Real-time flood forecasting of Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas

A combination of the rainfall-runoff module of the Xin’anjiang model, the Muskingum routing method, the water stage simulating hydrologic method, the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method, and the real-time error correction method is applied to the real-time flood forecasting and regulation of the Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas. The Xin’anjiang model is used to forecast the flood discharge hydrograph of the upstream and tributary. The flood routing of the main channel and flood diversion areas is based on the Muskingum method. The water stage of the downstream boundary condition is calculated with the water stage simulating hydrologic method and the water stages of each cross section are calculated from downstream to upstream with the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method. The input flood discharge hydrograph from the main channel to the flood diversion area is estimated with the fixed split ratio of the main channel discharge. The flood flow inside the flood retarding area is calculated as a reservoir with the water balance method. The faded-memory forgetting factor least square of error series is used as the real-time error correction method for forecasting discharge and water stage. As an example, the combined models were applied to flood forecasting and regulation of the upper reaches of the Huai River above Lutaizi during the 2007 flood season. The forecast achieves a high accuracy and the results show that the combined models provide a scientific way of flood forecasting and regulation for a complex watershed with flood diversion and retarding areas.     

Rating Curve Development at Ungauged River Sites using Variable Parameter Muskingum Discharge Routing Method

A physically based simplified discharge routing method, namely, the variable parameter Muskingum discharge-hydrograph (VPMD) routing method, having the capability of estimating the stage hydrographs simultaneously in channels with floodplains is presented herein. The upstream discharge hydrograph is routed using this VPMD method in different two-stage symmetrical trapezoidal compound cross section channel reaches. The performance of the VPMD method is evaluated by numerical experiments using the benchmark MIKE11 hydrodynamic model and the field data of the Tiber River in central Italy. The proposed method is capable of accurately routing the discharge hydrographs, corresponding stage hydrographs and synthesizing the normal rating curves at any downstream ungauged river site which is not affected by any downstream effects. This study can be helpful for various planning and management of river water resources in both the diagnostic and prognostic modes.     

淮河鲁台子以上流域洪水预报模型研究

本文以淮河鲁台子以上流域为例,采用分布式概念性水文模型,对王家坝以上流域及阜阳、蒋家集、横排头淮干支流进行降雨径流与洪水过程研究,同时进行参数率定。采用马斯京根法、马斯京根水位模拟法和扩散波非线性水位法,对淮河干流王家坝至鲁台子区间具有行蓄洪区流域洪水进行预报。预报模型在2007年的大洪水预报调度中得到了检验,取得了较高的精度。     

Investigation the Effect of Using Variable Values for the Parameters of the Linear Muskingum Method Using the Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO)

Flood routing is a technique to determine the flood hydrograph at a point of downstream where is of great importance and flood-induced risks can cause irreparable damages. Routing methods can be classified into two categories: hydraulic routing and hydrologic routing. Hydrologic methods are less accurate than hydraulic methods but they are widely used for engineering of rivers due to simplicity and being acceptable. Muskingum is a simple, widely used hydrologic method in the flood routing. In present study, accuracy of the linear Muskingum method has been evaluated using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm in a Karun River reach bounded to the Mollasani hydrometric station and Ahwaz station upstream and downstream of the river, respectively. The results suggest that if three distinct values rather than constant values are used for X, K, ?? parameters in the Muskingum method, the accuracy of computed outflow will be increased particularly in the peak section of hydrograph so that the Mean Relative Error (MRE) of the peak hydrograph section was 2.44% when constants were. However, in the case of using three different values for these parameters, the error value reached 0.89%.     

