中国亚热带地区阔叶林植物的谱系地理历史

中国亚热带地区因丰富的植物物种多样性备受生物地理学研究关注,丰富的多样性与中新世以来的地质气候变化密切相关。谱系地理学已成为探讨植物分布模式和遗传格局受地质气候变化影响的主要手段。总结了该地区阔叶林植物对中新世以来地质气候变化的响应模式和种群分化的历史成因。在中新世和上新世时,由于全球变冷、青藏高原抬升和亚洲内陆干旱,阔叶林植物被迫向南退缩,形成不同的谱系。同时,亚洲季风的增强为遗传多样性的增加提供了良好的环境。在更新世冰期和间冰期时,大部分落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林植物在多个避难所间存在长期隔离,不同的避难所种群各自经历局部地区的收缩和扩张。长期的隔离使不同谱系间进一步分化,形成高水平的遗传多样性和遗传分化。少部分植物在冰期时向南退缩,并在间冰期时明显向北扩张。最后,就分化时间的准确估计和探究遗传格局背后的机制两方面展望了未来的研究趋势。     

基于线粒体基因和核基因的中华虎凤蝶指名亚种地理种群遗传分化分析

【目的】探讨中华虎凤蝶指名亚种Luehdorfia chinensis chinensis地理种群的遗传分化情况。【方法】采用PCR技术对中华虎凤蝶指名亚种5个地理种群60头个体的线粒体COI基因和3个非编码核基因(ITS2,Pgi-intron和Tpi-intron)片段进行扩增,利用MEGA, DnaSP和Arlequin软件对这5个地理种群的遗传变异、遗传多样性及遗传分化进行分析,并进行种群历史动态推断分析。【结果】中华虎凤蝶指名亚种地理种群线粒体基因COI和其他3个非编码核基因(ITS2,Pgi-intron和Tpi-intron)片段的碱基序列具有较强的AT偏好性。总群体的核苷酸多样性π=0.00686,平均核苷酸差异数K=18.289,总群体遗传多样性较高;地理种群间遗传分化程度较大(Fst=0.4910),基因交流(Nm=0.2600)不频繁。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,中华虎凤蝶指名亚种的遗传分化主要来自种群内部(52.79%); Mantel检验表明,地理种群间的地理距离与遗传距离是显著正相关关系(R=0.8519,P<0.05)。【结论】本研究检测的中华虎...     

基于线粒体基因序列的中国橙黄豆粉蝶遗传分化和谱系生物地理研究（英文）

【目的】分析中国橙黄豆粉蝶Colias fieldii种群遗传多样性和遗传分化情况及其系统发生关系,推测其起源及分化时间,并探讨其历史生物地理分布格局的成因。【方法】对2006-2018年采集的中国23个橙黄豆粉蝶地理种群的115头个体样品的4个线粒体基因(COI,Cytb,NDI和ND5)序列进行PCR扩增和测序;采用MEGA v.7.0, DnaSP v.5.0和Arlequin v.3.5.1等软件分析其遗传多样性和遗传分化情况;以其他近缘豆粉蝶种类作为外类群,采用IQ-TREE, MrBayes v.3.1.2, Network v.4.6和BEAST v.1.8.3等软件重建橙黄豆粉蝶的系统发生树和单倍型网络图,并使用宽松分子钟以及前人的时间标定推测橙黄豆粉蝶的起源和分化时间;结合现今橙黄豆粉蝶的生物地理分布特点和第四纪以来的地球环境背景,探讨其历史生物地理分布格局及成因。【结果】橙黄豆粉蝶种群4个线粒体基因(COI,Cytb,NDI和ND5)片段长度分别为648, 699, 393和777 bp,这4个基因的串联序列总长为2 517 bp,具有明显的AT偏倚特征。基于4个线...     

