燃煤锅炉PM10排放及元素分布特性的实验研究

应用低压撞击器对某300 MW燃煤锅炉除尘器前后的飞灰颗粒进行采样,对飞灰颗粒的质量粒径分布、除尘器对不同粒径颗粒的除尘效率和元素Si、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、S、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn的分布富集规律进行了研究,结果表明该电站除尘器前后PM_(10)质量粒径分布及元素质量分布均呈双峰分布,其峰值分别在0．1μm和2．36～3．95μm附近．除尘器对不同粒径颗粒的收集效率差别很大,对粒径大于10μm颗粒的收集效率约为100%,而对亚微米颗粒的收集效率在62%～83%之间．元素Mg、S、Cu、Zn和Pb在小粒径的飞灰颗粒上有明显富集趋势,特别是元素Cu、Zn和Pb,其相对富集系数达30～40,Si、Al和Ca的富集系数与粒径成正比变化,而Fe和Mn的富集系数与粒径没有规律性变化．     

含尘气流对20g冲蚀磨损性能的研究

燃煤锅炉内含尘烟气的冲蚀作用是换热器失效的主要原因之一。本文设计加速试验,研究燃煤锅炉常见换热材质20g在不同飞灰冲击速度(40~120 m/s)、飞灰粒径(65、180和320 μm)以及不同温度(300、350和400 ℃)下的冲蚀磨损情况并分析其冲蚀机理。结果表明：磨损量随冲刷速度的增加呈指数增长,温度升高,速度对冲蚀的影响在逐渐减弱;磨损量随着温度的升高先降低后增高,在300 ℃冲蚀量最小。粒度对磨损量的影响随冲刷速度的增大变得越加明显,冲蚀量随飞灰粒径的增加逐渐减小,在粒径大于180 μm后,冲蚀磨损量不再受粒径影响。     

电厂煤飞灰颗粒物的物理化学特征

对某台300MW燃煤电站锅炉电除尘器前后的飞灰进行取样,使用激光粒度仪测定粒度分布,使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究颗粒中的矿物成分及其微观形貌特征,同时使用电子探针对电除尘器后飞灰的单颗粒进行成分分析．结果表明：通过电除尘装置排入大气的颗粒物平均粒径为2．5μm左右;飞灰粗颗粒中有较多硅铝氧化物和粘土矿物,而细颗粒中则含有较多金属氧化物,且粗颗粒中石英所占矿物相比例相当高;电除尘器前的飞灰形貌类型种类较多,电除尘器后飞灰形貌类型简单,主要是圆球或圆形的颗粒;电除尘器后飞灰单个颗粒间组分随粒径变化的有Si、Al、Ca和S,而元素Fe和Ti的含量较恒定．     

燃煤PM_10_在磁场中聚并脱除理论与实验研究

提出了燃煤可吸入颗粒物在均匀磁场中的二元碰撞聚并模型,模型通过直接跟踪在磁偶极子力、气体曳力、布朗力和重力作用下做相对运动的粒子,根据粒子的相对运动轨迹确定燃煤细微飞灰粒子间的聚并系数。在数值计算获得聚并系数的基础上,应用求解粒子聚并动力学方程的区域算法,计算了东胜烟煤燃烧产生的飞灰细微粒子在均匀磁场中的聚并脱除效率,并与实验进行了比较。结果表明,在0.098～9.314μm粒径范围内,0.576～3.758μm粒径的飞灰粒子聚并脱除效率最高;总脱除效率随外磁场强度、颗粒质量浓度以及粒子在磁场中停留时间的增加而增大,粒子饱和磁化时,总脱除效率达到最大值;实验结果与数值模拟结果相一致。模型预测结果表明,当颗粒质量浓度为40 g/m3时,燃煤飞灰细微粒子的总脱除效率可达52%。     

电站燃煤锅炉飞灰特性对其吸附汞能力的影响

为了获得电站燃煤锅炉飞灰对汞的吸附特性,对电站煤粉锅炉和循环流化床锅炉2种燃烧方式下的飞灰进行了研究.通过分析孔隙结构、粒径和碳质量分数对飞灰吸附汞的影响,进一步探究飞灰对汞的吸附机理.结果表明:循环流化床锅炉的飞灰汞质量分数约为煤粉锅炉的10倍;飞灰中碳质量分数对飞灰吸附汞能力起促进作用;飞灰对汞的吸附能力与粒径大小有直接关系,随着飞灰粒径在24.5~362.5μm范围内增大,飞灰中汞质量分数呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在粒径77.5~106μm内出现峰值,约为560×10~(-9);汞质量分数较高的飞灰样品中4~6nm范围内的介孔含量较高,有利于飞灰对汞的吸附,且比表面积较比孔容积在汞吸附过程中发挥了更为重要的作用.     