基于马斯京根法的嫩江江桥-大赉段洪水演算

针对嫩江江桥-大赉河段洪水演进不平衡问题,首先分析了1998年前后江桥和大赉两个水文站的径流变化规律;然后引入河道洪水演进损失系数,建立了基于分段马斯京根方法的江桥-大赉河段的洪水演算模型;最后利用1998年后洪水资料,采用粒子群优化算法率定了河道洪水演进参数和洪水演进损失系数,并分析了参数和损失系数的合理性。结果表明,由于受1998年大洪水的冲刷以及河道两岸冲毁的影响,嫩江江桥-大赉段河道洪水传播速度加快,同时在演进过程中洪水向河道外满溢,导致上下游水量不平衡。     

A Modified Muskingum Flow Routing Model for Flood Wave Propagation during River Ice Thawing-Breakup Period

During the period of river ice thawing and breakup process (termed as “ice cover thawing-breakup”), vast amount of water stored in ice-covered river reach will be released comparing to that under open flow condition. The flow routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period will be different from that under open flow condition, since water stored in and channel from ice thawing-breakup process and flow routing process are very complicated. If the flow routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period can be predicted, it will very important for flood protection in the downstream river reach. In present study, water released from ice cover thawing process is considered as the lateral inflow to the channel flow during propagation process of flood wave from upstream to downstream. A model for the flood routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period has been developed based on the Muskingum hydrologic method. Using the modified Muskingum model, the routed outflow hydrograph has been determined along the Baotou Reach of the Yellow River during river ice thawing-breakup period. Results showed that the simulated hydrographs using developed model agree well with those of field measurements.

     

Evaluation of three unit hydrograph models to predict the surface runoff from a Canadian watershed

The predictability of unit hydrograph (UH) models that are based on the concepts of land morphology and isochrones to generate direct runoff hydrograph (DRH) were evaluated in this paper. The intention of this study was to evaluate the models for accurate runoff prediction from ungauged watershed using the ArcGIS^® tool. Three models such as exponential distributed geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (ED-GIUH) model, GIUH based Clark model, and spatially distributed unit hydrograph (SDUH) model, were used to generate the DRHs for the St. Esprit watershed, Quebec, Canada. Predictability of these models was evaluated by comparing the generated DRHs versus the observed DRH at the watershed outlet. The model input data, including natural drainage network and Horton's morphological parameters (e.g. isochrone and instantaneous unit hydrograph), were prepared using a watershed morphological estimation tool (WMET) on ArcGIS^® platform. The isochrone feature class was generated in ArcGIS^® using the time of concentration concepts for overland and channel flow and the instantaneous unit hydrograph was generated using the Clark's reservoir routing and S-hydrograph methods. An accounting procedure was used to estimate UH and DRHs from rainfall events of the watershed. The variable slope method and phi-index method were used for base flow separation and rainfall excess estimation, respectively. It was revealed that the ED-GIUH models performed better for prediction of DRHs for short duration (≤6 h) storm events more accurately (prediction error as low as 4.6–22.8%) for the study watershed, than the GIUH and SDUH models. Thus, facilitated by using ArcGIS^®, the ED-GIUH model could be used as a potential tool to predict DRHs for ungauged watersheds that have similar geomorphology as that of the St. Esprit watershed.     

降雨径流模型在故县水库入库预报中的应用研究

根据故县水库入库控制站卢氏站及以上地区的水文资料,采用超渗产流与蓄满产流相结合的产流模式、纳希瞬时单位线单元汇流模型以及马斯京根多河段连续流量演算的河道汇流模型,研究探讨故县水库入库流量及水量的预报方法,并利用该模型在2011年9月洛河上游秋汛洪水期间进行了作业预报,取得了满意的结果,可作为故县水库调度的决策依据之一。     

复式河道一维洪水演进数值模拟

针对复式河道的特点,建立复式河道一维非恒定流数学模型,采用四点线性隐格式离散圣维南方程组,在动量方程中通过对主槽宽度进行修正,很好地解决了漫滩瞬间流量波动问题。通过2006年汛期调水调沙期间的实测资料对黄河下游白鹤—孙口河段洪水演进过程进行验证,结果表明,计算的洪峰变化过程比较符合实测情况,洪水传播时间的计算值与实测值基本吻合。     

A dam-breach erosion model: I. Formulation

This paper, Part I in a series of two, develops a mathematical model for earthern dam breach erosion. This model constitutes an extension of the Breach Erosion of Earthfill Dams (BEED) model developed by Singh and Scarlatos (1987). Two aspects are emphasized: the evolution of the dam breach, and the subsequent flood and sediment routing. Simulation of dam breach evolution is based on hydrologic, geometric and geotechnic considerations. Einstein-Brown and Bagnold equations are utilized to compute the rate of erosion in the breached section. A water routing scheme, based on a modified version of the Muskingum method to simulate flow exchange between channel and floodplains, is used to route the resulting breach hydrograph. A sediment routing scheme based on the Muskingum method, modified to simulate deposition in floodplains, and deposition and scouring in the channel, is utilized to route the breach sediment graph. In Part II, the model is tested against historical dam failures, and an analysis is made to determine its sensitivity to various parameters.     

