唐山地震发震构造的浅层地震探测

利用浅层地震探测方法,研究了唐山地震区１年前出现在卫星图像上的异常现象与发震构造的关系,探讨地震中长期预测的途径。结果表明：唐山地震断层是一条倾向ＮＷ的右旋走滑第四纪同生断裂,它错断了全新统,晚更新统,中更新统,和早更新统地层。     

唐山震害与发震构造的关系

唐山震害与发震构造的关系关于唐山地震的地质背景以及发震构造，地震学者们从不同的角度做了不同的论述，已经揭示了唐山地震发震构造的总体面貌。本文只是根据唐山震害与发震构造的关系，谈一谈个人认识。１９９０－１９９２年，我们对唐山地震震害进行了较为全面的调查...     

由震源机制解推断唐山地震序列发震断层的分段特征

使用唐山地区2002年1月—2015年11月M_L≥2.5地震的255个震源机制解, 采用构造应力场均匀性的分段方法对唐山地震序列的发震断层进行分段． 在已有唐山地区震源机制解分区特征的基础上, 给出了5个参考应力张量, 并通过差异显著性的z值检验计算将唐山地震序列的发震断层分为宁河、 唐山、 滦县和卢龙等4个子段, 进而分别对4个子段的应力场进行反演． 结果显示: 4个子段的最大主压应力方向均呈近EW向, 且唐山、 宁河和卢龙子段的应力场均表现出较大的拉张分量; 唐山、 宁河子段的最佳应力张量与唐山主震对唐山断裂带两端点所产生的引张应力场的作用方式一致． 此外, 唐山子段的应力场符合基于接收函数给出的上地幔物质隆升模型, 滦县子段走滑型的应力状态反映了该区的共轭构造运动, 卢龙子段的最佳应力张量为正断兼右旋走滑． 从当前唐山地震序列发震断层分段的应力场特征可以推断, 现今唐山地区的地震活动具有继承性, 主要受区域构造应力场和该区深、 浅共存的断裂构造体系控制．      

唐山地震后发震断层和周围地区的地壳形变

介绍了设于唐山地震发震断层地表裂缝的形变台站，在地震后18年间观测到的断层形变．结果表明，发震断层的垂直和水平形变都集中在大震之后的7年之内；1983年是震后形变的转折期．大面积水准显示的形变与断层形变强度定性相符，目前呈现出不易于积累应力的松弛状态，近期不大可能发生较强地震．      

1988年耿马7.2级地震断层特征及其发震构造研究

1988年耿马7.2级地震形成长约18km的地震断层。本文阐述了该地震断层带几何特征、位移分布及力学性质,并讨论了其形成机制与发震构造。     

邢台地震的发震构造

近年来分辨力较高的地震反射剖面资料证实了邢台地区的缓倾角正断层的构造特征。震源机制解、地面形变和地壳构造都表明邢台地震的发震构造不是地质图上所标明的北东向正断层。本文认为应以地震断层面解作为确定发震构造的主要根据,邢台地震是由于中层地壳内的垂直薄弱带在区域构造应力作用下产生水平错动的结果。这个垂直薄弱带的形成与华北地壳的新生代拉伸变形与火成岩的侵入有直接关系。     

钻孔与探槽揭示1976年河北唐山Ms7.8地震发震构造晚第四纪强震活动特征

1976年发生在中国华北平原北部的唐山Ms7.8地震是中国东部近300年来发生的最大地震.该次地震发生之后,诸多学者报道了展布在唐山市南侧长约8～11 km的地震地表破裂带.     

应用化探方法研究断层活动性及发震构造

应用与断层活动有关的断层气资料研究断层的活动性,首先是要确定测区的背景值和异常下限,进而研究断层的活动性和分段特征,查找隐伏断裂及其产状,比较不同强震区断层气的异常值及峰值,判断潜在震源区的未来危险地段。重复测定活动断层的活动段以了解断层的动态变化,为预测断层的活动趋势与孕震关系提供依据。     