基于线粒体基因组控制区序列的中国冰清绢蝶遗传分化和谱系生物地理研究

【目的】分析中国冰清绢蝶Parnassius glacialis遗传多样性和遗传分化情况及其系统发生关系,推测其起源及分歧时间,并探讨其历史生物地理分布格局的成因。【方法】以2008-2016年采集于中国13个地区的冰清绢蝶的325头及绢蝶属其他11个种的11头个体样品,对其线粒体基因组的AT富集区(控制区)序列进行PCR扩增和序列测定,采用MEGA 6.0, Dna SP 5.1和Arlequin 3.5等软件分析其遗传多样性和遗传分化情况;以其他近缘绢蝶种类作为外类群,采用PhyML3.0, MrBayes 3.2和BEAST V1.8.3等软件重建冰清绢蝶的系统发生树,并利用宽松分子钟和校准方法推测中国冰清绢蝶的起源和分歧时间;同时结合现今冰清绢蝶的地理分布特点和第四纪以来的地球环境事件,分析其扩散路径,探讨其历史生物地理分布格局及成因。【结果】冰清绢蝶AT富集区序列长度介于487～495 bp之间,平均为491 bp,其长度的差异主要体现在Poly(T)或Poly(A)的数目差异,A+T平均含量为95.76%。供试冰清绢蝶13个地理居群325头个体中,共检测出基于线粒体基因组AT富集区序列的239个单倍型,单倍型多样性Hd为0.9971;核苷酸多态性指数π值为0.02948, Theta (per site)Eta值为0.06594。系统发生分析和分子定年显示,冰清绢蝶和白绢蝶P.stubbendorfii为近缘姊妹种,二者在距今7.52百万年(Ma)的中新世晚期开始分化。冰清绢蝶的祖先可能起源于我国西南地区(现今横断山脉-喜马拉雅附近的青藏高原东北缘)距今1.53 Ma的更新世时期,先由起源地先期扩散到达小陇山、秦岭一带;后来,由于第四纪的冰期-间冰期轮回事件和扩散路径的不同而分化出2大支系,但两个支系之间存在少量的单倍型相互混杂现象;随后,2大支系继续向低海拔、低纬度地区扩散,即通过伏牛山脉向东北方向扩散到嵩山、泰山、昆嵛山一带,经大别山系向东南方向扩散到琅琊山、紫金山和天目山一带。【结论】中国13个居群的冰清绢蝶没有形成明显的地理分化格局,其遗传变异主要来自居群内部,居群间的遗传分化现象尚不明显;冰清绢蝶起源于更新世时期的较高海拔地区,由于第四纪的冰期-间冰期轮回事件以及扩散路径的不同而形成2大支系并向中国东部和南部低海拔和低纬度地区扩散。     

基于线粒体COI基因的中国西南地区木领针蓟马地理种群的遗传分化分析

【目的】木领针蓟马Helionothrips mube近年来成为芋头Colocasia esculenta上的一种常见害虫。本研究旨在探讨其中国西南地区地理种群间的遗传变异。【方法】通过Sanger法测定了21个地理种群132头木领针蓟马的线粒体COI基因序列,利用MEGA, DnaSP, Arlequin和Network等软件对木领针蓟马种群间的遗传多样性、遗传分化、分子变异等进行分析。【结果】获得的木领针蓟马132条线粒体COI序列(643 bp)中共发现34个变异位点、16种单倍型,其中单倍型H1出现频率最高、分布最广。木领针蓟马总群体的遗传多样性较高(Hd=0.712, Pi=0.00413, K=2.655),遗传分化程度极大(Fst=0.3443),基因交流水平不高(Nm=0.96)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,木领针蓟马的遗传分化主要来自种群内部,Mantel检测出种群地理距离与遗传距离呈正相关。总群体中性检验Tajima’s D值显著负值,Fu’s Fs值不显著,错配分布曲线呈多峰。综合种群间遗传距离、单倍型系统发育树及中介网络图结果,表明四川成都(CHD)、云南昌宁(CHN)和贵州遵义(ZY)3个种群的遗传分化程度均高于其他种群。【结论】中国西南地区木领针蓟马总群体的遗传多样性较高,遗传分化明显,种群间的基因交流受到地理距离的影响,总群体在较近的历史时期内没有出现扩张现象。     

