氡扩散系数与覆土性质及环境条件关系实验

治理铀废石堆的主要手段为砌拦渣墙、土壤覆盖并植树等,但是对于不同性质土壤、季节（温度、湿度）变化条件下的防护效果没有进行系统的研究。本文对铀废石堆覆盖不同物理性质（颗粒密度、孔隙比、含水率等）土壤,在不同环境条件下,测量其表面的氡析出率。结果发现,氡在土壤中的扩散系数随着土壤粒径增大而增大,随着含水率的增加而减小。     

堆浸铀矿堆氡析出规律的实验研究

堆浸铀矿堆是铀矿山大气氡的主要来源之一。为了揭示堆浸过程中矿堆表面的氡析出规律,以我国南方某铀矿山新上堆的矿石为实验对象,利用自主设计并制造的改进型一维堆浸实验装置,采用局部静态法测定了不同喷淋状态下和排水过程中矿堆表面的氡析出率。结果表明:在布液和改变喷淋强度的瞬间,矿堆表面的氡析出率突然增大,之后随着喷淋的进行而逐渐减小并趋于稳定,且喷淋强度越大,稳定期间的氡析出率反而越小;在排水过程中,氡析出率先迅速减小,而后逐渐增大趋于稳定。     

氡通过不同滤膜的扩散系数测量研究

基于气体透过滤膜的扩散原理,对应用于固体核径迹探测器累积测氡的三种滤膜在四种不同湿度下的氡扩散能力进行研究。实验结果表明:醋酸纤维滤膜和普通滤纸的扩散能力明显强于PE滤膜,更适用于固体核径迹测氡,且湿度对三种滤膜氡扩散能力的影响不明显。通过本次实验得到,醋酸纤维滤膜的扩散系数为1.46×10~(-9)m~2/s~2.59×10~(-9)m~2/s,普通滤纸的扩散系数为1.01×10~(-9)m~2/s~1.45×10~(-9)m~2/s。     

氡及其子体水平扩散系数测量研究

氡气运移的研究成果表明,氡气的运移具有方向性。本文从实验入手,采用静态、累积、高灵敏度的测氡方法,对氡累积水平扩散分布进行了测量。采用最小二乘法拟合方法对不同温度条件下氡及其子体的水平扩散系数进行了计算。实验研究结果表明,氡及其子体的水平扩散系数与温度的相关系数为0.92,两者呈线性正相关关系;在恒温(30℃)条件下的实测水平扩散系数为0.049cm2·s-1;要使氡在空气中的水平扩散系数达到经典值0.1cm2·s-1,其环境温度应达到40℃以上。     

铀矿井中氡子体浓度与氡浓度的关系

本文通过氡浓度和氡子体α潜能积累方程,从理论上研究了铀矿井中氡子体浓度与氡浓度和矿井通风的关系。指出了回风流中氡子体浓度与氡浓度比值的大小,主要取决于通风换气的时间和入风流污染的程度。     

铀矿井中氡及氡子体的测量

本文在特别强调了氡子体测量在氡(222Rn)的辐射剂量危害评价中的重要性以后,简要介绍了α能谱法及总α计数法相结合实现同时测量氡气浓度和氡子体浓度的有关方法,用这些方法,对某铀矿的氡及其氡子体的活度浓度、平衡当量浓度等进行了测量。根据该铀矿的氡及其氡子体的测量结果,用有关氡的剂量评价方法,对其进行了剂量评价和估算。测量的数据虽然有限,但从这些测量与剂量评价结果已能看出,铀矿井中的氡、特别是氡子体测量确实值得人们的高度重视。     

密闭腔体法准确测量建材氡析出率比较研究

密闭腔体法(closed chamber method)是目前建材氡析出率测量中使用较为广泛的一种方法。使用密闭腔体法测量建材氡析出率,在建材的前处理上,大体上将长方体建材分为完全裸露、包裹留下一面和留下两面三种方法进行测量。本文从建材氡析出率测量的基本理论模型出发,细致比较分析了不同包裹方法测量得到的氡析出率的真实涵义,并结合理论分析和实验验证,提出了合理的修正方法,认为包裹留一面和留两面适合作为建材氡析出率的测量方法。     