非发震断层的地震效应问题

本文采用二维动态有限元分析的方法，排除了影响宏观震害的其它因素，建立非发震断层的场地地震反应分析模型。计算中较全面地考虑了断层破碎带的尺度及带内岩土物理力学性能、断面产状、断层错距、覆盖层厚度、基岩起伏、输入波动力特性等一系列因素对地面峰值加速度及相对加速度反应谱的影响，并结合有关宏观震害资料从不同的角度对这些问题进行了初步的分析和探讨，认为非发震断层所表现出来的实际地震效应具有很大的随机性，其随机程度受控于断层自身要素的组合型式及各种外部条件。     

对1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震地表破裂带展布及位移特征的新认识

1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震发生之后,诸多资料报道了唐山市南侧展布的长8～11km的地震地表破裂带.该地表破裂带由10余条NE方向、具右旋走滑特征的地表破裂呈左阶形式组成,总体走向N30°E,最大右旋位移2.3m,多数地段的垂直位移为0.5 ～0.7m.近年有学者提出,在更大范围内出现的地表破坏现象.分辨这些地表破...     

新发现的唐山地震大断层

在对唐山地面塌陷的研究中发现了一条与唐山地震相关的大断层,该断层至少长90km,地面垂直错距3m,明显具有铲形正断层特点。该断层倾向NW,可分为南、北2段。南段的确定主要依据震后地面形变野外调查、水准形变资料、航片解译和石油地球物理勘探资料;北段的存在则有强烈线状喷沙冒水分布以及地震反射测深资料作为证据。唐山地震主震的余震大致分布在该断层地表出露迹线的NW侧,这种位置关系显示了新发现的断层对唐山地震的控制性     

帕米尔高原1895年塔什库尔干地震地表多段同震破裂与发震构造

基于高分辨率卫星影像解译,通过野外地质地貌填图与差分GPS测量,初步获得了帕米尔高原1895年塔什库尔干地震地表破裂带的空间展布、破裂类型、位移及分布等基本参数,据此估算了可能的地震震级,讨论了其宏观震中及发震构造模型.塔什库尔干地震使得慕士塔格正断层南段的部分和整个塔合曼正断层发生破裂,形成了长约27km的地震地表破...     

DISCUSSION ON THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE 2016 MENYUAN M6.4 EARTHQUAKE IN MENYUAN,QINGHAI

On January 21, 2016, a M6.4 earthquake occurred in Menyuan county, Qinghai Province. Its epicenter is located in the Qilian-Hexi Zoulang tectonic zone, which records several moderate-large historical earthquakes. Previous studies on this event are based on geology, remote sensing data and focal mechanism solutions, lacking analysis on its seismogenic structure. In order to study seismogenic fault plane and seismoteconic style of the earthquake, this work uses data of seismic intensity, aftershocks, and geology to address this issue. Furthermore, we calculate Coulomb stress changes imposed by the 1927 Gulang M8 and 1986 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake on the fault plane of the 2016 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake. The results indicate the early two events have posed distinct impacts on two nodal planes:loading or triggering on nodal plane Ⅰ, and unloading or delay on Ⅱ. In some cases such triggering stress is approaching or up to the threshold value of 0.01 MPa. Combining isoseismals, aftershock distribution, geological structure and different Coulomb stress changes aforementioned, the nodal plane Ⅱ of the source model is considered the seismogenic feature. In conjunction with geophysical data, we establish the seismogenic model of the Menyuan earthquake, which is a positive flower structure in a profile, gentle in the upper and steep in the lower, characterized by thrusting in a strike slipping fault system. This is a possible model for thrusting earthquakes generated by strike-slip faults in a compressional tectonic regime.     

台湾9.21集集地震考察兼论强震发震断层

1999年9月21日,台湾中部山麓带发生了M7.3的大地震,震源深度为8km,财产损失及人员伤亡是百年来台湾许多地震中损失及伤亡最大的1次,其震级也是台湾本岛陆上所发生的地震级别最大的。震源机制属低角度逆冲断层成因,余震在平面上围绕着北港高基底作半圆状分布,在垂向上,则分布在逆冲断层的上盘。与此相应,地面变形及上部结构物的破坏,以车笼埔发震断层上盘最为激烈,下盘几乎不受影响。此外,地震断裂的北端,水平位移量高达9.8m,垂直抬升达10m,比主震区要大;其地面加速度峰值,亦高达水平为502gal,垂直为519gal。这些特点表明,地震是受到地下深处侏罗型叠瓦状构造的控制。此外,3个诱发地震中心均受当地的地质构造与地貌条件的控制。文中还叙述了震害及工程结构物破坏的特点,尤其是水工结构物的震害     