融冰洪水演进的马斯京根模型

为解决参数率定过程复杂的问题,将河段内的融冰产生的流量视为河段下断面出流的一部分,构建出适用于文开河融冰时期洪水演进的马斯京根模型,并将优化算法应用到模型参数率定的过程中。以黄河宁蒙河段为例,采用试错法、非线性规划法和智能算法中的遗传算法这3种方法对所构建的模型参数进行率定。模拟结果表明:3种方法所模拟的出流过程线均合格;整体上,非线性规划法模拟的精度最高,其洪水的确定性系数D_c为0.980,过程平均相对误差RE为4.840%;而试错法模拟的洪峰流量更为准确,且冰期模拟精度高于无冰期。本研究为融冰洪水演进的模拟提供了一种新方法。     

HEC-HMS水文模型在流域洪水模拟中的应用——以山西石楼县义牒河流域为例

利用HEC-HMS水文模型及Arc GIS平台,对分辨率为30 m的DEM数据进行了预处理和数字流域的提取,并将义牒河流域划分为17个子流域,结合对应的土地利用及土壤类型数据,生成水文模型的基本计算单元,对该流域的降雨径流过程进行了模拟。由于研究区下垫面条件复杂,为了分析不同产汇流方法对洪水的影响,采用2种模拟方案。方案一产流计算选用初损稳渗法、径流计算选用运动波法、河道洪水演算选用马斯京根法;方案二产流计算选用SCS曲线法、径流计算选用SCS单位线法、河道洪水演算选用马斯京根法。结果显示:方案一洪峰合格率为88.9%,DC均值为0.773,洪峰出现时差为10 min;方案二的洪峰合格率为89.9%,DC均值为0.838,洪峰出现时差为8 min。从DC均值、洪峰数值、洪峰出现时差的角度说明该水文模型在义牒河流域的适用性较好。     

沭河流域洪水预报的产汇流组合方案优选

针对沂沭泗流域洪水预报问题,选择沭河流域重沟站洪水事件为研究对象,评估了两种产流方法和三种坡面汇流方法的不同组合下洪水模拟精度。 结果表明,CN 曲线数法是研究区最优的产流计算方法,斯奈德单位线和 SCS 单位线均适用于该流域的坡面汇流;CN 曲线数-斯奈德单位线组合是沭河流域最优的产汇流组合方案,洪水预报精度达到乙级以上。     

用分层马斯京根法作河道洪水演算

针对复式河道中用马斯京根法作洪水演算时,常出现洪水参数K、x值难以概化,整个过程线高、低水段很难拟合的情况,根据马斯京根法的基本原理.结合复式河道中漫滩部分水体的影响,提出了把整个入流过程按河槽形态的变化进行分层处理的分层马斯京根洪水演算方法。该法经在渭河临潼至华阴河段实际运用,其精度较传统马斯京根法有明显的提高。     

一维溃坝波在斜底坡河道中演进的解析解

应用特征线理论建立了一维瞬时全溃洪水在下游无水、斜底、梯形河道中演进的解析模型,结果显示Ritter解为本文模型在平坡底、矩形断面河道下的一个特解。依据导出的解析模型,对河道底坡的影响进行了分析计算,表明正坡会加速溃坝洪水的演进而逆坡有阻滞作用,而且这种底坡促流或阻流效应具有随时间增长的特点。     

Discussion of Muskingum method parameter X

The parameter X of the Muskingum method is a physical parameter that reflects the flood peak attenuation and hydrograph shape flattening of a diffusion wave in motion. In this paper, the historic process that hydrologists have undergone to find a physical explanation of this parameter is briefly discussed. Based on the fact that the Muskingum method is the second-order accuracy difference solution to the diffusion wave equation, its numerical stability condition is analyzed, and a conclusion is drawn： X ≤ 0.5 is the uniform condition satisfying the demands for its physical meaning and numerical stability. It is also pointed out that the methods that regard the sum of squares of differences between the calculated and observed discharges or stages as the objective function and the routing coefficients C0, C1 and C2 of the Muskingum method as the optimization parameters cannot guarantee the physical meaning of X.     