秸秆涡旋燃烧颗粒排放特性影响研究

利用颗粒物分级采样及烟气实时监测技术,研究稻草在涡旋燃烧炉燃烧时燃烧温度、一二次风配比、过量空气系数等参数对飞灰颗粒排放特性的影响。实验表明稻草燃烧产生的亚微米颗粒PM1及微细颗粒PM1-2.5主要由KCl和K2SO4组成。提高燃烧温度、增大一二次风配比将增加PM1排放浓度。试验中随着一二次风配比的增大或燃烧过量空气系数的增大,不同粒径颗粒的S/Cl摩尔比将增大,而适当的燃烧过量空气系数有利于减少PM和CO排放。     

燃准东煤锅炉辐射受热面的灰沉积特性

建立了与气固两相流动燃烧模型相耦合的飞灰沉积模型,对一台660 MW超临界锅炉燃用准东五彩湾煤时的飞灰沉积特性进行了数值模拟,并且讨论了烟气流速和灰颗粒粒径对飞灰沉积速率的影响规律.结果表明:在BMCR工况下,炉膛辐射受热面上的飞灰颗粒沉积分布主要集中在高度为30～45 m处的区域,且各墙的沉积分布规律呈现出相似性;烟气流速为9.5～12.5 m/s时,辐射受热面上的飞灰沉积速率与烟气流速成正比;烟气流速大于12.5 m/s时,辐射受热面上的飞灰沉积速率与烟气流速成反比;辐射受热面上飞灰颗粒的沉积速率的整体变化趋势是随灰颗粒粒径的增大而增大的.     

煤粉炉中痕量元素迁移影响因素的研究

采用Z-8200型原子吸收分光光度计和VF-320型X射线荧光光谱仪,定量测定了1台220t/h煤粉炉中原煤、底渣、飞灰中8种痕量元素的含量。基于改进的Meij相对富集系数,从底渣和飞灰两个方面,系统分析了温度、含氧量、飞灰粒径、痕量元素自身性质以及煤种特性迁移规律的影响。研究结果表明：炉膛温度升高能加快部分痕量元素的挥发;Cr和Mn在飞灰、废渣中含量相当,但两者相对富集系数明显不同;含氧量低并非促进所有痕量元素挥发;Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr在底渣和飞灰中含量并不一定都与各自的沸点成单一的关系;飞灰粒径越小,痕量元素富集系数越大,各痕量元素随飞灰粒径减小的变化趋势并不相同等。     

循环流化床内污泥与煤混烧时汞的浓度和形态分布

在循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行了污泥与煤的混烧试验,研究了污泥与煤的质量掺混比、燃烧温度、Ca/S摩尔比、脱硫剂种类以及过量空气系数等对重金属汞在烟气、飞灰和炉渣中的形态、浓度分布的影响.结果表明,元素汞是烟气中汞的主要存在形态,运行参数对烟气和灰渣中汞的浓度和形态分布均有较大的影响.     

CFB锅炉燃烧福建无烟煤低排污运行的工业型试验

在一台 75t/h的工业循环流化床锅炉进行试验 ,测试过量空气系数、二次风率和煤种变化对燃用福建无烟煤的循环流化床锅炉运行中NOx、SO2 、C0等污染物排放及飞灰燃烬度的影响 ,结果表明 ,在一定的过量空气范围内随过量空气系数的增大 ,NOx 的排放浓度降低 ;CO的排放浓度降低 ;飞灰含碳量显著减少 ;SO2 的排放浓度减少并趋于稳定 ,在一定范围内提高过量空气系数对于以福建无烟煤为燃料的CFB锅炉的炉内自脱硫燃烧有正面作用。当α不变时 ,氮氧化物的排放浓度随二次风率的增加而降低 ;可能存在有最佳二次风率 ,使得燃料氮的转化率最低     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

汽轮机零件防锈性能的改善

介绍了汽轮机零件的封存特点、防锈要求及防锈油性能对比试验的方法,通过对试验结果的对比分析,客观验证了各种防锈油的性能。试验表明,只有选择了合适的防锈油,才能保证汽轮机零件长期封存的质量。