晚更新世气候波动及长江阻隔对小麂皖南种群和大别山种群遗传分化与基因流模式的影响

通过对皖南山区和大别山区的101 个小麂的线粒体D-loop 区770 bp序列的分析,探讨了两个种群的遗传多样性、有效种群大小、历史种群动态和种群间的基因流模式。在101 个D-loop 区序列中共发现34 个单倍型,其中24 个分布在皖南种群,10 个分布在大别山种群,种群间无共享单倍型。皖南种群线粒体遗传多样性(h =0. 952,π = 0.016 8)明显高于大别山种群(h =0.734,π = 0. 007 7),雌性有效种群(N_E = 146830)亦大于大别山(N_E =19840)。通过歧点分布分析表明在更新世第四间冰期,小麂皖南种群经历过一次大规模的种群扩张事件(在约15. 7 万年前)。基因流的分析结果显示皖南种群和大别山种群间存在着明显不对等的基因流(M_{W N→DB} =0. 36;M_{DB→W N} =75. 00)。这种不对称的基因流模式可能反映出在晚更新世冰期循环中,作为天然地理屏障的长江在盛冰期和间冰期对物种扩散的阻隔能力上的差异。     

基于线粒体COI、Cytb和COII基因的中国草地螟不同地理种群遗传分化分析

【目的】揭示中国草地螟Loxostege sticticalis不同地理种群的遗传分化程度。【方法】采用PCR技术扩增中国西北和华北地区草地螟11个地理种群的线粒体 COI, Cytb和COII基因序列,基于其序列变异及单倍型贝叶斯系统发育树和单倍型网络图分析,探讨不同地理种群间的遗传距离、分子系统发生关系及遗传分化程度。【结果】草地螟11个地理种群的线粒体 COI, Cytb和COII基因序列分别有24, 12和69个变异位点(分别占总序列的3.6%, 2.7%和8.8%),检测到的单倍型分别为22, 14和16个,单倍型多样度(Hd)分别为0.7600, 0.5842和0.7341,核苷酸平均差异度(K)分别为1.704, 0.752和3.997,不同单倍型间的遗传距离平均值分别为0.004, 0.005和0.013。总种群的Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs值皆不显著,表明草地螟不同地理种群间的遗传分化不明显,群体大小稳定。根据各地理种群的单倍型建立的系统发育树和单倍型网络图表明,各单倍型散布在不同的地理种群中,无明显的地理分布格局。【结论】草地螟各地理种群的遗传距离与地理距离间不具有显著的相关性,其遗传分化不明显。     

基于线粒体COⅠ、Cytb和COⅡ基因的中国草地螟不同地理种群遗传分化分析

【目的】揭示中国草地螟Loxostege sticticalis不同地理种群的遗传分化程度。【方法】采用PCR技术扩增中国西北和华北地区草地螟11个地理种群的线粒体COⅠ,Cytb和COⅡ基因序列,基于其序列变异及单倍型贝叶斯系统发育树和单倍型网络图分析,探讨不同地理种群间的遗传距离、分子系统发生关系及遗传分化程度。【结果】草地螟11个地理种群的线粒体COⅠ,Cytb和COⅡ基因序列分别有24, 12和69个变异位点(分别占总序列的3.6%, 2.7%和8.8%),检测到的单倍型分别为22, 14和16个,单倍型多样度(Hd)分别为0.7600, 0.5842和0.7341,核苷酸平均差异度(K)分别为1.704, 0.752和3.997,不同单倍型间的遗传距离平均值分别为0.004, 0.005和0.013。总种群的Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs值皆不显著,表明草地螟不同地理种群间的遗传分化不明显,群体大小稳定。根据各地理种群的单倍型建立的系统发育树和单倍型网络图表明,各单倍型散布在不同的地理种群中,无明显的地理分布格局。【结论】草地螟各地理种群的遗传距离与地理距离间不具有显著的相关性,其遗传分化不明显。     

容器形状和出口位置对台湾乳白蚁逃遁行为的影响(英文)

