阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者自由基损伤与高血压的关系

目的：探讨超氧化物岐化酶SOD（superoxide dismutase）和丙二醛MDA（malondialdehyde）的改变与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并高血压患者的相关性。方法：分别用黄嘌呤氧化酶法和硫代巴比妥酸法分检测OSAHS患者和对照组的SOD和MDA水平，比较组间差异和OSAHS 患者与合并高血压的相关性。结果：伴和不伴高血压的OSAHS患者血清SOD降低，MDA升高。SOD/MDA比值在OSAHS合并高血压的患者中明显降低，OSAHS合并高血压患者血清中SOD/MDA的比值分别与呼吸暂停低通气指数、呼吸障碍最长时间负相关，与最低血氧饱和度呈正相关。结论：SOD/MDA的比例失调可能在OSAHS患者合并高血压的发病中起着重要作用。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压患者睡眠结构分析及血清内皮素-1的测定

目的　探讨内皮素 1(endothelin 1,ET 1)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome ,OSAHS)合并高血压发病中的作用。 方法　对 30例OSAHS合并高血压患者及 30例OSAHS血压正常患者的睡眠结构、呼吸暂停、低氧血症及唤醒程度进行分析 ,同时应用ET 1酶免疫测定试剂盒测定其血清中ET 1的含量。结果　OSAHS合并高血压组及OSAHS血压正常组与单纯鼾症对照组比较觉醒时间、浅睡眠 (1期 )明显增多 ,中度睡眠 (2期 )明显减少 (P <0 0 1) ;而OSAHS合并高血压组与OSAHS血压正常组比较无明显差异。OSAHS合并高血压与OSAHS血压正常组血清ET 1质量浓度 ( x±s,下同 )分别是 (4 2 5± 8 4 )和 (38 6±4 7)ng/L明显高于正常对照组 (33 1± 5 4 )ng/L(P <0 0 1) ;同时OSAHS合并高血压组与OSAHS血压正常组比较血清ET 1质量浓度也明显增高 (P <0 0 5 )。血清ET 1水平与AHI呈明显的正相关 (r =0 334,P <0 0 1) ,与最低血氧饱和度呈明显的负相关 (r =- 0 2 30 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　OSAHS患者存在着明显的睡眠结构紊乱 ,但合并高血压者并没有特异性改变。ET 1可能在OSAHS合并高血压的发病中起一定作用     

141例中年期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压患者的睡眠监测分析

目的分析中年期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS) 合并高血压患者的多导睡眠监测特点。方法对中年期OSAHS患者141例中并高血压者69例（高血压组）、血压正常者72例（对照组）,进行两组间多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)资料的比较。结果高血压组患者体块指数(body mass index,BMI)平均(30.67±3.46)kg/m2,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高血压组呼吸暂停低通气指数 (apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)平均(54.59±26.48),明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);高血压组最低血氧饱和度明显低于对照组(P＜0.05)。睡眠结构比较显示,高血压组和对照组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论中年期高血压OSAHS患者呼吸暂停指数及最低血氧饱和度明显重于血压正常OSAHS患者,但睡眠结构紊乱的程度基本接近。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者手术前后性功能变化

目的 探讨内皮素（ET）和一氧化氮(NO)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS) 合并性功能障碍发病中的作用。方法 对OSAHS合并性功能障碍者30例和OSAHS性功能正常者32例手术前后测评其性功能、多导睡眠监测指标、血浆ET和血清NO,同时取健康男性10例作对照。结果 1. OSAHS性功能障碍组和OSAHS性功能正常组的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、ET均高于健康对照组,最低血氧饱和度（SaO₂）、NO均低于健康对照组(P＜0.01）。OSAHS性功能障碍组的最低SaO₂、NO低于性功能正常组,AHI高于性功能正常组（P＜0.05）。两组ET差异无统计学意义（P＞s0.05）;2. OSAHS患者的国际勃起功能指数5（IIEF-5）与最低SaO₂和NO呈正相关,与AHI和ET呈负相关（P＜0.05）;3. OSAHS合并性功能障碍组手术后与手术前比较,AHI和ET均降低,IIEF-5、最低SaO₂和NO升高（P＜0.01）。结论手术治疗可以改善OSAHS合并性功能障碍患者的性功能。NO在OSAHS患者并发性功能障碍的过程中发挥一定作用。     