唐山地震深浅构造关系研究

地表观察和浅层高分辨率地震探测表明 ,唐山断裂与地震地表主破裂带的位置、产状均一致 ,且具有高角度西倾的逆冲走滑性质 ,发生过右旋水平错动和向东逆冲的垂直活动 ,而次破裂带与褶皱构造活动引起的其他断裂直接相关。根据瞬变磁场和深地震探测结果分析 ,唐山地区存在莫霍面斜坡和地壳“背斜”、中地壳水平滑脱和扩展断裂、上地壳高角度逆冲走滑断裂和背向斜构造 ,它们组成 1幅多层次、多级序的复式逆断裂 -扩展背斜构造图像 ,控制了唐山地震的孕育和发生     

唐山地震的孕育与强震的增震作用

唐山地震的孕震构造是唐山菱形块体,在NEE向的区域应力场的作用下,最大剪应力集中在它的对角线上,正好与唐山断裂带相一致,因此成了唐山地震大破裂的始发点.唐山地震前兆演化过程中,有两个显著特点:在空间上有“震中→外围→震中+外围”的转移过程;在时间上有明显的阶段性,前兆异常频次的每一次加速都发生在外围强震发生之后,本文用强震的增、减震理论,推测外围强震的发生对唐山地震的孕育有强化作用,在一个大的区域,强地震的增、减震效应可以形成多个高应力集中区,这些高应力集中区多数都是未来发生强震的地区.     

唐山地震与海城地震之共性特征及有关问题的讨论

本文在前人研究的基础上，详细分析了１９７６年唐山７．８级地震与１９７５年海城７．３级地震的共性特征，认为它们可能是由同一种原因引起的，而且伴随地震而发生的各种现象是相互联系，同出一因的。本文还分析了一些有关的现象，论证了上述两次地震的发生可能是由垂直力引起的，地壳内岩浆上涌可以产生垂直作用力，认为这两次地震的发生可能是岩浆上涌的直接结果。     

公元前179年“齐楚地震”考证与发震构造讨论

对公元前179年(汉文帝前元元年)"齐楚地震"的基本参数一直有不同认识,属于疑难历史地震。在吸收西汉政区研究成果的基础上,深入分析了地震史料隐含的约束条件,对这次地震震中位置进行了考证。提出了以齐楚边界和国都连线为基点,结合史料给出的有关约束条件,综合确定震中位置的技术方案。同时,依据地震地质调查成果,从发震构造角度论证了震中位置的合理性。1)鉴于西汉时期政权更迭频繁,通过追踪西汉初期(尤其是汉文帝前元元年前后)齐、楚政区变化情况,尽力复原当时的行政区划和齐楚两国边界分布。2)认真分析史料记载的"齐楚地震,二十九山同日崩,大水溃出"所指示的地区范围,对比历史上其他震例造成的破坏现象的空间分布以及破坏程度,为震中位置和震级确定提供重要约束条件。经文献考证认为,这次地震可定为公元前179年6月6日平邑南(35.2°N,117.6°E)7级地震。3)结合卫星影像判读和野外地震地质调查资料,分析研究了"齐楚地震"所在地区的地质构造特点和活动断裂发育情况。在排除该地震事件属于郯庐断裂带地震事件后,通过对比分析郯庐断裂带西侧发育的各条NW向断裂的构造地貌以及剖面表现,认为苍尼断裂可能是"齐楚地震"的发震断裂。在震中附近,苍尼断裂控制着白彦断陷盆地的发育,也是断层地貌最为清楚的地方,断错的地层最新,断层运动量也最大。     

STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT AND DYNAMICS PARAME-TERS OF THE 2014 MS6.6 JINGGU EARTHQUAKE IN YUNNAN

