Spatial confirmation of termite mounds as Bio-geo indicator for groundwater occurrences using ground magnetic survey: A case study from Perambalur Region of Tamil Nadu,India

Termite mounds are conventionally surmised as one of the best bio-geological indicator for groundwater occurrence in places where they inhibit. Ground magnetic survey was carried out to prove the assumption about termite mounds as an important indicator for groundwater exploration. Occurrences of 18 Termite mounds were mapped using handheld GPS to identify the suitable trend for magnetic survey. After considering all the criteria such as power lines, fences and fracture system, termite mound 2, 12 and 18 were selected in the NNE-SSW trend, and the ground magnetic survey was conducted in ESE-WNW direction which is perpendicular to the trend of the termite mounds using Proton Precession Magnetometer. Totally, 99 samples were collected with 5 m sampling interval and 50 m profile interval over an area of 22 500 sq.m. The magnetic values varied from –7 363 nT to 898 nT with the mean of –331 nT. Processed map of reduction to Equator indicates the presence of NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE magnetic breaks. Analytical signal map designated the presence of magnetic low in the WNW-ESE direction which coincides spatially with the magnetic breaks. The magnetic profile lines have also brought to light the structurally weak zones. Causative body depth range was estimated using power spectrum and Euler method which are from 120 m to 40 m and <20 m to >100 m, respectively. The present study appreciably brings out the spatial relationship between the termite mounds and the hydro-fractures. This confirms the assertion with regard to termite mounds as an effective tool for groundwater exploration.     

地面磁梯度测量在勘查地下污水管道中的应用

利用在辽宁某地区实测的垂直磁梯度数据,采用欧拉反褶积方法对地下异常情况进行处理和解释。正演研究表明,理论计算获得的磁梯度比实测磁总场的灵敏度高,结合磁梯度数据和欧拉反演方法可以进行较为复杂地形的解释。通过将计算获得的磁梯度异常与实测磁梯度异常对比,后者对地质体的分辨率更高。对地面垂直磁梯度数据进行反演,结果表明:该方法能够准确地确定地下污水管道的边界和埋深。     

井地2.5维DC反演研究

开展了不同观测方式的井地2.5D直流电阻率反演研究。①从2.5维直流电阻率满足的边值问题出发,采用变分原理结合节点线性基函数推导了2.5维井地DC满足的积分弱解形式;②构建了二阶最大平滑稳定泛函的2.5维井地直流电阻率正则化目标函数,采用共轭梯度算法对正则化目标函数进行最优化求解,并采用逐步衰减正则化因子的求解策略来提高反演的稳定性;③设计了均匀半空间模型得到的数值解与解析解对比,电位的相对误差在2%以内,阐述正演算法的正确性和高精度。另外,分析了不同观测装置的2.5维井地直流电阻率异常体特征,并对不同观测方式对2.5维井地DC理论数据进行反演研究。研究结果表明,井中数据的引入提高了2.5DC对纵向探测的分辨率能力,同时提高了2.5DC反演有效性以及准确性。     

U-PVC贴砾滤水管井中二次成井技术

介绍了U-PVC塑料贴砾滤水管井中二次成井的几种方法;以大庆地区的试验为例,说明该技术的优越性。     

Structural features of South-Adamawa (Cameroon) inferred from magnetic anomalies: Hydrogeological implications

Structural directions of the southern part of the Adamawa plateau in Cameroon are highlighted by filters applied on the magnetic anomaly map. Determination of the magnitude maxima of (1) the horizontal gradient of the field reduced to the pole, and (2) the analytic signal, allowed a map to be produced showing various lineaments interpreted as the fault system of the studied area. In particular, the faults on the shaded relief map of the horizontal gradient magnitude suggest a slide to the left of the Foumban shear zone in the studied area. Interpretation of the observed anomaly along a profile directed SSE-NNW shows the presence of a magnetized body considered as an intrusion into the granitic basement of probably basaltic volcanic rocks, put in place during the reactivation of the Foumban shear zone. In addition, the observed correlation between the mapped structural directions, the sites of thermo-mineral springs and the hydrographical network shows that the results of this study will be helpful for further hydrogeological research in the studied area.     