伴高血压的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的危险因素探索与分析

目的 回顾性分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)合并高血压患者的临床相关指标,以期发现此类患者的危险因素,为该类患者的治疗提供指导。方法 选取2017年1月—2021年12月行多导睡眠监测(PSG)的成人OSAHS患者共324例,其中伴高血压患者129例;采用Spearman秩相关系数和Logistic模型逐步回归对比分析呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO₂)、平均血氧饱和度(MSaO₂)、氧减指数、性别、年龄、病程、身高、体重、体质指数(BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史、糖尿病病史、尿酸、空腹血糖、糖化血清蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯、血常规、凝血功能在OSAHS伴高血压组和单纯组之间的差异及其和高血压发生的相关性。结果 相关性分析显示AHI、年龄、病程、糖尿病病史、中性粒细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数(NLR)、尿酸、血糖、糖化血清蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇、纤维蛋白原、体重、BMI与OSAHS伴高血压呈正相关(P<0.05),LSaO₂、MSaO₂、凝血...     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者快速眼动睡眠期呼吸紊乱的特点

目的 :研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (OSAHS)患者快速眼动睡眠期 (REM )呼吸暂停低通气的特点。方法 :复习 180例经多导睡眠仪确诊的OSAHS患者的睡眠监测结果 ,使用标准诊断指标睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数 (AHI)以及睡眠呼吸紊乱时间 (RIT)指数 ,对患者REM期和非快速眼动睡眠期 (N REM)呼吸紊乱的特点进行分析。结果 :轻度患者REM期AHI明显高于N REM期 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,中、重度患者差异无统计学意义。重度患者REM期LSaO2 明显低于N REM期 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :①OSAHS患者常随病情加重 ,出现REM期睡眠时间减少甚至消失 ;②REM期呼吸暂停低通气较N REM期严重 ,主要表现在呼吸暂停低通气时间延长 ,而AHI变化不明显 ;③与AHI比较 ,RIT指数与患者呼吸暂停低通气的严重程度更具相关性。     

便携式睡眠监测与多道睡眠监测相关性初步研究

目的 探讨便携式睡眠监测系统与实验室多道睡眠监测(PSG)的一致性及相关性,评估其诊断阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的价值.方法 采用PSG和便携式睡眠监测仪,对39例OSAHS疑似患者进行同步睡眠监测.比较两者的呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、呼吸暂停低通气次数(AH)、呼吸暂停指数(apnea inde...     

重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与高血压患者血管内皮功能和主动脉顺应性的相关性研究

目的　探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）与高血压患者血管内皮功能和主动脉顺应性的相关性。方法　选取经多导睡眠图监测确诊为重度OSAHS的患者103例,其中55例为单纯OSAHS组,48例为OSAHS合并高血压组,同时选取20例原发性高血压患者为单纯高血压组,20例健康查体人员为对照组,利用彩色多普勒超声检测肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张功能（f lowmediateddiameter,FMD）以评价血管内皮功能状态,利用超声心动图检测患者主动脉顺应性的改变。结果　OSAHS合并高血压组的FMD、主动脉张力和主动脉膨胀性指数水平明显低于正常对照组、单纯高血压组和单纯OSAHS组（P <0.05）;OSAHS合并高血压组的主动脉僵硬指数水平明显高于正常对照组、单纯高血压组和单纯OSAHS组（P <0.05）;Spearman相关系数分析OSAHS合并高血压患者FMD与主动脉僵硬指数呈正相关,与主动脉张力及主动脉膨胀指数呈负相关;OSAHS合并高血压组的FMD、主动脉张力、主动脉膨胀指数和主动脉僵硬指数与AHI呈正相关（P <0.05）,与LSaO2呈负相关（P <0.05）。结论　OSAHS与血管内皮功能失调和主动脉顺应性下降相关。合并高血压时,会显著影响血管内皮功能和主动脉顺应性。OSAHS严重程度与血管内皮功能减低和主动脉顺应性改变关系密切。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者认知功能损害的研究

