长期深静脉留置导管在血液透析患者中的应用

良好的血管通路是终末期肾衰竭患者得以长期透析并维持生存的重要条件。现在国内外透析中心均以动静脉内瘘作为血液透析首选的永久性血管通路，一般三年内瘘通畅率为70％左右，最长使用寿命可达10年以上。但随着血液透析患者生存时间的逐渐延长，透析龄超过5年患者已明显增多，再加上老年透析患者及糖尿病、高血压、肥胖患者的逐年增多，由于动脉管壁增厚、内膜分层、粥样硬化斑块附着、血液黏滞度高等原因，极易形成血栓使瘘管闭塞而丧失功能，     

留置导管长期血液透析的应用

目的 介绍长期留置血液透析（下称血透）导管的置入方法、透析效果以及并发症。方法 采取带皮下隧道长期留置导管置入术建立血透通路15例,观察其透析效果与并发症的发生情况。结果 15根长期留置血透导管共使用2820d,平均每根留置时间188d,其透析效果优于人造血管和临时性血透导管,但不及动静脉内瘘。长期留置血透导管常见的并发症为血流不畅和感染。经干预均可控制。结论 长期留置血透导管对于老年人、心功能不全或造瘘困难者是较好的选择,其透析效果较好,并发症较少。     

颈内静脉长期导管在血液透析中的效果评价

目的：探讨颈内静脉长期留置导管在血液透析中的应用效果.方法：选择我科2009年1月-2012年1月新入维持性血液透析患者80例,其中颈内静脉长期留置导管组40例,动静脉内瘘组40例,观察两组患者有效血流量（Qb）、尿素清除指数（KT/V）、尿素下降率（URR）及血红蛋白（Hb）、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、总蛋白（TP）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）等,同时记录两组患者1年内相关感染、血栓形成及其他并发症等情况.结果：两组患者透析过程中有效血流量（Qb）和透析后尿素清除指数（KT/V）、尿素氮下降率（URR）比较差异无统计学意义（P〈.05）,两组患者血红蛋白（Hb）、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、总蛋白（TP）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）比较差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）,导管组在感染和血栓形成等并发症显著高于内瘘组（P〈0.05）.结论：颈内静脉长期留置导管在血液透析充分性及患者营养状态的比较与自体动静脉内瘘患者一致,虽然长期并发症较内瘘组高,但仍可为维持性血液透析患者血管通路的良好补充形式.     

长期颈内静脉留置导管在血液透析中的护理体会

目的:通过对11例带Cuff涤纶环长期颈内静脉留置导管在血液透析中的观察和护理,探讨在使用过程中常出现的相关并发症和护理措施.方法:采用Seldinger技术穿刺颈内静脉,通过撕脱型外套送入导管.结果:经颈内静脉建立长期血管通路的11例患者,均未脱落,血流量可以满足200-300毫升/分,流速稳定.1例因反复感染控制无效拔管.1例因血栓形成后溶拴无效拔管.结论:成功的置管,严格地无菌操作,精心的护理是导管得以长期使用的关键.     

长期留置管在维持性血液透析患者的应用与随访

建立稳定、可靠的血管通路是患者进行血液透析（血透）的基本保证。临时性中心静脉插管简便、易于掌握，但保留时间短、并发症较多，对于需要长久留置导管的患者就不适应，因此，具有涤纶套的双腔留置导管就应运而生。文献检索国内至今仅见个别报道［１，２］。我们报告近２年多使用长期留置导管２７例及随访情况。 一、资料和方法 １．病例：我科从１９９８年１２月～２００１年１月，行永久性带涤纶套导管留置术２７例，男１３例，女１４例，年龄３０～８１ｌ岁（５８±１９）；这些患者大都做过多次内疹术、腹膜透析或人造血管搭桥，无法…     

长期颈内静脉双腔留置导管在血液透析中的护理

为分析颈内静脉留置双腔导管在血液透析过程中的应用、相关并发症的预防及处理，评价长期留置双腔导管的优缺点，2002年10月至2007年10月，我院血液透析中心应用颈内静脉双腔留置导管行血液透析病人共28例。介绍如下。     

长期血液透析患者动静脉内瘘的护理分析

血液透析患者需长期反复进行内瘘穿刺,易合并多项并发症。本研究对长期血透动静脉内瘘患者的护理进行探讨,为减少患者并发症的发生,提高临床疗效提供科学依据。     

下肢和上肢人工血管动静脉内瘘的临床应用效果比较

目的 比较血液透析患者下肢与上肢人工血管动静脉内瘘的术后通畅率、透析充分性及并发症的情况,为临床上建立下肢人工血管动静脉内瘘提供参考.方法 回顾性分析2015年4月至2020年4月在山东第一医科大学附属济南市中心医院肾脏病/血液净化科行下肢和上肢人工血管动静脉内瘘手术的47例患者的资料.结果 成功纳入患者47例(下肢1...     

