC system with a strength multi-objective particle-swarm algorithm

A data-driven approach for the optimization of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system in an office building is presented. A neural network (NN) algorithm is used to build a predictive model since it outperformed five other algorithms investigated in this paper. The NN-derived predictive model is then optimized with a strength multi-objective particle-swarm optimization (S-MOPSO) algorithm. The relationship between energy consumption and thermal comfort measured with temperature and humidity is discussed. The control settings derived from optimization of the model minimize energy consumption while maintaining thermal comfort at an acceptable level. The solutions derived by the S-MOPSO algorithm point to a large number of control alternatives for an HVAC system, representing a range of trade-offs between thermal comfort and energy consumption.