气动潜孔锤钻进技术在黔东南岩溶地区 地源热泵勘探井中的应用

气动潜孔锤钻进技术用于地源热泵勘探井施工,在地质条件复杂的黔东南岩溶地区累计钻进568 m,不仅查明了拟建项目区地质体的地质条件和可钻性,而且通过钻进工艺的改变,成功地实施了一口测试井,确保了项目的顺利开展。文中分析了岩溶地区的钻遇问题,及时调整思路,结合钻井工艺的改变,并选择气动潜孔锤间接性跟管钻进技术,保证了钻进的连续性,取得的经验体会可供借鉴。     

Identification of suitable sites for groundwater recharge in Awaspi watershed using GIS and remote sensing techniques

Groundwater is a valuable natural resource for drinking, domestic, livestock use, and irrigation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions like the Garmiyan belt in Kurdistan region. The Awaspi watershed is located 50 km east of Kirkuk city, south Kurdistan, Iraq; and covers an area of 2146 km². The paper presents result of a study aimed at: (1) mapping and preparing thematic layers of factors that control groundwater recharge areas, and (2) determination of sites suitable for groundwater recharge. We used available data such as geological map, groundwater depth map, digital elevation model (DEM), Landsat 8 imagery, and tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) data for this study. These data, supplemented by slope features, lithology, land use land cover, rainfall, groundwater depth, drainage density, landform, lineament density, elevation and topographic position index, were utilized to create thematic maps to identify suitable areas of groundwater recharge, using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied to weight, rank, and reclassify these maps in the ArcGIS 10.3 environment, to determine the suitable sites for groundwater recharge within the Awaspi watershed. Fifty-five percent of the total area of the watershed was found to be suitable for groundwater recharge; whereas 45% of the area was determined to have poor suitability for groundwater recharge, but can be used for surface water harvesting.     

伴随数据同化法反演涌潮河口开边界

构造了非线性守恒型浅水方程的伴随方程,并给出无结构三角网格的开边界校正表达式,利用Godunov格式和Riemann间断解Roe通量格式的设计思想,建立了无结构三角网格有限体积法的伴随开边界反演模型。进行了概化涌潮河口和钱塘江涌潮河口M2分潮开边界反演的数值实验,经过同化得到开边界上振幅的平均误差分别为0.000 6 m和0.053 3 m,证实了本文构造有限体积伴随模型的可行性,也表明本模型能够适应间断解问题。     

Identification of groundwater potential in hard rock aquifer systems using Remote Sensing,GIS and Magnetic Survey in Veppanthattai,Perambalur, Tamilnadu

Water is an essential natural resource without which life wouldn’t exist. The study aims to identify groundwater potential areas in Vepapanthattai taluk of Perambalur district, Tamil Nadu, India, using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model. Remote sensing and magnetic parameters have been used to determine the evaluation indicators for groundwater occurrence under the ArcGIS environment. Groundwater occurrence is linked to structural porosity and permeability over the predominantly hard rock terrain, making magnetic data more relevant for locating groundwater potential zones in the research area. NE-SW and NW-SE trending magnetic breaks derived from reduction to pole map are found to be more significant for groundwater exploration. The lineaments rose diagram indicates the general trend of the fracture to be in the NE-SW direction. Assigned normalised criteria weights acquired using the AHP model was used to reclassify the thematic layers. As a result, the taluk’s low, moderate, and high potential zones cover 25.08%, 25.68% and 49.24% of the study area, respectively. The high potential zones exhibit characteristics favourable for groundwater infiltration and storage, with factors as gentle slope of <3°, high lineament densities, magnetic breaks, magnetic low zones as indicative of dykes and cracks, lithology as colluvial deposits and land surface with dense vegetation. The depth of the fracture zones was estimated using power spectrum and Euler Deconvolution method. The groundwater potential mapping results were validated using groundwater level data measured from the wells, which indicated that the groundwater potential zoning results are consistent with the data derived from the real world.     

