高分辨力面阵图像式光电编码器的测角技术

为实现面阵图像式光电编码器的小型化及高分辨力,研究了面阵图像式光电编码器的码盘编码和基于图像处理技术的精码细分算法.首先根据光电编码器的性能指标要求设计相应的码盘尺寸;然后通过图像传感器采集随轴系转动的码盘图样;微处理器接收图像数据,通过图形识别算法得到粗码角度,并采用改进的基准线质心算法,计算亚像素级的精码角度信息.最后由粗码和精码组成光电编码器测角数据.实验结果表明,设计码盘直径为φ45 mm的面阵图像式光电编码器,在不配备光学镜头的前提下,采用研究的精码细分技术,可实现4 096份细分,测角分辨力达到5″,角度误差峰峰值为61″.该面阵图像式光电编码器和精码细分技术可以提高编码器的分辨力,缩小编码器体积,减轻重量.适用于航空航天领域对小型化光电编码器的需求.     

小型绝对式金属光电编码盘

为了提高光电编码器的抗强冲击振动性能,设计了一种新型的小型绝对式金属光电编码盘.首先介绍了小型金属光电编码器的工作原理;然后采用单圈循环格雷码的编码方式,在1圈码道上实现0°～360°的全量程绝对编码,设计出绝对式金属码盘;最后依据金属码盘码道的排列方式及精码、粗码信息的采集要求设计出金属狭缝盘.码盘及狭缝盘基底材料采用不锈钢,通过采用电子学细分技术、精粗校正可使编码器分辨力达到5.27″.小型绝对式金属光电编码器具有成本低、抗冲击性强、分辨力高等特点,在强冲击、强振动工作环境及对体积质量有严苛要求的场合具有很高的应用价值.     

单码道绝对式角度编码器的编码及解码原理

研究了绝对式角度编码器的编码原理及解码方法.在分析国外已有编码原理的基础上,提出了一种新的编码和解码方法来确定编码器参考线的位置.使用码区编号的概念后,使得编码器的原理变得非常简单CCD传感器获取至少一个码区的编码后,依据该码区内相邻条码标识符间的关系获得码区编号,即可以得到每个条码的粗测值;由CCD传感器每个像素代表的角度值及码区内每个条码至参考线的像素可以获得该条码的精测值,将粗测值和精测值组合成参考线的最后测量结果.这里还研究了条码总数N,码区内条码个数m和条码种类k间的关系,并以单码道绝对式角度编码器为例对编码器的理论精度进行了估计.     

双角度编码器超精密转台测角误差校准

为了提高超精密角度计量转台的测量精度,对转台所用编码器分度误差与细分误差的校准展开研究。首先,介绍了转台的结构,设计了方便进行相互比对的双角度编码器测角系统并描述了其多读数头布置方式。然后,基于直接比较法与自校准法进行了双编码器分度误差的快速、高精度校准。最后,借助精密电容式位移传感器测量系统,利用比较法检测了两套编码器各读数头的单信号周期测量误差。校准结果显示:采用双读数头均布的第一套编码器的分度误差为±0.27″,细分误差在±0.1″以内;基于四读数头均布方式进行测量的第二套编码器分度误差为±0.17″,细分误差在±0.2″以内;两套编码器的测量精度皆为亚角秒级。双编码器相互比对的校准方式有助于对转台的测角误差进行全面、准确地评估。     

基于DSP与FPGA的电容绝对式编码器的设计北大核心CSCD

为了解决绝对式编码器的编码盘复杂,增量式编码器不能获取绝对位置信息的问题,设计了一种具有2组码道的非接触角度测量的电容式旋转编码器。编码器包括2个定子和1个转子,由FPGA产生的4路相位差90°的高频方波信号作用在定子的发射极上,转子具有正弦轮廓,可将角度位置编码为基于正交调制的相位/频率调制信号,然后利用FPGA和DSP将调制信号数字化解码到角位置,最后通过RS485将数字角度位置传输到计算机上,实现了绝对角位移的在线检测。实验结果表明:设计的编码器工作可靠,测量稳定。     

旋转变压器数据融合与误差补偿的FPGA实现

为提高双通道多极旋转变压器测角系统的精度,提出了基于查表原理的粗、精通道测角数据融合方法。该方法降低了数据融合技术对粗通道旋转变压器原始测角精度的要求,并针对融合后测角误差曲线建立了基于三角函数拟合的误差补偿函数,在FPGA中实现了数据融合和误差补偿的快速计算,且搭建了双通道多极旋转变压器标定实验平台。     

单圈绝对式电子经纬仪测角信号处理

为实现快速、高精度角位移测量,提出了一种单圈绝对式电子经纬仪测角信号处理算法。只需刻画脉冲左右边沿在阈值附近各2个采样点就可以快速估计出脉冲宽度和脉冲中心坐标;对现有文献细分方法进行改进,给出了基于多组刻画脉冲中心求解高分辨力细分角的公式;并对算法时间复杂度和抗噪声性能分别进行了分析与仿真。实验结果表明,本方法在水平方向上测角误差标准差仅为2.5″,平均每秒钟可测角输出25次,具有实现简单、只需较少计算量就可以获得较高测量精度的优点。研究结果可以为单圈绝对式电子经纬仪、全站仪提供一种新的测角信号处理实用方法。     

莫尔条纹信号的数字锁相倍频系统

为实现对莫尔条纹信号的高倍动态细分,提出了莫尔条纹信号数字锁相倍频的细分方法,并设计了基于CPLD芯片的数字锁相倍频系统.该系统将莫尔条纹原始信号处理成方波信号,采用全数字倍频系统对其进行锁相倍频.首先利用鉴频/鉴相器对编码器信号进行鉴别,得到倍频控制字和相位差;然后将倍频控制字送入数控振荡器,实现对原始信号的高倍倍频,同时保证了新生倍频信号与原始信号的相位同步;最后将数控振荡器输出的倍频信号经过N分频,反馈回鉴频/鉴相器,并利用相位差进行相位调整.经过实验证明,系统成功实现了对编码器信号的32768倍的细分.倍频电路全部在CPLD芯片中编程实现,其动态特性好,提高了对编码器信号的跟随速度,避免了机械上对精码码道的刻画、电子学上对精粗码校正及A/D转换中量化等的误差;并且克服了传统模拟倍频方法的响应时间较长、易受温度和电网电压波动影响、存在直流零点漂移及部件饱和等缺欠.     

高分辨力光电轴角编码器分辨力和精度的检测

采用微动螺杆、斜面、正弦杠杆等四级缩小原理、产生标准的微量角，测量高分辨力光电轴角编码器的分辨力和细分误差，并用直接比较法测定编码器的测角精度和进行数据处理。     

伪随机码在绝对式光电轴角编码器中的应用

介绍了中国光电轴角编码器制造业中新出现的一种绝对式编码器,伪随机码绝对式光电轴角编码器.阐述了伪随机码绝对式光电轴角编码器的编码方法、技术要点及特点.伪随机码绝对式编码器采用M序列伪随机码作为编码方法,采用双狭缝技术进行分时位置读取,并采用ROM元件进行译码输出.伪随机码可以在一条码道上存储多位信息,多位码盘只需要一条码道,极大限度缩小了码盘直径,为国内生产小型化的多位绝对式编码器开辟了新途径.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.