目的 通过高级神经认知功能量表评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者的认知功能损害程度,并根据多导睡眠图(PSG)的监测结果分析OSAHS患者认知功能的受损情况。 方法 通过纳入55例OSAHS患者和27例正常对照组的PSG结果,并采集认知功能相关量表,以评估OSAHS患者认知受损情况及其与PSG相关参数之间的相关性,并分析与认知功能受损有关的PSG参数的最佳界值。 结果 (1)两组之间性别、年龄及受教育程度差异无明显统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)两组间呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、呼吸暂停指数、最长呼吸暂停时间、低通气指数、氧减指数(ODI)、夜间平均动脉血氧饱和度(MSaO₂)、夜间最低血氧饱和度(LSaO₂)、睡眠期间血氧饱和度低于90%的时间占总睡眠时间的百分比(TST<0.9)的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);(3)两组睡眠结构结果对照,可见总睡眠时间及睡眠结构的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(4)两组简易精神状态量表(MMSE)结果可见两组MMSE评分,及其中定向力的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(5)两组高级神经功能量表结果对照,可见两组间Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)、STOP Bang、逻辑记忆测验(LMT)及延迟回忆(LMT DR)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(6)高级神经认知功能量表与PSG有关参数的相关性结果显示AHI及呼吸暂停指数这两个参数与各高级神经功能量表间相关性最强;最长呼吸暂停时间、低通气指数、ODI、TST<0.9、MSaO₂和LSaO₂与各量表存在一定的相关性,而觉醒次数及鼾声指数则无明显相关性;(7)MMSE的筛查效度比较,结果显示ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.664,在界值为29.5时,约登指数最高,为0.32,此时MMSE量表灵敏度为76.4%,特异度为55.6%;(8)PSG参数的效度筛查结果显示,呼吸暂停指数的最佳界值为5.15,最长呼吸暂停时间的最佳界值为105 s,低通气指数的最佳界值为0.55,ODI的最佳界值为3.1,TST<0.9的最佳界值为0.27%,MSaO₂的最佳界值为96.5%,LSaO₂的最佳界值为81.5%。 结论 (1)OSAHS患者夜间存在反复呼吸暂停及低通气,引起低氧血症,进而导致认知功能障碍的发生;(2)OSAHS患者夜间总睡眠时间无明显减少,睡眠结构未见明显紊乱;(3)OSAHS患者认知功能存在不同程度的受损,且与疾病严重程度密切相关;(4)OSAHS患者认知功能中定向力、逻辑记忆及回忆能力方面受损明显;(5)呼吸暂停指数>5.15,和(或)最长呼吸暂停时间>105 s,和(或)低通气指数>0.55,和(或)ODI>3.1、和(或)TST<0.9>0.27%、和(或)MSaO₂<96.5%,和(或)LSaO₂<81.5%时,可以快速提示临床医生OSAHS患者可能存在的认知功能受损。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的血压昼夜节律研究

目的：探讨不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者代谢综合征（MS）的发生率及两者的相关性。方法：依据多导睡眠监测（PSG）结果，将52例OSAHS患者分为轻度、中度、重度3组，11例健康体检者作为正常对照。根据临床表现、血液生化指标、血压检查诊断代谢综合征，分析不同程度睡眠呼吸暂停患者代谢综合征的发生率。结果：体重指数（BMI）与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)呈显著正相关，中、重度OSAHS组的高血糖、高血压、血脂紊乱、代谢综合征的发生率均明显高于正常组（P＜0.05或0.01），轻度OSAHS组上述异常的发生率与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：睡眠呼吸暂停的程度与代谢综合征的发生呈正相关，MS患者是OSAHS的高危人群。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.