The kinematical mechanism for the perturbation of the rotational axis in the rotation of the elastic Earth

Kubo (Celest Mech Dyn Astron 110:143–168, 2011) investigated the kinematical structure of the perturbation in the rotation of the elastic Earth due to the deformation caused by the outer bodies. In that paper, while the mechanism for the perturbation of the figure axis was made clear, that for the rotational axis was not shown explicitly. In the present study, following the same method, the structure of the perturbation of the rotational axis is investigated. This perturbation consists of the direct perturbation and the convective perturbation. First the direct perturbation is shown to be (A − C)/A times as large as that of the figure axis, coinciding with the analytical expressions obtained in preceding studies by other authors. As for the convective perturbation, which appears only in the perturbation of the rotational axis but not in that of the figure axis, it is shown to be (A − C)/A times the angular separation between the original figure axis and the induced figure axis produced by the elastic deformation, A and C being the principal moments of inertia of the Earth. If the perturbing bodies are motionless, the conclusion of Kubo (Celest Mech Dyn Astron 105:261–274, 2009) holds strictly, i.e. the sum of the direct and the convective perturbations of the rotational axis coincides with the perturbation of the figure axis.     

国际地球自转服务(IERS)评介

回顾了建立国际地球自转服务(IERS)的历史过程,简述了IERS机构各部门的设置及其作用。着重介绍了IERS重建的理由和过程以及新IERS机构的组成。最后给出IERS成果对现有科学研究的作用和意义。     

地球自转动力学中的两个问题

介绍了地球自动力学中的两个目前正在研究的问题，1．Chandler摆动的随机激发，在分析Chandler摆动各种激发的可能性后，认为随机运动是最可能的激发源，在此基础,提出了一个Chandler摆动激发的动力学模型，并从理论和数值模拟两方面对此模型做了统计分析研究，描述了今后对此问题的研究思路，2．地球内部动力学是目前国际地球动力学界的一个热点研究课题，介绍了它的现状和最近的发展动态以及准备在这方面开展研究工作的打算。     

Influence of the Atmospheric Tides on the Earth Rotation

Spectral analysis of the components of the relative atmospheric angular momentum vector is performed based on the series of these components for the 6 h intervals within the period of 1958–2000. These series have been computed in the Subbureau of the Atmospheric Angular Momentum of the International Earth Rotation Service using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis of atmospheric observations. The basic harmonics of diurnal tides are determined. New results on the fortnight's and week's duration oscillations of the equatorial components of the atmospheric angular momentum are obtained. The zonal tides transformation mechanisms in the atmosphere are discussed. It is shown that the main mechanism of the zonal tides effect on the atmospheric variability is the amplitude modulation of daily oscillations of the relative atmospheric angular momentum. The effects of the atmospheric tides on the Earth rotation are discussed.     

A New Symbolic Processor for the Earth Rotation Theory

In this paper we present a new symbolic processor specially suited for the Earth rotation theory. This processor works with a more general kind of Poisson series called Kinoshita series, which has resulted to be very useful in the Earth rotation theory. Its structure is adapted for dealing with the more general analytical expressions that appear in the Earth rotation theory. This new algebraic processor has been successfully used for computing different contributions to the nutation series of the rigid Earth.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

地球自转变化的重力效应

极移对重力测量的影响在前人的研究和工作中已得到了充分的考虑并有不同形式的改正公式。但是由于地轴转动速率变化的重力效应的量级很小,且限于以前的测量精度以及资料处理方法, 因而常常被忽略。随着重力测量精度的提高以及资料处理方法的改进, 有必要重新讨论该项影响。本文从推导地球瞬时自转极运动对地面台站重力测量值影响的公式入手, 将地球自转角速率变化的重力效应和极移的重力效应分离开来, 并对它们的量级分别作了估计。本文着重讨论自转角速率变化对重力测量的影响。用 Ｉ Ｅ Ｒ Ｓ 的日长变化序列和极移序列分别具体地计算了１９８２ ～１９９６ 年期间对武汉的重力测量值的影响, 结果表明, 自转角速率变化对武汉地区重力值的影响最大可达０ ．２５ ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｌ（ｐｅａｋ －ｔｏ － ｐｅａｋ） , 这在高精度的绝对重力测量和相对重力测量中不应再被忽略     

地球自转长期变化非潮汐机制之一

地球自转的长期减慢一般归为日月潮汐摩擦,根据古代日月食的记载及珊瑚类生物生长线的研究,可估算地球自转变慢为每世纪２．４ｍｓ左右的日长变化．但是,潮汐摩擦并不是减速的唯一机制,还要考虑其它非潮汐因素．本文试图考虑太阳风和磁层的相互作用,分析地球磁层中的磁力线在背阳面,由于地球自转引起磁力线压缩与稀疏,产生附加磁压力而引起的力矩对地球自转长期变化的影响．结果表明：这一非潮汐变化机制引起的角加速度约为ω＝－１．６１×１０－２２ｒａｄ／ｓ．     