11例带涤纶套长期静脉留置导管患者行血液透析的护理体会

目的观察带涤纶套长期静脉留置导管的护理、留置时间、并发症及其处理,延长导管的使用时间。方法观察11例留置带涤纶套的双腔导管进行维持性血液透析患者的护理情况,总结护理办法。结果 11例患者透析时血流量均能保证透析充分。结论良好的护理是延长导管使用寿命和防治并发症的必要条件。     

46.7%枸橼酸钠溶液在血液透析患者长期留置导管封管的应用

目的 观察46.7%枸橼酸钠溶液对血液透析患者长期留置导管封管的效果。 方法 选择尿毒症维持透析长期留置导管患者41例，随机分为枸橼酸试验组21例，肝素对照组20例。每次透析结束后试验组以46.7%枸橼酸钠溶液封管，对照组以肝素钠溶液封管，均连续使用6个月。记录用药前6个月及用药6个月导管功能及导管相关感染情况。在用药前和用药2、4及6个月末，抽取动、静脉端封管液进行细菌培养。测定患者用药前、用药后2周及6个月后透前血电解质。结果 试验组用药后导管功能不良率和导管感染率（1.6%、0.05次/人）均显著低于用药前（8.3%、0.035次/人）及对照组（7.5%、0.25次/人）（P均 < 0.05）。用药前后两组血电解质均无显著变化。试验组用药后2个月血细菌培养阳性率即开始下降，4个月后全部阴性。试验组28例次（1.93%）用药后出现口唇麻木症状，8例次给予钙剂静脉推注后缓解，余自行缓解。结论 46.7%枸橼酸钠溶液用于血透长期留置导管封管能提高导管通畅率和降低导管相关感染率，其不良反应少，操作方便，适合长期使用。     

血液透析患者动静脉内瘘成功的影响因素

目的　了解影响动静脉内瘘成功的因素。方法　 40例新建内瘘病例术中测动静脉管径、动脉血流量、吻合口口径、内瘘血流量及术前平均动脉压。其中 ,18例还进行多普勒超声检查 ,测量术前动静脉管径、动脉血流量及术后连续 6周随访内瘘血流量和管径。结果　通过单因素、多因素回归分析 ,平均动脉压、动脉血流量与术后短时间的内瘘血流量呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ;静脉管径与术后内瘘血流量呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。术后随访期内瘘血流量和管径随时间逐渐增加 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　低血压、静脉管径细会造成内瘘失败 ,术前动脉血流量达到 2 0ml/min术后可很快获得满意的血流量 ;吻合口口径在 8～ 10mm较为适宜 ;内瘘的使用尽量在 6周以后。     

维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘血栓影响因素观察

目的观察维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平及透析低血压发生率等指标是否影响自体动静脉内瘘(autogenous arteriovenous fistulas,AVF)血栓的发生。方法选择以自体AVF为血管通路的MHD患者92例,观察1年是否有过1次或1次以上的内瘘血栓栓塞事件,将其分为AVF血栓组和非AVF血栓组。比较2组患者的透析中低血压发生率、Hcy、CRP、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)、血浆白蛋白(albumin,Alb)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、红细胞比容(hematocrit value,Hct)、铁蛋白等1年内两次化验的平均值指标及透析时间,并进行相关危险因素分析。结果入选92例MHD患者的透析低血压发生率为19.6%(18/92),AVF血栓组和非AVF血栓组的透析低血压发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。92例MHD患者Hcy异常发生率为100%,但2组患者的血浆Hcy水平差异无统计学意义,2组患者的CRP和铁蛋白水平差异也无统计学意义。危险因素分析提示Hb和透析低血压是AVF血栓形成的危险因素,Hcy、CRP不是AVF血栓形成的危险因素。AVF血栓组的透析时间及Hct低于非AVF血栓组,其差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他白细胞、SCr、血小板、LDL、Alb等生化指标的差异无统计学意义。结论透析低血压、Hb都是MHD患者AVF血栓发生的危险因素,而Hcy、CRP等与AVF血栓的发生无相关性。     

