不同工艺制备的CaO固体催化剂对生物柴油性能的影响

用菜籽油为原料,以CaO为非均相催化剂,通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油。对比不同工艺下制备的4种CaO系列固体催化剂对制备的生物柴油黏度、酸值及得率的影响,发现催化效率高低顺序为:煅烧CaO>CaO/MgO(Ⅰ)>CaO/MgO(Ⅱ)>原料CaO。经700℃煅烧所制得的锻烧CaO固体催化剂使用效果最佳,在反应4h后得到黏度为4.37 mm²/s、酸值为0.79 mg/g的生物柴油,达到国家标准,得率为94.30%。     

纳米K2CO3/CaO催化大豆油制备生物柴油

以K2CO3、纳米CaCO3(自制)为原料,K2CO3的负载质量分数为50%,在750℃焙烧3 h得到纳米K2CO3/CaO固体碱催化剂,并通过XRD、FT-IR及TG-DSC等手段进行确认.再用该催化剂催化制备生物柴油,结果表明:制备生物柴油的最佳条件为温度70℃,质量分数3%的纳米K2CO3/CaO,醇油摩尔比12...     

非均相固体碱催化剂(CaO体系)用于生物柴油的制备

为解决生物柴油酯交换过程中的产物与催化剂分离问题,制备了负载型固体碱催化剂（CaO/SiO₂、CaO/Al₂O₃和CaO/MgO体系）,考察该系列催化剂在生物柴油制备中的不同反应特点,对制备的催化剂进行XRD表征,研究了反应条件对反应的影响。结果表明,CaO可以很好地分散在催化剂载体上,该体系催化剂是制备生物柴油的良好非均相催化剂。催化剂的最佳制备条件为：焙烧温度700 ℃,催化剂质量分数为原料油的1%,m（醇）∶m（油）＝18∶1,反应温度60～65 ℃,反应时间10 h。     

二氧化硅-磺酸催化制备生物柴油的研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备二氧化硅,进而与氯磺酸反应制得二氧化硅-磺酸(SiO2-SO3H)固体酸催化剂,用于大豆油与乙醇的酯交换反应制备生物柴油,考察了催化剂的处理温度、乙醇与大豆油的摩尔比、催化剂用量、原料油油酸含量和反应时间的影响.结果表明,二氧化硅-磺酸(SiO2-SO3H)具有较高的酯交换反应催化活性.制备生物柴油的最佳条件如下:催化剂处理温度为120℃、醇油摩尔比为6∶1、催化剂质量分数为5.0%(以大豆油计)、正庚烷的质量分数(以大豆油计)为30.0%、反应时间为6.0 h,此时生物柴油产率可达97.84%.与固体碱催化剂相比,固体酸催化剂对原料的酸度有更强的适应性.     

微波循环辐射辅助制备生物柴油反应器及工艺的研究

用鲜红薯为原料制备碳基固体酸催化剂,甲醇和地沟油为原料的混合液经自制的微波辐射反应器后,可以提高反应速率。对反应条件进行单因素和多因素分析,得出最佳反应条件。微波辅助催化地沟油制备生物柴油反应器可以提高反应速率,其最佳工艺条件:甲醇与地沟油摩尔比9∶1、微波功率密度1.5W/m L、微波辐射时间30 min、反应温度为60℃、催化剂质量分数3.5%。     

金属氧化物掺杂对CaO催化性能影响的研究

以非均相碱性催化剂CaO催化废餐饮油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油为目标反应.研究不同金属氧化物掺杂对CaO催化性能影响.首先,利用CaO分别研究了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对反应产率的影响,实验结果表明,该反应最佳操作条件:醇油摩尔比为6,反应温度75℃.反应时间2 h,ω(催化剂)=4%,生物柴油的产率达到83.58%.采用浸渍法制备了以CaO为载体的负载型固体碱催化剂K2O/CaO和ZnO/CaO,通过对比发现氧化物对CaO的催化效果有提高作用,生物柴油产率均可达96%以上.     

