基于样图的木材体纹理绘制方法

传统的体纹理绘制方法采用函数模型定义体纹理空间的颜色,模拟不同的纹理特征需要反复调整与测试相关参数,且在多数情况下不能获得令人满意的结果.以木材体纹理绘制为例,提出了一种基于样图的体纹理绘制新方法.该方法针对木材纹理的结构特点构造样图空间与体纹理空间的几何映射关系,采用木纹样图的像素纹理值定义体纹理空间的颜色.实验结果表明,绘制的纹理不仅较好地模拟了木纹样图中的纹理特征,而且在物体各表面交界处保持连续.由于纹理样图可根据用户需要任意选取,基于样图的体纹理绘制方法显著提高了计算机生成木纹的真实感与多样性.     

体绘制中视点和光源的协同优化

针对体绘制中只对视点或光照参数的单独优化而导致体数据中隐含的信息无法在图像空间中表现最大化的问题,提出一种视点和光源位置协同优化的方法,在传输函数不变的情况下选择最优的视点和光照参数.该方法基于信息熵设计,并南视点熵、光照熵及两者之间的互偶熵组成视点与光照统一评估框架,用来评估不同视点和光照参数条件下最终绘制图像表达的信息量.视点熵用于评估与视点相关的不透明度值分布所包含的信息量;光照熵的计算则通过考虑颜色在图像空间的分布,使用基于区域的mean shift算法进行基于颜色的图像空间划分;互偶熵用于评估光照前后绘制图像亮度变化所带来的信息量.对各种体数据的实验结果表明,采用文中方法能够有效地协同优化视点和光源位置.     

数字人切片数据的硬件加速体绘制

实现了一个PC平台下的体绘制硬件加速算法,并对中国数字人、美国可视化人数据集进行可视化．预处理去除图像背景时,将图像从RGB颜色空间转换到YCbCr颜色空间,然后对Cb分量进行Otsu阈值化处理,用生成的二值图像作为掩码图像去除背景．为支持任意大小的体数据,采取了分块策略,并使用BSP树组织数据块,以生成正确的绘制顺序．此外还设计了一种基于图像的CIELUV颜色空间L分量的梯度向量场的传输函数,并取得了良好的绘制效果．     

基于多维传输函数的三维医学图像系统研究

传输函数是直接体绘制的基础,传输函数的设计是体视化结果的关键。本文在传输函数的定义上,讨论了将体数据标量值和梯度模值作为定义域的多维传输函数的原理及实现方法。针对传输函数与位置无关,难以提取感兴趣的区域(Region Of Interest 简称ROI),提出了基于三切面交互式体数据的切割方法,从而有效的提取感兴趣区域。最后,设计和实现了一个基于多维传输函数的三维医学图像系统,获得了很好的体绘制效果。     

一种快速的体数据特征增强可视化算法

传输函数是实现体数据特征分类与可视化的重要手段,随着维度的升高,传输函数设计过程趋于复杂且难以实时交互;而在基于视线方向上特征分析的体数据特征可视化方法中,复杂的特征分析过程占用GPU硬件资源,降低了体绘制效率.为此提出一种快速的、不完全依赖于传输函数设计的体数据特征增强可视化算法.利用视线方向上采样点标量值变化率,快速识别视线方向上的重要特征,通过降低不重要特征的不透明度以增强重要特征在绘制结果图像中的可见性;引入反锐化掩模技术对视线方向上重要特征进行加权处理,在保证体绘制效率的同时增强了体数据特征的视觉感知.在绘制过程中,文中算法利用简单而有效的特征分析操作,在传输函数映射的基础上对感兴趣特征的视觉元素再次优化,实现不完全依赖于复杂传输函数设计的体数据特征增强可视化.最后通过大量实验,进一步验证了该算法的有效性与实用性.     

竞争选择多彩色图像自适应颜色迁移算法

提出一种基于相似性竞争选择的多彩色图像自适应颜色混合迁移算法。首先将彩色图像的颜色空间转换为l?琢?茁空间,然后利用亮度图像信息熵检索选择与灰度图像内容最匹配的多幅彩色图像作为彩色参照图像;然后利用相似性竞争选择进行局部和整体相结合的自适应采样分析,采用像素点对应原则,选择参考图像中最佳颜色信息迁移到灰度图像中,合成一幅崭新的彩色图像。该方法将自动图像检索技术与颜色迁移相结合,达到充分利用多幅彩色图像中彩色信息的目的。最后给出实验结果表明,该算法相对于经典算法具有更好的颜色迁移效果和更加广泛的适用范围。     

基于梯度特征的医学体绘制传输函数曲线拟合方法

医学体绘制的精度和实时性取决于传输函数曲线的精度和生成过程的运算开销.典型体绘制的传输函教生成方法是通过灰度映射来生成分段线性函数,精度低、耗时长.本文针对该问题.提出了一种基于体数据梯度特征的传输函数曲线拟舍方法.该方法根据体数据集的梯度变化特点,利用数据值、梯度和沿梯度方向的二阶导数拟合曲线函数来生成传输函数.实验结果表明:在使用规则俸数据时,本方法可有效实现医学可视化.     

基于体数据分类的直接体绘制传输函数研究

直接体绘制是形成于20世纪80年代后期的一个新研究领域,本论文提出了一种基于体数据的标量值和梯度的分类方法,采用该方法可获得体数据重要的信息,从而帮助研究人员准确地设置传输函数的不透明度和颜色参数,使绘制的图像更加清晰。     

基于K均值聚类的传输函数设计方法

在直接体绘制中,传输函数定义了从体数据属性到光学属性的映射关系,直接决定了体绘制的效果,是体绘制研究的关键技术之一。传统的多维传输函数是基于体数据和梯度体数据进行设计的,本文提出基于K均值聚类的传输函数设计方法,并在此基础上进行气象数据的分类方法研究,实现基于GPU的气象台风数据的直接体绘制。     

基于体数据空间相似性的传输函数优化设计方法

传输函数设计是体数据可视化流程的重要环节,高效的传输函数设计方法是提升体数据可视化效率的关键.在传统传输函数设计的基础上,该文以提升体数据特征可视化及分析效率为目标,提出一种基于体数据空间相似性的传输函数优化设计方法.在特征空间分析过程中,结合体数据空间位置信息,定义特征空间相似性度量标准,对一维传输函数特征空间进行自适应划分;在光学参数映射过程中,定义能量方程描述感兴趣特征的可见性分布与目标可见性分布的差异,近似求解能量方程的梯度,加速光学参数向量的迭代优化,以高效地实现光学参数优化设计.相比于传统的传输函数设计方法,该方法有效耦合特征空间分析及光学参数映射过程,可以帮助用户快速地实现体数据中感兴趣特征的分析与可视化.大量的实验结果、效率对比及用户体验反馈信息进一步验证了该文算法的有效性与实用性.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).