聚合物膜氡渗透系数的测定

为选出适用于我国江门中微子实验的氡屏蔽聚合物膜材料,研究了稳态时利用液体闪烁计数器测定聚合物薄膜氡渗透系数的装置和方法。实验测得了尼龙膜和聚乙烯膜的氡渗透系数并与文献中的数值范围进行了对比,测定结果表明,常用研究材料中尼龙膜的氡渗透系数较低,对降低氡浓度有显著效果。此外实验验证了薄膜氡渗透系数测定的主要影响因素,包括简化计算的方法、系统达到稳态的时长、环境湿度和温度等,并对进一步标准化测定聚合物薄膜的氡渗透系数提出了参考意见。     

我国铀矿通风降氡的发展历程

通风降氡是铀矿辐射防护的主要内容之一。根据我国铀矿通风技术的发展,以及通风与氡析出规律研究的不断深入,将我国铀矿通风技术发展划分为5个阶段:1958—1965年期间通风降氡技术学习建立阶段,主要为学习引进前苏联的压入式通风方式;1966—1977年期间技术发展平台阶段,体现在以抽出式通风代替压入式通风的应用验证与经验积累;1978—1989年期间理论与技术发展阶段,提出了氡析出渗流-扩散规律与通风方式的相互作用理论,推动了铀矿通风防护技术的发展;1990—2002年期间停滞阶段,以减少通风防护投入来降低生产成本为目的,使铀矿通风防护技术研究处于停滞;2003—2016年期间强化发展阶段,以氡析出渗流-扩散规律指导不同采矿方法下的通风防护技术研究与应用。目前,中国铀矿通风正在向形成具有中国特色的通风降氡技术体系发展。     

建筑室内氡检测的方法探讨

通过对建筑室内氡检测方法的研究,对原国标氡检测方法进行了比较分析,对新出现的测氡方法进行了考核比较,提出了4种适用的室内氡检测方法,并对现场使用提出了要求。     

氡气运移系数的定向测量与计算

设计了一套在理想条件下的氡气定向运移实验装置,采用定向测量的方法,对氡气在垂直方向和水平方向的运移进行了测量与计算。结果表明,在水平方向上的运移系数为0.024cm2·s–1,远小于文献给出的氡气在空气中的扩散系数0.1cm2·s–1;垂直向下方向的运移系数为0.182cm2·s–1,明显大于文献给出的氡气在空气中的扩散系数。     

Calculation and measurement of migration coefficient of radon under laboratory conditions

Under laboratory conditions （i.e. a sealed system in which the temperature may vary according to air temperature）, the migration of radon in upward, downward and horizontal directions has been investigated. After a period of accumulation, the spatial distribution profile of radon was drawn on the basis of the experimental data. The profile showed whorl-shape with bigger ends. The longer the accumulation time, the bigger the whorl end, and the higher the radon concentration is. By fitting the experimental data by least-square statistical method, we find that the distributions of radon follow negative exponential functions in the upward, downward and horizontal directions. However, exponents for the three directions are not exactly identical. The upward migration is more effective than the downward one and both upward and downward migrations are more effective than the horizontal one.     

The determination of the diffusion coefficient of radon in a porous material by injecting radon and measuring the exhalation

A means of measuring the diffusion coefficient of radon in a porous medium has been developed and demonstrated. It is applicable whether or not the medium has a distributed radon source. Radon exhalation is measured from a pair of parallel, planar surfaces as a function of time after the sample has been externally impregnated with radon and, if a distributed source is present, after the sample has developed its own radon. The exhalation has been measured by means of grab samples taken with small, flow-through scintillation cells. The method is free of approximations within the limits of the model. The model includes the porosity of the medium, the adsorption of radon on the solid matrix, and the radon absorption on any pore moisture.     