制备生物柴油的负载型催化剂KF/CaO/陶土的研究

以共混/浸渍法制备复合负载型固体碱催化剂KF/CaO/陶土,考察了催化剂制备条件对催化活性的影响,以SEM、TEM、BET等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明：焙烧温度为600 ℃,焙烧时间为4 h,陶土与CaO质量比为3∶7,浸渍剂KF占陶土与CaO总质量的20%时,催化乌桕籽油制备生物柴油的收率可达96%以上。催化剂结构表征显示,该催化剂呈多孔网状结构,粒径主要分布在30～100 nm,平均孔径分布为43 nm,表面积为113.9 m2/g。     

ZnO固体碱催化剂的可控制备及其酯交换催化性能

采用共同沉淀法制备ZnO固体碱催化剂,考察了原料配比、煅烧温度、煅烧时间对催化剂活性的影响,并通过SEM、XRD、BET等分析手段对催化剂进行表征;将该催化剂用于催化大豆油与无水甲醇的酯交换反应,考察了醇油物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等对生物柴油产率的影响。结果表明:当原料配比c(Zn(CH_3COO)_2)∶c(NaOH)为2∶1、煅烧温度为350℃、煅烧时间为2 h时,ZnO固体碱催化剂的催化活性最高;当醇油物质的量比为9∶1、ZnO固体碱催化剂用量为大豆油质量的4%、反应时间为2 h、反应温度为65℃时,生物柴油产率达到93.4%。制备的ZnO固体碱催化剂稳定性较好,重复使用5次后,生物柴油的产率依然可以达到75.6%。     

制备活性炭负载K2CO3用于催化餐饮废油合成生物柴油

以K₂CO₃为催化剂,工业碱木质素(KL)为活性炭(AC)前体,在管式电阻炉中经一步共混活化(K₂CO₃/KL质量比为0.6、活化温度800℃、N₂流量100cm³/min、活化时间2h)制备K₂CO₃/AC固体碱催化剂,用于餐饮废油与甲醇的酯交换反应合成生物柴油。对制备的固体碱催化剂进行了X-射线衍射(XRD)、BET表面积及扫描电镜(SEM)表征。考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间、醇油摩尔比等因素对餐饮废油转化为生物柴油产率的影响。结果表明当反应时间2h、反应温度60℃、醇油摩尔比15:1、催化剂为原料油质量的3.0%时,生物柴油最大产率为87.5%。考查了催化剂的循环利用效果,结果表明催化剂能循环利用3次,第3次利用时生物柴油的产率仍达到80.7%。     

微波辐射酸催化喜树种子油制备生物柴油工艺

研究了在微波辐射条件下硫酸催化酯交换反应转化喜树种子油制备生物柴油的工艺,同时采用HPLC分析了生物柴油产品中主要脂肪酸甲酯成分及其质量分数。通过实验考察了醇油摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂加入质量分数对反应的影响,并得出了在微波辐射下硫酸催化喜树种子油制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件:醇油摩尔比15∶1、微波辐射时间40 min、反应温度70℃、催化剂加入质量分数(与原料油)3%,转化率可达95%以上。结果表明,与传统硫酸催化酯交换反应相比,该方法具有催化剂加入质量分数少、反应温度低、时间短和转化率高等优点,对工业化制备生物柴油提供了科学参考价值。     

Microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel catalyzed by nanopowder calcium oxide

This study examined the effect of a heterogeneous base catalyst on the transesterification of soybean oil assisted by microwave irradiation. The results showed that nanopowder calcium oxide (nano CaO) was very efficient in converting soybean oil to biodiesel, and microwave irradiation is more efficient than the conventional bath for biodiesel production. However, the water content of methanol can not improve the conversion rate catalyzed by nano CaO.The suitable reaction conditions that can reach a 96.6% of conversion rate were methanol/oil molar ratio, 7:1; amount of catalyst used, 3.0 wt.%; reaction temperature, 338 K; and reaction time, 60 min. The biodiesel produced is within the limits prescribed by the standard of EN-14214.     

Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst

In this study, transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst was studied. The reaction mechanism was proposed and the separate effects of the molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, mass ratio of catalyst to oil and water content were investigated. The experimental results showed that a 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 8% CaO catalyst, 65 °C reaction temperature and 2.03% water content in methanol gave the best results, and the biodiesel yield exceeded 95% at 3 h. The catalyst lifetime was longer than that of calcined K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ and KF/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts. CaO maintained sustained activity even after being repeatedly used for 20 cycles and the biodiesel yield at 1.5 h was not affected much in the repeated experiments.     