On October 17, 2014, a M_S6.6 earthquake occurred in Jinggu, Yunnan. The epicenter was located in the western branch of Wuliang Mountain, the northwest extension line of Puwen Fault. There are 2 faults in the surrounding area, one is a sinistral strike-slip and the other is the dextral. Two faults have mutual intersection with conjugate joints property to form a checkerboard faulting structure. The structure of the area of the focal region is complex. The present-day tectonic movement is strong, and the aftershock distribution indicates the faulting surface trending NNW. There is no obvious surface rupture related to the known fault in the epicenter, and there is a certain distance from the surface of the Puwen fault zone. Regional seismic activity is strong. In 1941, there were two over magnitude 7.0 earthquakes in the south of the epicenter of Jinggu County and Mengzhe Town. In 1988, two mainshock-aftershock type earthquakes occurred in Canglan-Gengma Counties, the principal stress axes of the whole seismic area is in the direction of NNE. Geological method can be adopted to clarify the distribution of surficial fracture caused by active faults, and high-precision seismic positioning and spatial distribution characteristics of seismic sequences can contribute to understand deep seismogenic faults and geometric features. Thus, we can better analyze the three-dimensional spatial distribution characteristics of seismotectonics and the deep and shallow tectonic relationship. The focal mechanism reveals the property and faulting process to a certain extent, which can help us understand not only the active property of faults, but also the important basis for deep tectonic stress and seismogenic mechanism. In order to study the fault characteristic of the Jinggu earthquake, the stress field characteristics of the source area and the geometric parameters of the fault plane, this paper firstly uses the 15 days aftershock data of the Jingsuo M_S6.6 earthquake, to precisely locate the main shock and aftershock sequences using double-difference location method. The results show that the aftershock sequences have clustering characteristics along the NW direction, with a depth mainly of 5~15km. Based on the precise location, calculations are made to the focal mechanisms of a total of 46 earthquakes including the main shock and aftershocks with M_L ≥ 3.0 of the Jinggu earthquake. The double-couple(DC)component of the focal mechanism of the main shock shows that nodal plane Ⅰ:The strike is 239°, the dip 81°, and the rake -22°; nodal plane Ⅱ, the strike is 333°, the dip 68°, and the rake -170.31°. According to focal mechanism solutions, there are 42 earthquakes with a focal mechanism of strike-slip type, accounting for 91.3%. According to the distribution of the aftershock sequence, it can be inferred that the nodal plane Ⅱ is the seismogenic fault. The obtained focal mechanism is used to invert the stress field in the source region. The distribution of horizontal maximum principal stress orienation is concentrated. The main features of the regional tectonic stress field are under the NNE-SSW compression(P axis)and the NW-SE extension(T axis)and are also affected by NNW direction stress fields in the central region of Yunnan, which indicates that Jinggu earthquake fault, like Gengma earthquake, is a new NW-trending fault which is under domination of large-scale tectonic stress and effected by local tectonic stress environment. In order to define more accurately the occurrence of the fault plane of the Jinggu earthquake, with the precise location results and the stress field in the source region, the global optimal solution of the fault plane parameters and its error are obtained by using both global searching simulated annealing algorithm and local searching Gauss-Newton method. Since the parameters of the fault plane fitting process use the stress parameters obtained by the focal mechanism inversion, the data obtained by the fault plane fitting is more representative of the rupture plane, that is, the strike 332.75°, the dip 89.53°, and the rake -167.12°. The buried depth of the rupture plane is 2.746km, indicating that the source fault has not cut through the surface. Based on the stress field characteristics and the inversion results of the fault plane, it is preliminarily believed that the seismogenic structure of the Jinggu earthquake is a newly generated nearly vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault with normal component. The rupture plane length is about 17.2km, which does not extend to the Puwen fault zone. Jinggu earthquake occurred in Simao-Puer seismic region in the south of Sichuan-Yunnan plate. Its focal mechanism solution is similar to that of the three sub-events of the Gengma earthquake in November 1988. The seismogenic structure of both of them is NW-trending and the principal stress is NE-SW. The rupture plane of the Jinggu main shock(NW direction)is significantly different from the known near NS direction Lancang Fault and the near NE direction Jinggu Fault in the study area. It is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of this earthquake has a neogenetic feature.