基于多尺度非局部约束的单幅图像超分辨率算法

多尺度结构自相似性是指图像中的大量物体具有相同尺度以及不同尺度相似结构的性质.本文提出了一种基于多尺度非局部约束的单幅图像超分辨率算法,结合多尺度非局部方法和多尺度字典学习方法将蕴含在图像多尺度自相似结构中的附加信息加入到重建图像中.多尺度非局部方法在图像金字塔的不同层中搜索相似图像块,并利用多尺度相似图像块间的关系建立非局部约束项,通过正则化约束获取多尺度自相似结构中的附加信息;多尺度字典学习方法将图像金字塔作为字典学习的样本,通过字典学习使样本中的多尺度相似图像块 在字典下具有稀疏表示形式,从而获取多尺度自相似结构中的附加信息.实验表明, 与ScSR、SISR、NLIBP、CSSS、ASDSAR和mSSIM等算法相比,本文的算法取得了更好的超分辨率重建效果.     

基于字典学习和非局部相似的超分辨率重建

为提高单帧降质图像的分辨率,提出了一种基于字典学习和非局部相似性的超分辨率重建算法。该算法主要将高分辨率图像减去利用迭代反投影重建结果得到差值图像,再利用K-奇异值分解(K-SVD)算法和联合字典生成的思想形成的字典训练方法,训练差值图像块和低分辨率图像块得到对应的高、低分辨率字典用于超分辨重建。此外,引入非局部相似性的正则项约束以提高重建图像的质量。实验结果表明,所提算法重建得到的图像在主观视觉效果和客观评价上优于基于例子学习的超分辨率算法。     

基于在线多字典学习的矿井图像超分辨率重建方法

针对基于字典学习的方法在处理含有噪声且环境复杂的矿井图像时重建效果不佳的问题,提出了一种基于在线多字典学习的矿井图像超分辨率重建方法。该方法利用K-means聚类算法将图像训练集划分为多类图像,并针对不同类图像训练多组高低分辨率字典,提高字典对环境复杂图像的特征表示能力;根据图像非局部自相似性,引入非局部约束项进一步约束稀疏系数的解空间,并通过在线字典学习对多字典学习阶段的字典进行优化,提高稀疏系数求解的准确性,从而提高图像重建过程的抗噪声干扰能力。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提高重建图像质量,抑制噪声引起的图像块效应和边缘锯齿效应,增强图像细节,具有更好的视觉效果。     

基于局部结构相似与协同表示的超分辨率图像重建

提出一种基于局部几何结构相似性和协同表示的超分辨率图像重建算法.该算法利用l2范数正则化的协同表示和局部几何相似约束模型求解低分辨率图像块在低分辨率字典下的线性表示系数,并利用这一系数重构出高分辨率图像块.文中基于l2范数的系数求解模型可得到解析解而不涉及局部最小解,相较于l1稀疏性约束具有较低的复杂度.实验结果表明,该算法对小尺寸超分辨率图像重建可行且有效,并在重构效果上具有明显的优越性.进一步研究表明,在放大因子增大和存在噪声的情况下,该算法较传统算法重构效果也有显著提高.     

基于K近邻稀疏编码均值约束的人脸超分辨率算法

针对低分辨率、低质量人脸图像的超分辨率重建问题,提出了一种基于K近邻稀疏编码均值约束的人脸超分辨率算法。首先,根据人脸块位置先验信息,对训练样本图像块进行聚类,得到与输入人脸图像块位置一致的高、低分辨率稀疏表示字典对;然后,利用低分辨率字典,在稀疏和K近邻稀疏编码均值的共同约束下实现低分辨率图像块的稀疏表示;最后,通过系数映射,结合高分辨率字典实现高分辨率图像块重建,最终将所有高分辨率图像块进行交叠平均得到高分辨率人脸图像。实验结果验证了算法的有效性及先进性。本方法在保持重建人脸图像相似度的基础上,改善了人脸图像的清晰度,提高了超分辨率图像的质量。     