跟管钻进在大口径页岩气井浅部复杂地层中的应用 ——以黔水地1井导管段为例

桂中-南盘江地区的浅部地层裂隙、溶洞发育,破碎带多,井漏、井垮严重,泥浆护壁钻进成孔难度较大。针对该类地层,首次将跟管钻进技术引入大口径页岩气井钻探——黔水地1井导管段钻探,有效地解决了该井导管段的成孔难等问题。并通过系统总结该技术在黔水地1井工程施工中的实际应用情况,为今后类似工程提供了宝贵经验和建议。     

煤层气井井身结构的地质适应性与优化方法——以黔西地区为例

结合黔西地区煤层群赋存的地质特点和钻井难点,从工程实际和储层保护出发,分析了现有煤层气参数井、预探井井身结构的地质适应性,划分出4种地层(含煤体)结构条件;提出了不同条件下设计与施工优化的4类8种配套井身结构变化形式,并对其优缺点和适用范围进行了分析评价,以期为复杂地质条件下煤层气探井的井身结构设计提供新的思路。     

邢台隆尧典型断层蠕滑型地裂缝成因初析

1966年邢台地震发生后,震中所在地隆尧地区多次发生规模较大的地裂缝现象,通过实地调查工作,在隆尧县南(经过震中所在地白家寨村)发现一条断续分布的长约17km的地裂缝,在局部伴有地层错动现象。通过地球物理勘探对华北平原地质构造及断层近期运动规律特征做了进一步调查,认为隆尧地裂缝的地层错断现象主要原因是由于断层蠕滑活动形成的,表现为地壳构造运动产生的内应力的积累与释放。另外,长期干旱和过量开采等自然及人类活动因素也会使地下水逐年下降引起地裂缝。     

Combining TEM/resistivity joint inversion and magnetic data for groundwater exploration: application to the northeastern part of Greater Cairo,Egypt

This paper presents the combination of two complementary methods, magnetic and joint inversion of resistivity/TEM data, as an effective approach to characterize groundwater reservoirs. Twenty stations of transient electromagnetic (TEM) and vertical electrical soundings (VES) were measured and interpreted using a joint inversion technique to evaluate the subsurface low resistivity zones connected to the groundwater reservoir. A complementary survey including 871 land magnetic stations was carried out at the same area to detect the upper surface of the basaltic sheet, which represents the bottom of the Miocene aquifer in the study area. The geological log from one borehole drilled in the zone was used to partially calibrate the calculated models. The results revealed that the study area consists of five different geological units with ages ranging from Paleogene (Oligocene) to Quaternary. The methodology provides good results at a very low cost when compared with drilling boreholes.     

页岩气地质调查皖含地1井施工工艺

皖含地1井是在和含巢逆冲推覆构造带中段巢湖背向斜构造带部署实施的一口地质调查井。目的在于获取巢湖-含山-无为地区奥陶系-志留系富有机质页岩的各类地质参数,为本区五峰组-高家边组页岩气资源潜力评价及有利区优选提供地质依据。本文主要阐述了皖含地1井的井区概况、钻探施工技术与施工工艺。施工中结合实际情况进行钻井质量控制,在钻进过程中合理调整钻进参数,有效控制钻井顶角,符合地质设计的目的。并对皖含地1井进行台效分析,为后期的钻探积累了经验。     

大口径绳索取心钻进工艺在页岩气地质调查川蔺参1井中的应用

为了获取参数井压裂设计的相关参数,需要对井眼进行阵列声波测井和微侧向电阻率测井,需要采取大直径岩心进行力学实验。采用固体岩心钻探取心工艺,钻孔口径难以达到物探测井仪器入井要求,岩心直径也不能满足实验要求,必须采用大口径取心工艺才能满足设计要求。同时,常规取心工艺难以满足页岩气勘探对岩心（页岩或者煤心）提升时间的要求,绳索取心工艺在这方面优势明显。本篇介绍了大口径绳索取心工艺在页岩气地质调查井川蔺参1井的成功应用,根据大口径绳索取心钻具的结构特点,结合目的层岩性特征,总结了合理的取心钻进工艺参数和技术保障措施,取得了较好的效果。     