基于Labwindows/CVI的氡室测控系统设计

针对目前氡室测控系统存在的问题，本文提出了基于CMOSense技术的SHT75数字式温湿度传感器和LaWindows／CVI虚拟仪器开发环境的设计思想。运用虚拟仪器本身提供的库函数、数据库技术和模块化的设计思想开发了氡室测控系统。该系统很好地完成了氡室里重要参数的实时全程控制，并且具有显示直观、反应迅速，性价比高等特点，因此具有一定的使用价值。     

氡室数据采集系统及其USB通信接口设计

介绍了氧室数据采集系统的结构组成框图,数据采集系统的USB通信接口的设计方法,包括USB件电路设计、固件设计及驱动程序设计。采用USB通信具有传输速度快、开发较简单的特点。     

794矿尾矿渣场镭比活度计算法参数试验结果分析

介绍了利用镭比活度计算法确定核工业794矿铀尾渣场氡析出率所用参数——氡射气系数和氡扩散系数的测量结果及其分析对比,野外采样室内化学分析镭比活度与γ能谱测量镭比活度对比,探讨了在北方气候条件下,铀尾渣场氡射气系数和扩散系数的变化规律和特点,以及这些参数测量的最佳气候和季节,并对镭比活度计算法的特点和测量结果进行了分析。     

On the diffusion coefficient calculation in two-step light water reactor core analysis

This paper presents consistent and rigorous accuracy assessments of various methods for calculating the diffusion coefficients in a two-step reactor core analysis of light water reactors (LWRs). The diffusion coefficients are significantly affected by the transport correction and critical spectrum calculations. There are various methods for the transport corrections (inflow/outflow/hybrid corrections) and critical spectrum calculations (B₁/P₁/CASMO-4E methods) so that it is necessary to decide the best combination to achieve a high accuracy in the transport/diffusion two-step analysis. Numerical tests are performed step-by-step to search for the best combination of the methods by comparing each other the transport one-step results, transport/diffusion two-step results, and Monte Carlo results. Numerical test results with a large and a small LWR core show that the combination of inflow transport correction and CASMO-4E critical spectrum calculation is most accurate than the other combinations in terms of eigenvalues and assembly power distributions.     

Evaluating the hydrogen isotope absorption/diffusion coefficient of CVD-SiC at high temperature

Deuterium diffusion coefficient measurements of CVD-SiC were carried out using a solubility and diffusivity measurement apparatus to investigate the permeation mechanism of the hydrogen isotope through CVD-SiC. Experiments were conducted with thin-sheet-type samples with thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm at 1073–1183 K. Total amount of occluded gas into or released gas from different thickness but same weight sample were expected to be the same, but unexpectedly differed by more than 50%. As the release rates after sufficient time had passed were almost the same, and the 1-mm-thick sample had twice the surface area of the 2-mm-thick sample, the measurements were probably affected by adsorbed gas on the surface. The value of D/L² (the diffusion coefficient divided by the square of the thickness), obtained by fitting to the theoretical formula but ignoring the early phase of discharge, was in good agreement for samples of different thickness at the same temperature, and was more than 5 orders of magnitude smaller than that obtained from the permeability measurement experiments. Therefore, we believe that the deuterium permeation through CVD-SiC is primarily dependent on the permeation rate through the grain boundaries.     

吸入氡子体肺部有效剂量转换系数的影响因素研究

基于ICRP 66号报告中的呼吸道生物动力学模型,采用MATLAB软件中的Simulink仿真工具,建立了人体呼吸道的廓清模型,利用建立的廓清模型计算了不同参数条件下肺部有效剂量转换系数(mSv/WLM)的变化规律。结果显示吸入氡子体粒径对肺部有效剂量转换系数的影响最大,当粒径在0.7～10 000 nm之间变化时,肺部有效剂量转换系数的变化能达到10倍以上;其次是呼吸率,呼吸率直接决定了吸入氡子体粒子的数量,当成年男性重度工作状态时肺部有效剂量转换系数是睡眠状态下的4.2倍;未结合态份额对剂量转换系数的影响会随着吸入氡子体粒径值不同而发生改变,当未结合态份额从0变化到0.08时,肺部有效剂量转换系数最多能增大79%;相比而言吸收入血速率对肺部有效剂量转换系数的影响只有不到4%。