颈外静脉切开置入带涤纶套中央静脉导管在特殊患者中的临床应用

目的 探讨颈外静脉切开置入带涤纶套中央静脉导管在特殊患者中的临床应用效果及评估其安全性.方法 将42慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CDK）5期并欲行带涤纶套中央静脉导管置入术的患者设为A组,以颈外静脉切开方法置管;同期选取36例已行右颈内静脉置入术的患者设为B组,置管方法为经皮穿刺右颈内静脉经撕脱鞘置入带涤纶套中央静脉导.观察术中、术后并发症.记录透析前后血肌酐、尿素氮变化以及透析中血流量、回血静脉压指标,计算尿素清除指数（Kt/V）值并比较.A组42例患者行颈外静脉切开置管患者根据原发病：糖尿病肾脏疾病、Ⅱ型心肾综合征进展至终末期肾脏疾病（end stage renal disease,ESRD）、慢性肾小球肾炎、强直性脊柱炎肾损害进展至终末期肾脏疾病、急性肾损伤,比较导管留存时间、导管中位留存时间.结果 2组患者Kt/V值均达标,血流量、回血静脉压无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,且透析前后血肌酐、尿素氮水平变化存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）.2组手术后未出现出血、血流量不佳导管相关性血流感染等并发症.A组中心肾综合征及急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）患者导管留存时间与糖尿病肾脏疾病相比存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）.结论 尽管带涤纶套中央静脉导管置入方法推荐首选经典撕脱鞘置管,该方法安全成功率高,术后并发症少,但是经颈外静脉切开置入带涤纶套中央静脉导管术式在特殊患者中的临床应用中手术安全,能够保证透析充分性,并发症少,临床值得推荐.     

Racial differences in utilization and outcomes of hemodialysis access in the Unites States

ObjectiveTo evaluate patterns of use and outcomes of arteriovenous fistulas and prosthetic grafts within racial categories in a large population based cohort of hemodialysis (HD) patients in the United States.MethodsA retrospective analysis of white, black, and Hispanic patients in the prospectively maintained United States Renal Database System who had an autogenous fistula or prosthetic graft placed for HD access between January 2007 and December 2014 was performed. Analysis of variance, χ², t-tests, Kaplan-Meier, log-rank tests, multivariable logistic, and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate maturation, patency, infection, and mortality.ResultsThis study of 359,942 patients, composed of 285,781 autogenous fistulas (79.4%) and 74,161 prosthetic grafts (20.6%) placed in 213,877 white (59.4%), 115,727 black (32.2%), and 30,338 Hispanic (8.4%) patients. There was a 11% increase in the risk-adjusted odds of HD catheter use as bridge to autogenous fistula placement in blacks (adjusted odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.14; P < .001) and a 9% increase in Hispanics (adjusted odds ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.14; P < .001) compared with whites. Fistula maturation for HD access for whites vs blacks vs Hispanics was 77.0% vs 76.3% vs 77.8% (P = .35). After adjusting for covariates, fistula maturation was higher for blacks (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.06-1.13; P < .001) and Hispanics (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.20; P < .001) compared with whites. There was no significant difference in prosthetic graft maturation for blacks and Hispanics compared with whites. Primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency were highest for Hispanic and least for black autogenous fistula recipients. Primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency was also highest for Hispanic patients who received prosthetic grafts. Prosthetic grafts were associated with a decrease in patency and patient survival compared with fistulas in all racial categories. Mortality was lower for blacks and Hispanics relative to white patients. Initiation of HD with a catheter and conversion to autogenous fistula was associated with decrease in patency and patient survival compared with initiation with a fistula in all racial groups.ConclusionsAutogenous fistulas are associated with better patency and patient survival compared with prosthetic grafts for all races studied. The use of HD catheter before fistula placement is more prevalent in Hispanic and black patients and is associated with worse patency and patient survival irrespective of race. Fistula and graft patency is highest for Hispanic patients. Patient survival is higher for Hispanic and black patients relative to whites. These associations suggest potential benefit with initiation of HD via autogenous fistula and minimizing temporizing catheter use, irrespective of race.     