【目的】逃离危险对集群生活的动物来说是一项重要挑战。白蚁是真社会性昆虫,群体密度较大。因此,白蚁可能进化出了特殊的策略集体逃离危险情境。【方法】本研究比较了实验室条件下台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus工蚁在不同形状容器(没有出口的圆形和方形容器)的逃遁行为,并调查了在有出口的情况下,台湾乳白蚁工蚁从圆形容器边缘、方形容器直角处和方形容器直角边中间的撤离效 率。【结果】在没有出口的情况下,受惊的台湾乳白蚁立即移动到圆形或方形容器的边缘区域并沿着容器的壁移动。然而,在方形容器的直角处,逃遁的台湾乳白蚁工蚁形成明显的堵塞(直角附近的白蚁密度显著高于其他区域,而移动速度显著低于其他区域的白蚁)。当容器上有出口时,大部分台湾乳白蚁工蚁分散在容器边缘,因此在出口位置周围未发现明显的堵塞。有趣的是,台湾乳白蚁工蚁逃出有出口的圆形容器的时间与从出口在直角附近的方形容器的无显著差异,但其从出口在直角边中间的方形容器的逃出时间更长。【结论】研究结果表明容器形状与出口位置均对台湾乳白蚁工蚁的逃遁行为与撤离效率造成影响。此外,白蚁使用了特殊的策略来避免多见于其他群居动物(如人类、小鼠等)的“快即慢”效应。由于白蚁工蚁没有视觉,研究白蚁的逃遁策略可为人群如何高效撤离可视度较低的危险环境提供启示。     

Phylogeny of Cryptocercus species (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA

The wood-feeding cockroaches of the genus Cryptocercus occur in temperate forests. Of the seven known species, five occur in the United States and two in Eurasia. Until 1997, all populations in the United States were considered a single species. Populations in the western United States were elevated to a species status based on variation in DNA sequence and morphology. In 1999, three new species were described from the eastern United States based on variation in chromosome number and mitochondrial DNA, bringing the number of species in the United States to five. The objective of this study was to determine if the DNA sequence of nuclear rRNA also signals the existence of four species in the eastern United States and to compare the inferred relationships with those proposed based on mitochondrial sequences. We obtained the DNA sequence from a portion of the 5.8S and 28S rRNA genes and the entire ITS2 region from 38 individuals and 30 additional clones to assess intraindividual, intraspecific, and interspecific variation. We found extensive sequence variation among the various species and little or no intraindividual and intraspecific variation. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the existence of monophyletic lineages among the eastern United States samples, which largely corresponded to the four species previously described. The inferred relationships were well-supported by bootstrap analysis and decay indices. Although the nuclear rRNA sequences resulted in a coherent phylogenetic tree, the ITS2 region contained many insertions and deletions, which may introduce homoplasy and ambiguity in alignment as more taxa are added to the data set.     

Cockroaches of genus Muzoa: morphology of the male genital sclerites and description of one new species (Dictyoptera,Blattodea, Ectobiidae,Nyctiborinae)

The male genital sclerites of cockroaches of genus Muzoa Hebard 1921 are described for first time and the new species Muzoa curtalata sp. n. is described and ilustrated. A dichotomous key to identify the species of genus Muzoa is given.     

Uplift-driven diversification revealed by the historical biogeography of the cockroach Cryptocercus Scudder (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) in eastern Asia

Cryptocercus Scudder is a genus of wingless cockroaches, which spend their lives feeding within rotting wood in old-growth montane forests. Their dispersal capability is likely to be limited because they depend on the succession of temperate forests, but their distribution exhibits intercontinental disjunctions. Although the natural history and conservation biology of the North American species of the genus have received much attention, the evolution of the eastern Asian lineages remains enigmatic. To resolve the geographic patterns and evolutionary history of Cryptocercus in eastern Asia, we analysed genetic data of species from China (27 species), Korea (one species) and the Russian Far East (one species). We performed phylogenetic analyses of seven genes to infer the evolutionary relationships among species of Asian Cryptocercus. We then used Bayesian molecular dating to estimate the evolutionary timescale of the genus. Ancestral geographic distributions were reconstructed in rasp using statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis and statistical dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis. Our maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees supported four major lineages of Cryptocercus, revealing a clear geographical pattern. The divergence of American and Asian lineages was inferred to have occurred 74.8 Ma (95% credibility interval: 51.1–103.8 Ma), with the diversification of Asian taxa beginning at 30.7 Ma (95% credibility interval: 22.9–40.3 Ma). The most recent common ancestor of Asian Cryptocercus taxa was inferred to have had a broad distribution in Asia. The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Palaeogene and Neogene, along with climatic oscillations in the Quaternary, probably had substantial effects on the formation of the disjunction pattern in the Cryptocercus lineages found in the Hengduan Mountains and Qin-Daba Mountains of China. We propose that the distribution of Cryptocercus has been strongly influenced by habitat fragmentation and subsequent allopatric speciation.     