The Rotation of a Non-Rigid, Non-Symmetrical Earth I: Free Nutations

This work is the first of a series of papers in which the canonicaltheory of the rotation of the non-rigid Earth of Getino and Ferrandiz isextended to the case of the non-symmetrical Earth. Here, the freeHamiltonian for an Earth composed of a rigid mantle and a liquid corewith A B (A and B principal moments ofinertia) is developed and integrated, obtaining the complete analyticalsolution which includes the free frequencies, Chandler Wobble and Fluid CoreNutation, corresponding to the non-symmetrical Earth. We have evaluatednumerically the effect of the Earths equatorial non-symmetry on thefree nutations. Although the effects of the second order are negligeable,the changes in the normal mode periods (about 1 day) may be important.     

地球自转变化中的太阳物理效应

对太阳活动和太阳风影响地球自转的研究现状作了评述。首先了地球自转变化的表示和测定方法，引起地球自转变化的各种扰动源以及自转长期变化中的潮汐效应和非潮汐效应。然后对地球自转变化中的太阳活动周期调制，太阳耀斑可能引起地球自转突然减速以及太阳风能否影响地球自转等问题的国内外研究现状和结果、分析作了谰论性阐述，最后作了简要总结。     

Improved Estimation of Earth Rotation Parameters Using the Adaptive Ridge Regression

The multicollinearity among regression variables is a common phenomenon in the reduction of astronomical data. The phenomenon of multicollinearity and the diagnostic factors are introduced first. As a remedy, a new method, called adaptive ridge regression (ARR), which is an improved method of choosing the departure constant θ in ridge regression, is suggested and applied in a case that the Earth orientation parameters (EOP) are determined by lunar laser ranging (LLR). It is pointed out, via a diagnosis, the variance inflation factors (VIFs), that there exists serious multicollinearity among the regression variables. It is shown that the ARR method is effective in reducing the multicollinearity and makes the regression coefficients more stable than that of using ordinary least squares estimation (LS), especially when there is serious multicollinearity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Researches in China on the Effects of Tides on the Earth Rotation

In this paper the tidal phenomena on the Earth are concisely specified, including solid tides, ocean tides and atmospheric tides due to the luni-solar tide-generating force, and the Earth pole tide due to the motion of the Earth's rotation axis (polar motion); as well as their effects on the Earth rotation. The outcomes of scientific researches of Chinese astronomers on these topics are described in some detail. These researches deal with the mechanisms responsible for tidal effects on the earth rotation, and on the measurements of the Earth rotation parameters. Finally, the effects discovered by Chinese researchers on the measurements of the period and change in period of pulsars are discussed. These effects are very small in magnitude but not negligible.     

利用GPS观测资料解算地球自转参数

利用22个IGS（International GNSS Service）跟踪站（IGS05）的连续观测资料估算地球自转参数ERP（Earth rotation parameters）（地球自转参数在测绘和卫星导航中是一组关键的参数）,并与IGS地球定向参数EOP（Earth orientation parameters）（UTC 12：00：00）和IERS（International Earth Rotation Service）C04（UTC 00：00：00）同时刻的结果相比较。比较结果表明：与IGS EOP比较,极移在x方向差值的RMS为0.0214 mas,极移在y方向差值的RMS为0.0662 mas,UT1-UTC差值的RMS为0.0260 ms;与IERS C04比较,极移在x方向差值的RMS为0.0203 mas,极移在y方向差值的RMS为0.0354 mas,UT1-UTC差值的RMS为0.0016 ms。以上差别均在IERS C04精度范围之内,我们解算的地球自转参数结果是可信的。     

海洋角动量对地球自转变化的激发

介绍了海洋角动量模型的现状和发展,以及地球自转变化和海洋之间的关系的一些预研究成果．有关的预研究结果表明,海洋可能是地球自转变化的一个激发源,海洋和地球自转变化之间相互影响、相互作用．但两者之间的关系以及作用机制都有待深入研究。     

弹性地球各种几何轴和物理轴的定义

基于经典的弹性地球自转动力学理论,建立了极移和章动的联合动力学方程。由此给出了弹性地球各种几何轴和物理轴(Tisserand轴、自转轴、瞬时形状轴、角动量轴、CEP和CIP轴)的极移、岁差章动的动力学方程,明确了各种轴的定义及其之间的理论关系。理论研究表明,联合动力学方程要比经典动力学方程综合性强易于理解,可同时求解极移和章动,特别是在文[1]理论中出现的倾斜模(TOM),在此只是作为了一个特解而存在。     