Endoluminal dilatation technique to remove stuck hemodialysis tunneled catheter: A case report from Indonesia

BackgroundTunneled CVC is being increasingly used worldwide as a mean of vascular access for hemodialysis. Among these, one of the emerging complications is that of the “embedded” or stuck catheter. There have been registered cases of vasomotor collapse, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), avulsion of the vena cava, damage to the tricuspid valve having fatal consequences, and breakage of the CVC (Lodi et al., 2016).Case presentationA 63-year-old female with mature AV fistula came to the clinic for removal of a tunnelled 15 fr double lumen dialysis catheter (Medical Components, Harleysville, Pensylvania) that had been inserted into the left internal jugular vein 15 months prior to this visit. In the OR, our surgical attempt to remove the catheter failed. The first few dilation procedures were performed using 0.035-inch guidewire and balloon catheters. The technique was subsequently modified as follows. In this case we use a 6 × 60 mm Scoreflex balloon. Endoluminal dilation was repeated along the length of the catheter up to the cuff. Once the catheter has been removed, pressure was applied using sterile gauze to aid hemostasis. The procedure was successful without any observed complication.ConclusionEndoluminal dilatation technique is considered as the easiest and safest technique to remove hemodialysis catheter. Our case is the first stuck hemodialysis catheter reported in Indonesia and probably the first case that happen and treat with endoluminal dilatation technique in our country.     

维持性血液透析患者内瘘血流量与炎性反应状态的关系及对心血管病的影响

目的 探讨维持性血液透析(MHD)患者内瘘血流量与炎性反应状态的关系及其对心血管病(CVD)的影响.方法 30例以自体动静脉内瘘(AVF)为透析通路的MHD患者(MHD组)及12例健康体检者(对照组)入选本研究.Transonic HD 02透析监测仪监测内瘘血流量(Qa)和心输出量(C0).MHD组在监测Qa前取透前血标本,对照组标本来自我院健康体检人群.用免疫透射比浊法检测高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP);用流式细胞仪的液相蛋白定量技术检测炎性因子白细胞介素(IL)2、IL-6、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF).随访时间19个月,记录发病情况.结果 两组年龄及性别差异无统计学意义.MHD组透前IL-6、IL-10、TNF、hsCRP均显著高于对照组[2.38( 1.86 ～4.69)比1.14(0.27～1.18) ng/L,P＜0.01;1.47(1.19～2.10)比1.04 (0.00～1.23) ng/L,P＜0.01;1.33(1.05～1.56)比0.54(0.00～1.24) ng/L,P＜0.05;4.90( 1.58～7.45)比1.50( 0.63～1.90) mg/L,P=0.01].随访期间,6例(20.0％)患者至少发生1次心血管病.发生心血管病者Qa、IL-6、hsCRP均显著高于未发病者[(1120±192)比(893±189) ml/min,P＜0.05;4.86 (2.96～7.85)比2.20 (1.80～3.10) ng/L,P＜0.01;11.75(3.83～31.53)比4.45(1.05～6.68) mg/L,P＜0.05].二元Logistic回归分析显示,IL-6为CVD的独立危险因素(HR=1.943,95％CI:1.110～3.402,P=0.02).Spearman相关分析及线性回归分析显示,Qa与IL-6呈正相关(β=0.492,P＜0.01).路径分析结果显示,Qa通过IL-6对CVD有间接的显著影响.结论 IL-6是CVD发生的独立危险因素.Qa与IL-6呈正相关.Qa可通过影响MHD患者IL-6水平参与了CVD的发生.     