Rapid diversification of the cotton genus (Gossypium: Malvaceae) revealed by analysis of sixteen nuclear and chloroplast genes

Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have failed to resolve the branching order among the major cotton (Gossypium) lineages, and it has been unclear whether this reflects actual history (rapid radiation) or sampling properties of the genes evaluated. In this paper, we reconsider the phylogenetic relationships of diploid cotton genome groups using DNA sequences from 11 single-copy nuclear loci (10?293 base pairs [bp]), nuclear ribosomal DNA (695 bp), and four chloroplast loci (7370 bp). Results from individual loci and combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA partitions reveal that the cotton genome groups radiated in rapid succession following the formation of the genus. Maximum likelihood analysis of nuclear synonymous sites shows that this radiation occurred within a time span equivalent to 17% of the time since the separation of Gossypium from its nearest extant relatives in the genera Kokia and Gossypioides. Chloroplast and nuclear phylogenies differ significantly with respect to resolution of the basal divergence in the genus and to interrelationships among African cottons. This incongruence is due to limited character evolution in cpDNA and either previously unsuspected hybridization or unreliable phylogenetic performance of the cpDNA characters. This study highlights the necessity of using multiple, independent data sets for resolving phylogenetic relationships of rapidly diverged lineages.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of Periplaneta brunnea (Blattodea: Blattidae) and phylogenetic analyses within Blattodea

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Periplaneta brunnea was sequenced in this study and used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship of Blattodea. The circular mitogenome was 15,604?bp long and exhibited typical gene organization and order, consistent with other sequenced Periplaneta mitogenomes. The initiation codon of the P. brunnea COX1 gene was unusual in that no typical ATN or TTG start codon was found. The two longest intergenic spacer sequences found in the P. brunnea mitogenome were 21 and 17?bp long. Twenty-one base spacer had a 4?bp motif (TATT) between tRNA-Glu and tRNA-Met that conservatively displayed in 9 sequenced blattarian mitogenomes. The second spacer was between tRNA-Ser (UCN) and NAD1 containing a 7?bp motif (WACTTAA) that was highly conserved in 14 blattarian mitogenomes. The control region showed a relatively fixed motif present in 6 Blattidae mitogenomes, with a big stem-loop structure. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using site-homogeneous models based on 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) and two RNA genes. The trees derived from Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses and recovered a relatively stable relationship among major lineages except for the position of Polyphagidae and inter-family relationships of Blaberidae. Analyses supported the monophyly of Blattidae, Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Polyphagidae, Dictyoptera, and the paraphyly of Blattaria. We also found Mantodea was the sister clade to (Blattaria?+?Isoptera), being the basal position of Dictyoptera in all topologies. Meanwhile, our results also consistently supported that Isoptera should be clustered with Blattaria of Blattodea.     

中华真地鳖的断足再生

报道了中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker的断足再生特征。研究结果表明,不同虫龄期的若虫都有断足再生能力;足的不同部位断足后均能再生;断掉不同数量的足后,只要能成活均可再生。断足再生后,继续断掉再生足的原位或其他部位也可以再生。再生足的跗节均比正常的少一节,具有再生不完整性。断足后,只要经1～2次蜕皮,均可再生。断掉一对足的腿节后,再生足出现大小不一的现象,小的一般发育不全,断足数量多容易出现再生足发育不全。再生足比正常足要小,但生长速度要快,断掉足的腿节或跗节后的再生足经过2次蜕皮后基本可恢复到正常足大小。     

Interspecies introgressive hybridization in spiny frogs Quasipaa (Family Dicroglossidae) revealed by analyses on multiple mitochondrial and nuclear genes