Effects of the Triaxiality on the Rotation of Celestial Bodies: Application to the Earth,Mars and Eros

In this paper we discuss the influence of the triaxiality of a celestialbody on its free rotation, i.e. in absence of any external gravitationalperturbation. We compare the results obtained through two different analytical formalisms, one established from Andoyer variables by usingHamiltonian theory, the other one from Euler's variables by usingLagrangian equations. We also give a very accurate formulation of thepolar motion (polhody) in the case of a small amplitude of this motion.Then, we carry out a numerical integration of the problem, with aRunge–Kutta–Felberg algorithm, and for the two kinds of methods above, that we apply to three different celestial bodies considered as rigid : the Earth, Mars, and Eros. The reason of this choice is that each of this body corresponds to a more or less triaxial shape.In the case of the Earth and Mars we show the good agreement betweenanalytical and numerical determinations of the polar motion, and theamplitude of the effect related to the triaxial shape of the body, whichis far from being negligible, with some influence on the polhody of theorder of 10 cm for the Earth, and 1 m for Mars. In the case of Eros, weuse recent output data given by the NEAR probe, to determine in detailthe nature of its free rotational motion, characterized by the presence ofimportant oscillations for the Euler angles due to the particularly largetriaxial shape of the asteroid.     

Kinematical modeling of the Earth rotation,focusing on the Oppolzer terms in a rigid Earth and the Oppolzer-like terms in an elastic Earth

Under perturbations from outer bodies, the Earth experiences changes of its angular momentum axis, figure axis and rotational axis. In the theory of the rigid Earth, in addition to the precession and nutation of the angular momentum axis given by the Poisson terms, both the figure axis and the rotational axis suffer forced deviation from the angular momentum axis. This deviation is expressed by the so-called Oppolzer terms describing separation of the averaged figure axis, called CIP (Celestial Intermediate Pole) or CEP (Celestial Ephemeris Pole), and the mathematically defined rotational axis, from the angular momentum axis. The CIP is the rotational axis in a frame subject to both precession and nutation, while the mathematical rotational axis is that in the inertial (non-rotating) frame. We investigate, kinematically, the origin of the separation between these two axes—both for the rigid Earth and an elastic Earth. In the case of an elastic Earth perturbed by the same outer bodies, there appear further deviations of the figure and rotational axes from the angular momentum axis. These deviations, though similar to the Oppolzer terms in the rigid Earth, are produced by quite a different physical mechanism. Analysing this mechanism, we derive an expression for the Oppolzer-like terms in an elastic Earth. From this expression we demonstrate that, under a certain approximation (in neglect of the motion of the perturbing outer bodies), the sum of the direct and convective perturbations of the spin axis coincides with the direct perturbation of the figure axis. This equality, which is approximate, gets violated when the motion of the outer bodies is taken into account.     

The Rotation of a Non-Rigid, Non-Symmetrical Earth II: Free Nutations and Dissipative Effects

The study of the rotation of a non-rigid, non-symmetrical Earth with a heterogeneous and stratified liquid core was recently accomplished by González and Getino (1997) through the Hamiltonian formalism. In this work that model is extended by including the effect of the dissipation arising from the mantle–core interaction due to the viscous and electromagnetic coupling. A canonical transformation to a new set of non-singular variables is performed, in order to avoid small divisors in the system of equations. Numerical estimations of the effect of the dissipation are given in form of tables and graphics, and the significance of this effect is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大气角动量变化以及对地球自转季节变化的激发

利用日本气象局AMIPⅡ大气数值模式的输出结果，基于BP方法和SP方法计算了1979年至1996年大气角动量变化以及对地球自转季节变化激发的差异。利用最小二乘谐波拟合方法和气候平均图方法，分析了大气角动量的季节变化，并与同时期采用NCEP再分析资料和JMA客观分析资料计算的大气角动量进行比较。     

海潮模型的比较及海潮对地球自转变化的影响

近年来,由于卫星测高工作的开展,提供了丰富准确的观测资料,产生出许多新的海潮模型。这些海潮模型的相互比较为研究海洋的精细结构、海潮的动力学、地球动力学提供了依据。另一方面,由现代空间技术和新方法来监测地球自转中的高频变化研究领域也有长足的进展。用这些技术可检测出地球自转中的周日和半日变化,从而激发地球自转的变化。一般来说,海潮影响地球自转的高频变化有两种不同的激发机制。地球的惯性张量的变化即质量项     

海平面对大气压变化的响应及其对地球自转的影响

介绍了海平面对于大气压变化的响应（反变气压计响应）的理论现状及其今后发展方向,以及反变气压计响应对于地球自转激发函数的影响。有关研究成果表明,反变气压计响应的影响具有时域、频域性,且其随时空的变化比较明显,因此,详细研究其动态特征并应用于地球物理领域的前景广阔。