基于局部回归模型的图像超分辨率重建

针对基于稀疏重建的图像超分辨率(SR)算法一般需要外部训练样本,重建质量取决于待重建图像与训练样本的相似度的问题,提出一种基于局部回归模型的图像超分辨率重建算法。利用局部图像结构会在不同的图像尺度对应位置重复出现的事实,建立从低到高分辨率图像块的非线性映射函数一阶近似模型用于超分辨率重建。其中,非线性映射函数的先验模型是直接对输入图像及其低频带图像的对应位样本块对通过字典学习的方法得到。重建图像块时利用图像中的非局部自相似性,对多个非局部自相似块分别应用一阶回归模型,加权综合得到高分辨率图像块。实验结果表明,该算法重建的图像与同样利用图像具有自相似性的相关超分辨率算法相比,峰值信噪比(PSNR)平均提高0.3~1.1 dB,主观重建效果亦有明显提高。     

基于光谱相似性的高光谱图像超分辨率算法

光谱相似性是指高光谱图像中的大量像元具有相似光谱的性质.提出了一种基于光谱相似性的高光谱遥感图像超分辨率算法,利用遥感图像中广泛存在的结构自相似性提升图像的空间分辨率,利用高光谱图像的低维子空间性通过主成分分析降低光谱维数提高运算效率,利用具有相似光谱的像元构建光谱约束项保证重建图像光谱的准确性.该算法在将单波段图像超分辨率方法推广到处理具有数百、乃至上千波段的高光谱图像过程中,既保证了重建图像光谱的准确性,又具有较高的运算效率.实验表明,与双三次插值和基于稀疏表示与光谱正则化约束的高光谱图像超分辨率算法相比,该算法具有更高的空间分辨率提升能力和更好的光谱保真能力.     

改进的基于稀疏表示的图像超分辨率重建算法

为改善单帧退化图像的分辨率,提出一种改进的基于超完备字典的图像超分辨率稀疏重构算法。该算法主要在字典训练过程中引入联合训练的思想以确保高、低分辨率图像块在其对应的过完备字典上具有相同的表示系数,并在图像重建过程中,利用迭代反投影加强全局重建约束。实验表明,与现有的几类算法相比较,该算法的重建图像无论在峰值信噪比还是结构相似性上均有明显提高。并且可应用于单帧模糊图像的超分辨率重建,有效地提高了图像的分辨率。     

压缩感知和相似性约束的图像超分辨率重构算法

针对通过外部学习进行超分辨率存在图像质量不佳、细节不真实的问题提出一种压缩感知和相似性约束的单帧图像超分辨率算法。算法首先利用压缩感知中测量域与频域的线性关系对训练库图像在测量域分类,对不同类别图像块训练对应类别的字典,提高字典的表示能力;然后在重构时利用图像的非局部相似性,将图像在分类字典下的稀疏性和相似块信息同时作为先验信息联合约束重构过程,最后恢复出高分辨率图像。实验结果表明算法重构出的高分辨率图像具有丰富的细节以及清晰的边缘,重构图像主观质量良好。     

正则化技术和低秩矩阵在稀疏表示超分辨率算法中的应用

为了有效地利用图像的特征作为指导重建的先验知识,解决常规超分辨率算法对边缘与结构等细节恢复不足的问题,提出一种改进的超分辨率算法.对待重建图像进行低秩分解,得到不同特征的低秩子图像和稀疏子图像;对于低秩子图像,提出采用基于正则化技术的稀疏表示超分辨率算法进行重建,先通过在低秩子图像中寻找相似图像块构造非局部相似正则化项,得到图像的非局部冗余,以保持边缘信息;再通过局部线性嵌入方法构造流形学习正则化项,获得图像的结构先验知识,以增强结构信息.对于稀疏子图像则不参与稀疏表示超分辨率重建,而是采用双三次插值法进行重建.实验结果表明,与其他算法相比,无论在主观视觉效果上,还是在峰值信噪比和结构相似性指标上,文中算法都有显著的提高.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).