CaO/La2O3固体碱催化剂制备及其催化大豆油酯交换反应性能

采用共沉淀法制备了氧化钙/三氧化二镧（CaO/La2O3）固体碱催化剂,并将其应用于大豆油与甲醇进行的酯交换反应。XRD表征结果表明,活性组分在三氧化二镧上高度分散,且钙与镧之间有较强的协同作用。催化剂适宜的制备条件：钙与镧物质的量比为2∶1,焙烧温度为750 ℃,焙烧时间为3 h。在醇与油物质的量比为13∶1、催化剂质量占大豆油质量的4%、反应时间为4 h条件下,制备的氧化钙/三氧化二镧固体碱催化剂催化大豆油和甲醇进行的酯交换反应制备生物柴油的产率达到90%以上。     

CaO/MgO混合催化剂的制备及催化合成生物柴油

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米CaO,采用溶胶-凝胶自蔓延燃烧法制备纳米MgO,并通过TG-DSC、XRD和SEM对制备的CaO和MgO晶体结构、形貌特性及热稳定性等进行表征。采用固体研磨法将纳米CaO和纳米MgO混合制备催化剂,并应用于大豆油与甲醇的酯交换反应中制备生物柴油。结果表明,纳米CaO和纳米MgO按质量比0.7∶0.5混合的催化剂具有良好的催化活性,在催化剂用量为大豆油质量的3%、甲醇与大豆油物质的量比为12∶1和回流状态下反应4h条件下,大豆油酯化率可达88.58%。     

Biodiesel production from soybean oil using modified calcium loaded on rice husk activated carbon as a low-cost basic catalyst

Activated carbon was obtained by hydrothermal process using rice husk as raw materials. The study in our lab had been developed to produce high-quality biodiesel from soybean oil with the activated carbon-base catalyst. The polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) modified calcium loaded on the rice husk activated carbon (CaO/AC) catalyst was prepared via the dipping method and then was used as a heterogeneous solid-base catalyst to produce biodiesel. The effects of CaO/AC ratio and calcination time on catalytic performance were researched according to the yield of biodiesel, and the optimum reaction conditions for biodiesel from soybean oil via PEG 400–modified CaO/AC catalyst were evaluated. The results showed that the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) achieved 93.01% at the reaction temperature of 342 K, methanol/oil molar ratio of 10:1, and reaction time of 6 h. All in all, modified CaO/AC catalyst showed very high activity for transesterification of soybean oil and had catalytic repeated availability.     

NaF/CaO固体碱催化制备生物柴油

采用等体积浸渍法制备了NaF/CaO催化剂,用于催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察了催化剂制备条件和反应条件对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,通过等体积浸渍法、500℃焙烧4h和NaF与CaO的质量比6:1制得的催化剂,在70℃、催化剂用量为油质量的8%、醇油物质的量比9:1和反应2 h条件下,生物柴油收率可达95%。与单纯的CaO相比,NaF/CaO催化剂的催化活性明显提高。用共聚焦拉曼光谱考察了催化剂的表面特征。     

正交实验法优选K_2O/CaO-SBA-15催化生产生物柴油工艺条件

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,通过浸渍法制备固体碱催化剂K2O-SBA-15、CaO-SBA-15和K2O/CaO-SBA-15,并对其进行XRD表征。将制备的催化剂用于催化大豆油和无水甲醇制备生物柴油。按四因素三水平的正交实验设计方案进行实验,表明各因素影响程度依次为:反应时间反应温度油醇物质的量比催化剂用量。最佳反应条件:在温度为60℃时加入n(原料油)∶n(甲醇)=12∶1的反应物,加入m(催化剂)∶m(原料油)=3%的催化剂,反应3h,产率达86.97%。     

Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using SrO as a solid base catalyst

In this study, transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using SrO as a solid base catalyst was studied. The reaction mechanism was proposed and the separate effects of reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, mass ratio of catalyst to oil and repeated experiments were investigated. The results showed that the yield of biodiesel produced with SrO as a catalyst was in excess of 95% at temperatures below 70 °C within 30 min. SrO had a long catalyst lifetime and could maintain sustained activity even after being repeatedly used for 10 cycles. The results proved that transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using SrO as a catalyst is a commercially viable way to decrease the costs of biodiesel production.     

Calcium methoxide as a solid base catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol

In this study, physical and chemical characterizations of calcium methoxide were investigated to assess its performance as an excellent solid base catalyst using some instrumental methods, such as BET surface area measurement, scanning electron micrographs and particle size distribution. Then, it was used to catalyze transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol. The effects of various factors such as mass ratio of catalyst to oil, reaction temperature and volume ratio of methanol to oil were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that calcium methoxide has strong basicity and high catalytic activity as a heterogeneous solid base catalyst and it was obtained a 98% biodiesel yield within 2 h in this reaction. Besides, the recycling experiment results showed it had a long catalyst lifetime and could maintain activity even after being reused for 20 cycles.