木里地区水合物及岩性测井识别方法

木里地区由于断层、裂隙发育,以及多种岩性都存在天然气水合物,地质背景复杂,导致各种岩性的测井响应特征复杂,给天然气水合物及岩性识别带来一定的难度.本文通过分析多口井水合物及岩性的测井响应特征,利用直方图和交会图研究各种岩性在含天然气水合物或有水合物异常与不含天然气水合物时的测井响应的差异,找出对水合物反映敏感的测井参数,对该地区的水合物及岩性进行识别.然后综合利用对天然气水合物响应明显的自然伽马(GR)、电阻率(RT)、声波时差(AC)和补偿密度(DEN)等测井曲线,采用贝叶斯和BP神经网络两种方法识别岩性.识别结果与录井岩性吻合良好,准确识别出了含水合物地层的岩性,为木里地区寻找有利的天然气水合物储层提供了依据.     

软土虹吸排水完整井非稳定流模型及解析解

软土地基的处理一直是工程界的难题,大多数处理方式采用排出软土中水的措施。虹吸排水免动力,且操作简单,可以降低地下水。根据该技术的这些优点,可以将其应用于软土地基处理领域。为了得到虹吸排水作用下土体内部的水位及虹吸管内流量的变化,针对软土中地下水运动进行理论分析。基于Theis理论,针对潜水含水层完整井的轴对称井流微分方程,采用Boltzmann变换,推求得到虹吸过程中软土地基中的水位和流量的显式解析解,并进行室内物理模拟试验验证。结果表明,解析解与试验数据较吻合。与前人经典解析解进行对比,表明相对误差绝对值范围为0～15%,误差较小。推导得到的解析解相比经典解析解而言,计算更简单,更有利于工程应用。     

黄陵矿区香坊详查中地球物理测井方法的选取

黄陵矿区位于陕西省黄陵县境内,香坊详查区位于矿区深部。地球物理测井方法是本区详查阶段运用的主要地球物理勘探方法,如何有效地选取测井方法并确定解释原则显得尤为重要。本文详细地介绍了该区所布设的基准试验孔的情况,并对基准试验孔测井资料进行了综合分析研究。详细地阐述了根据基准孔确定的有效测井方法、煤层分层定厚原则、地层界面划分原则、测井工作的技术条件,为在本区开展有效的地球物理测井工作提供了充分依据和基础资料。实践证明这些选取原则对邻近井田开展地球物理测井工作具有很好的借鉴作用。     

Identification of influencing factors for groundwater quality variation using multivariate analysis

This paper reports the results of multivariate analysis on the major-ions data present in groundwater collected in a hydrogeochemical survey of a hard rock terrain in Andhra Pradesh, India. The use of factor analysis is proposed, as a first step, for identifying the processes influencing the hydrogeochemical variations in groundwater. As a result of the application factor analysis, three factors were obtained, which explained characterization of groundwater quality and identified the sources for the presence of ions and its variations in concentrations and their geochemical processes. The natural dissolution of existing rocks of granites and granitic gneisses is the common influencing source for its hydrogeochemical character in the study area, but at some localized zones, the human-influenced sources of agricultural, industrial and urbanization are the dominating factors. The spatial and seasonal variation of the hydrogeochemical processes associated with the factor variables in the groundwater quality of the study area were analysed and evaluated.     

Arsenic contamination of ground and pond water and water purification system using pond water in Bangladesh

This paper, firstly, shows the distribution of arsenic-contaminated groundwater in Samta village. This village, which is in Jessore district in Bangladesh, was chosen as a model village for investigating the mechanism of groundwater contamination. 90% of the tube wells in this village had arsenic concentrations above the Bangladesh standard of 0.05 mg/l. Tube wells with arsenic concentrations of over 0.50 mg/l were distributed in the southern part of the village with a belt-like shape from east to west. Secondly, groundwater distribution is discussed with respect to its flow and the high arsenic zone (As≥0.50 mg/l) agrees well with the drifting zone of the groundwater. Furthermore, arsenic-free water supply systems suitable for a small area in the village have been developed. A pond sand filter (PSF) system which purifies pond water is discussed in this paper. Prior to the construction of the PSF, the water quality in ponds was examined for arsenic levels. The inflow of drainage from the tube wells was found to be the major cause of arsenic contamination of pond water. The PSF installed in Samta is working very well and produces a good quality of treated water.