Generalized Storage Equations for Flood Routing with Nonlinear Muskingum Models

Water Resources Management - The nonlinear Muskingum model is a leading method for hydrologic routing. The efficiency of the nonlinear Muskingum model for routing of hydrograph outflow has been...     

Assessing Downstream Impacts of Detention Basins in Urbanized River Basins Using a Distributed Hydrological Model

It is widely recognized that urban development alters infiltration capacity and enhances its spatial variability, but also constrains watercourses into narrow channels making them unable to contain the runoff that is generated by relatively small, but intense, rainfall events. Network of detention basins are designed to reduce the flood peak by temporarily storing the excess storm water and then releasing the water volume at allowable rates over an extended period. This paper shows the use of a distributed hydrological model for the assessment of effectiveness of a network of detention facilities in a heavily urbanized river basin. The distributed hydrological model FEST was used to assess design hydrograph and, in parallel to design the seven detention basins optimized for the specific purpose of maintaining the flow rate within the range of the maximum allowable discharge. This permitted to estimate the design hydrograph considering both the spatial variability of soil infiltration capacity and routing characteristics induced by each detention basins along the main river. Results indicate that on-stream detention ponds can increase duration of the critical event and runoff volume of design flood with possible negative implications on downstream facilities.     

A coupled rainfall-runoff and runoff-routing model for adaptive real-time flood forecasting

This paper describes an adaptive hydrologic modelling technique for real-time flood forecasting. The modelling approach is based on a linear stochastic time-varying representation of the rainfall-runoff process and on the Muskingum routing method formulated as an optimal linear filtering problem. The most general stochastic rainfall-runoff model used for linear forecasting is known as the transfer function noise model. An on-line identification procedure based on an extension of the recursive Instrumental Variable estimator is discussed. The routing procedure, based on the Muskingum method, is written in a state-space representation. This allows real-time updating of the state and the system parameters by means of Kalman filtering. The described method is used to forecast extreme flood events for the River Ourthe (drainage basin: approx 3626 km²), one of the main tributaries of the River Meuse, Belgium. The method is compared with stationary modelling procedures and its superiority based on objective forecasting criteria is demonstrated.     

Design Flood Estimation Using GIS Supported GIUHApproach

Quantitative understanding and prediction of theprocesses of runoff generation and its transmission to theoutlet represent one of the most basic and challenging areasof hydrology. Traditional techniques for design floodestimation use historical rainfall-runoff data for unithydrograph derivation. Such techniques have been widelyapplied for the estimation of design flood hydrograph at thesites of gauged catchment. For ungauged catchments, unithydrograph may be derived using either regional unithydrograph approach or alternatively GeomorhologicalInstantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) approach. The unithydrograph thus derived may be used for the simulation offlood events for the ungauged catchments. In this study Gambhiri dam catchment located inRajasthan, India is selected for applying this approach. Gambhiri river is a small tributary of the Berach/Banasriver of the Chambal basin in Rajasthan, India. Theobjective of the present study is to apply GeographicalInformation System (GIS) supported GIUH approach for theestimation of design flood. A mathematical model has beendeveloped at the National Institute of Hydrology, whichenables the evaluation of the Clark Model parameters usinggeomorphological characteristics of the basin. This modelhas been applied for the present study.From this study it is observed that the peakcharacteristics of the design flood are more sensitive tothe various storm pattern as well as method of criticalsequencing followed for the computation of design stormpatterns. Earlier estimates for the peak and time to peakhydrograph was 9143.74 cumec and 18 hrs. respectively.However, the estimates for the peak characteristics ofdesign flood hydrograph obtained from the GIUH basedapproach are 11870.6 cumec and 19 hrs. respectivelyconsidering the same design storm pattern.