Introgression may lead to discordant patterns of variation among loci and traits. For example, previous phylogeographic studies on the genus Quasipaa detected signs of genetic introgression from genetically and morphologically divergent Quasipaa shini or Quasipaa spinosa. In this study, we used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data to verify the widespread introgressive hybridization in the closely related species of the genus Quasipaa, evaluate the level of genetic diversity, and reveal the formation mechanism of introgressive hybridization. In Longsheng, Guangxi Province, signs of asymmetrical nuclear introgression were detected between Quasipaa boulengeri and Q. shini. Unidirectional mitochondrial introgression was revealed from Q. spinosa to Q. shini. By contrast, bidirectional mitochondrial gene introgression was detected between Q. spinosa and Q. shini in Lushan, Jiangxi Province. Our study also detected ancient hybridizations between a female Q. spinosa and a male Q. jiulongensis in Zhejiang Province. Analyses on mitochondrial and nuclear genes verified three candidate cryptic species in Q. spinosa, and a cryptic species may also exist in Q. boulengeri. However, no evidence of introgressive hybridization was found between Q. spinosa and Q. boulengeri. Quasipaa exilispinosa from all the sampling localities appeared to be deeply divergent from other communities. Our results suggest widespread introgressive hybridization in closely related species of Quasipaa and provide a fundamental basis for illumination of the forming mechanism of introgressive hybridization, classification of species, and biodiversity assessment in Quasipaa.     

Mitochondrial capture and incomplete lineage sorting in the diversification of balitorine loaches (Cypriniformes,Balitoridae) revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear genes

Tang, Q.‐Y., Liu, S.‐Q., Yu, D., Liu, H.‐Z. & Danley, P.D. (2012) Mitochondrial capture and incomplete lineage sorting in the diversification of balitorine loaches (Cypriniformes, Balitoridae) revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear genes. —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 233–247. Understanding the diversification of species is a central goal of evolutionary biological studies. One powerful tool to investigate the speciation process is molecular systematics. Here, we use molecular methods to investigate the evolution of balitorine loaches belonging to two genera, Lepturichthys and Jinshaia. Both genera contain only two species (Lepturichthys fimbriata, Lepturichthys dolichopterus and Jinshaia sinensis and Jinshaia abbreviata), all of which are endemic to China. These species share many morphological and ecological characters and exhibit overlapping distributions in the Upper Yangtze River. In this study, we used two mitochondrial genes (Cytb and COI) and one nuclear gene (RAG1) to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within and between these two genera. Phylogenetic analyses and network construction based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes consistently supported the monophyly of Jinshaia. In contrast, the mitochondrial and nuclear genes yielded conflicting results in Lepturichthys. The phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial sequences identify two distinct Lepturichthys lineages, Lepturichthys A and Lepturichthys B. Lepturichthys A includes most of L. fimbriata individuals from the Upper Yangtze River and is the sister group to all Jinshaia species. Lepturichthys B consists of the remaining L. fimbriata individuals from the Upper and Middle Yangtze River, and all L. dolichopterus individuals from the Minjiang River in Southeastern China. However, the analysis of the nuclear sequence indicates that the genus Lepturichthys is monophyletic and is only distantly related to Jinshaia. This incongruence suggests that introgressive hybridization might have occurred between L. fimbriata (Lepturichthys A) and Jinshaia species. As a result of this hybridization event, L. fimbriata captured the mitochondrial genome of the sympatric Jinshaia species. This capture event appears to have occurred at least 1.74 million years ago. Additionally, L. fimbriata appears to be paraphyletic; the nuclear data indicated that L. dolichopterus forms a monophyletic clade nested within L. fimbriata. Because L. dolichopterus and L. fimbriata are allopatric and hybridization may not be possible, we suggest that the observed paraphyly of L. fimbriata is a product of incomplete lineage sorting. In addition, the reciprocal monophyly of J. sinensis and J. abbreviata could not be resolved. This may be the result of interspecific hybridization as these species occur sympatrically. However, incomplete lineage sorting may have caused the observed topology of the Jinshaia species. The data presented here illustrate the complex evolutionary history of the balitorine loach species: intergeneric hybridization and interspecific hybridization have likely occurred in this lineage. In addition, possible incomplete lineage sorting may further obscure the evolutionary history of this group. The complex relationships of the balitorine loaches provide a rich evolutionary system to study the creation of sympatric and sister species.