置管溶栓联合球囊成形术治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘闭塞

目的探讨置管溶栓联合球囊成形术治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘闭塞伴血管狭窄的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经超声及血管造影证实为动静脉内瘘血栓性闭塞伴血管狭窄患者46例,其中观察组23例,行置管溶栓联合球囊形术治疗,对照组23例,行经头静脉留置针溶栓治疗。观察组:术中对闭塞段行导管导丝穿通术、给予25万U尿激酶注溶栓,术后视血栓清除情况保留导管持续泵入尿激酶1~3天,每天50万U,对于血栓溶解后瘘道血管仍狭窄者联合囊成形术进行治疗;对照组:经头静脉留置针泵入尿激酶1~3天,每天50万U。观察治疗后动静脉内瘘闭塞的开通况。比较治疗前后的血管造影表现、透析时血流量等的变化。结果观察组23例动静脉内瘘闭塞患者中,2例于治疗即刻造影显示动静脉内瘘即恢复通畅,分别有10、3、2例于治疗后24、48及72h造影复查示血栓溶解,动静脉内瘘满足者血液透析的要求,1例狼疮肾患者于24h复查造影示术中开通的闭塞段再次闭塞,予再次球囊扩张治疗后透析道血恢复,对5例行再次造瘘。对照组23例患者中仅有5例于72h内内瘘开通,余18例均行再次造瘘。两组患者治疗后管开通情况的差异具有统计学意义(2χ=17.07,P0.001)。所有病例溶栓过程中均未出现肺栓塞及出血等严重并发症结论置管溶栓联合球囊成形术是治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘闭塞伴血管狭窄的微创、安全、有效的方法,尤其适用于血条件差,缺少再次造瘘血管的患者。     

动静脉内瘘对维持性血液透析患者左心室结构及功能的影响

目的：探讨动静脉内瘘对维持性血液透析（血透）患者左心室结构及功能的影响。方法：观察44例血透患者治疗前及治疗后12个月、24个月时的血红蛋白水平、透析间期体重增长量、血压、内瘘吻合口直径、血流量、左心室结构及功能等指标。第24个月根据患者内瘘血流量的大小分为低血流量组（A组＜900ml/min)及高血流量组（B组≥900ml/min)。结论：随血透时间的延长，左心室舒张末内径（LVDd)、室间隔厚度（IVST）及左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）逐渐增大，心胸比例提高，以血透治疗后24个月高血流量组（B组）显著，左心收缩及舒张功能以射血分数（EF）及舒张早期及晚期最大血流速度比（E／A）变化明显。A、B两组重度水钠潴留者的心胸比例、LVDd及LVMI高于同组的轻度水钠潴留者，E／A低于轻度水钠潴留者。相关分析提示，内瘘血流量与LVDd、LVMI呈明显正相关（均P＜0．05），与EF及E／A呈负相关（P＜0．05），而在左心室收缩末内径（LVDs)、短轴缩短率（FS）及等容舒张时间（IRF）无显著相关性。结论：较高的内瘘血流量与左心室结构及功能的变化有关，水钠潴留有协同作用。     

血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘功能丧失的治疗进展

自体动静脉内瘘(AVF)是维持性血液透析患者最常用的血管通路,其功能完好是血液透析顺利进行的保证。然而在透析过程中常因血栓形成、狭窄等原因导致内瘘丧失功能,如何保持AVF通畅成为临床亟需解决的问题。本文就AVF功能丧失的治疗进展进行综述。     

The relationship between arteriovenous fistula blood flow rate and pulmonary artery pressure in hemodialysis patients

Purpose Although there is an increased prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients, the relationship between arteriovenous (AV) fistula blood flow and pulmonary hemodynamics is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationshipship between blood flow rate of AV fistula and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in hemodialysis patients. Methods Thirty-two hemodialysis patients were included in this study. Within 1 h of completion of dialysis, blood flow rate of AV fistula and pulmonary hemodynamics were evaluated using Doppler sonography. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as mean PAP ≥25 mmHg at rest. Results Mean PAP, median blood flow rate of AV fistula, and mean cardiac index were 22.5 ± 10.0 mmHg (range 8–39), 978.0 ml/min (interquartile range 762.0–1,584.5) and 3,043.0 ± 694.3 ml/min per m² (range 1,251–4,140), respectively. Mean PAP has a relationship to cardiac index (r = 0.453, P = 0.014). However, there was no correlation between mean PAP and blood flow rate of AV fistula, hemoglobin, calcium-phosphorus (CaxP) product, and parathormone. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 43.7% of patients. Patients with pulmonary hypertension had significantly higher cardiac index (P = 0.036). Conclusions We found there was no direct relationship between blood flow rate of AV fistula and PAP. Other factors may play a role in the development of pulmonary hypertension.