“球磨+浮选”联合工艺处理罐底油泥的效果

针对罐底油泥水洗过程中存在的油相与固相分离难度大、回收的油分中含固率与含水率较高2个关键问题,研究了以"球磨+浮选"为核心的联合工艺的处理效果。对球磨和浮选工艺参数进行优化后,确定球磨段的最优处理条件为球磨温度45℃,液固比3∶1,球磨处理时间30 min,球磨药剂用量0.8%;浮选段的最优处理条件为浮选温度55℃、液固比4∶1、浮选时间35 min、浮选药剂用量0.6%。结果表明:在最优条件下,处理后罐底油泥的固体出料含油率可降低到0.8%,达到了SY/T 7301-2016中规定的处理处置要求;处理过程中得到的原油经过油品纯化后,含水率与含固率均低于0.5%,可在炼厂进行回收利用。以"球磨+浮选"为核心的联合工艺较好地解决了罐底油泥在水洗过程中暴露出来的2个问题,为罐底油泥的无害化、资源化处理提供了参考。     

含有机物铁泥的超临界水氧化法资源化

氨基染料生产过程中产生大量含有机物的铁泥,对环境造成严重污染并造成资源的极大浪费.利用超临界水氧化法对含有机物铁泥进行资源化处理研究,并对产物进行了X射线衍射分析(XRD)、色差实验与电子探针分析.研究结果显示,用超临界水氧化法处理铁泥可以将铁泥中所含的有机物完全氧化,真正实现环境友好;超临界水首先将铁泥氧化成α-Fe2O3与γ-Fe2O3,再经过800℃煅烧后可以作为氧化铁红颜料使用;超临界反应压力对样品的晶型与颜色影响不大.     

含有机物铁泥的超临界水氧化法资源化

氨基染料生产过程中产生大量含有机物的铁泥,对环境造成严重污染并造成资源的极大浪费.利用超临界水氧化法对含有机物铁泥进行资源化处理研究,并对产物进行了X射线衍射分析（XRD）、色差实验与电子探针分析.研究结果显示,用超临界水氧化法处理铁泥可以将铁泥中所含的有机物完全氧化,真正实现环境友好;超临界水首先将铁泥氧化成α-Fe2O3与γ-Fe2O3,再经过800℃煅烧后可以作为氧化铁红颜料使用;超临界反应压力对样品的晶型与颜色影响不大.     

硼泥的水热固化机理与抗压强度

为实现硼泥(boron mud,BM)的无害化处理与资源化利用,将硼泥在适当温度进行焙烧活化后,引入适量粉煤灰和水,在水热反应条件下固化为具有较高力学强度的块状制品,系统考察了焙烧条件、原料配比、水热反应温度与时间等工艺参数对硼泥固化体力学强度的影响规律。X射线衍射和扫描电镜形貌观察表明,高碱性水化硅酸镁即纤蛇纹石相的生成与聚集是硼泥固化强化的根本原因,相应适宜反应条件建议为:焙烧温度850℃、时间0.5 h;粉煤灰掺量按质量百分比计为40%,用水量则为15%;水热反应温度200℃、时间6 h。研究结果对硼泥、低品位菱镁矿、白云石等含镁固体废弃物的回收利用具有一定理论指导意义和应用价值。     

正交实验设计的电浮选方法净化含Cr(Ⅲ)污水的研究

选定电流密度i(A),浮选时间t(B),液位高度H(C),溶液pH(D),溶液电导率k(E)和表面活性剂SDS浓度CSDS(F)6个影响电浮选效率的因素,按照L27(313)正交表,用电浮选方法对处理含Cr(Ⅲ)污水进行了研究。得到最佳的实验室浮选条件为i=125 A/m2,t=30 min,H=0.73 m,pH=9.0,CSDS=1×10-4mol/L,在此条件下,出水含Cr(Ⅲ)浓度低于0.5 mg/L。实验结果方差分析表明,i和t是影响浮选效率的高度显著因素,且两者之间有显著的交互作用,表面活性剂SDS对浮选效率也表现出一定的影响。     

硫化沉淀法处理矿山酸性废水研究

对沉淀浮选机理进行了分析 ,讨论了选择性沉淀 浮选技术 ,论述了硫化沉淀浮选法不仅能处理矿山含重金属离子废水 ,同时还能回收其中的有用金属     

脉冲电强化微电解对铅锌浮选废水中锌和丁基黄药的去除

研究了脉冲电强化微电解流化床技术去除铅锌浮选废水中的锌及丁基黄药,考察不同溶液初始pH值和反应器中不同电流密度、脉冲周期及极板间距对模拟废水中锌和丁基黄药的去除效果,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射能谱仪(XRD)进行填料表面特征、物相和形态分析,并对废水中锌和丁基黄药的去除过程和降解途径进行探究。结果表明,在pH值为4、电流密度为20 m A·cm~(-2)、脉冲周期为2 s、极板间距为5 mm的最佳条件下,废水中锌和丁基黄药去除率分别达99.53%和99.03%。锌主要通过电催化还原沉积和铁羟基聚合物絮凝去除,而丁基黄药则被体系电催化原位生成的H_2O_2、羟基自由基氧化降解矿化,以及铁羟基聚合物絮凝去除。     

羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(V)的去除性能

采用无机羟基铝及阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对天然蒙脱石进行无机及复合改性。在吸附过程中研究了反应时间、投加量和pH等变量对吸附性能的影响,同时进行吸附动力学及吸附等温线研究,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式。采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光、傅里叶红外光谱等表征手段对未改性及改性蒙脱石进行性能表征。研究结果表明,羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(V)具有良好的吸附性能,在pH为4～10,初始砷浓度为2 mg/L,改性蒙脱石对As(V)的去除率接近99%。吸附机理主要为羟基铝表面络合吸附和静电吸附。     

羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(Ⅴ)的去除性能

采用无机羟基铝及阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对天然蒙脱石进行无机及复合改性.在吸附过程中研究了反应时间、投加量和pH等变量对吸附性能的影响,同时进行吸附动力学及吸附等温线研究,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式.采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光、傅里叶红外光谱等表征手段对未改性及改性蒙脱石进行性能表征.研究结果表明,羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(Ⅴ)具有良好的吸附性能,在pH为4～10,初始砷浓度为2 mg/L,改性蒙脱石对As(Ⅴ)的去除率接近99％.吸附机理主要为羟基铝表面络合吸附和静电吸附.     

硫化沉淀法处理矿山酸性废水研究

对沉淀浮选机理进行了分析，讨论了选择性沉淀一浮选技术，论述了硫化沉淀浮选法不仅能处理矿山含重金属离子废水，同时还能回收其中的有用金属。     

臭氧生物活性炭工艺处理某多金属硫化矿浮选废水的小试研究

某多金属硫化矿选矿厂浮选废水水量大,目前该厂对浮选废水的处理方法为尾矿库砂滤治理,但该方法存在效率低、周期长、回用影响选矿指标等众多弊端。为高效低成本的处理浮选废水,结合浮选废水的特点(低COD、难降解、高pH),开展了臭氧氧化-生物活性炭吸附工艺处理选矿废水的小试研究。选矿废水中各残留有机药剂及pH对浮选指标的影响研究表明,废水中残留有机药剂及pH对浮选指标均有不同程度的影响。臭氧氧化-生活活性炭吸附工艺处理选矿废水的小试研究表明,水力停留时间为4 h、反应器臭氧浓度为33.3 mg/L,可获得COD去除率57%、pH降低到8的废水处理效果。将处理后的废水回用于选矿,基本消除残留药剂及pH对浮选指标的影响。本研究提供了一种处理浮选废水的新思路,对臭氧生物活性炭工艺处理浮选废水的工业应用具备参考价值。     

Outdoor experiments on enhanced volatilization by venting of kerosene component from soil

The effect of soil properties on the retention of kerosene in soils, at equilibrium and under venting, was studied. Eleven soils were studied, which represent a wide range of chemical properties and mechanical composition. The retention of kerosene in dry soils ranges from 3.5 to 18.1 mL/(100 g), and was related linearly to clay, silt and organic matter (OM) contents. A coarsely-aggregated dry vertisol (2–5 mm aggregates) retained half as much kerosene as its finely-aggregated (<2 mm) counterpart. Moisture content had a strong inverse effect on kerosene retention. The soil factors that inversely affected kerosene retention also enhanced kerosene stripping by venting. Of these, soil aggregation and porosity were the most important. In addition, kerosene volatilized faster and more completely from an initially moist soil, as compared with an initially dry soil. Differential volatilization of lighter components of kerosene changed the chemical composition of the residue in the soil substantially, as compared with the initial composition.     

Soil pollution by petroleum products, III. Kerosene stability in soil columns as affected by volatilization

The stability of kerosene in soils as affected by volatization was determined in a laboratory column experiment by following the losses in the total concentration and the change in composition of the residuals in a dune sand, a loamy sand, and a silty loam soil during a 50-day period. Seven major compounds ranging between C₉ and C₁₅ were selected from a large variety of hydrocarbons forming kerosene and their presence in the remaining petroleum product was determined. The change in composition of kerosene during the experimental period was determined by gas chromatography and related to the seven major compounds selected. The experimental conditions — air-dairy soil and no subsequent addition of water—excluded both biodegradative and leaching. losses.The losses of kerosene in air-dried soil columns during the 50-day experimental period and the changes in the composition of the remaining residues due to volatilization are reported. The volatilization of all the components determined was greater from the dune sand and loamy sand soils than from the silty loam soil. It was assumed that the reason for this behavior was that the dune sand and the loamy sand soils contain a greater proportion of large pores (>4.5 μm) than the silty loam soil, even though the total porosity of the loamy sand and the silty loam is similar. In all the soils in the experiment, the components with a high carbon number formed the main fraction of the kerosene residues after 50 days of incubation.     

两相分配式生物反应器处理高盐废水中的苯酚

采用新型两相分配式生物反应器(TPPB)和前期研究得到的高效苯酚降解菌对高盐废水中苯酚的降解进行研究,研究中确定煤油为反应系统的最佳有机溶剂,并考察了废水苯酚含量、废水盐度以及搅拌器搅拌速度对苯酚降解的影响。结果表明,反应系统能正常降解苯酚含量为1 000～2 500 mg/L的高盐苯酚废水;反应系统在含盐量为100 g NaCl/L、搅拌速度为50 r/min的运行工况条件下,降解时间缩短为52 h,总酚去除率为20.58 mg/(L.h)。     

Development and application of biotechnologies in the metal mining industry

Metal mining faces a number of significant economic and environmental challenges in the twenty-first century for which established and emerging biotechnologies may, at least in part, provide the answers. Bioprocessing of mineral ores and concentrates is already used in variously engineered formats to extract base (e.g., copper, cobalt, and nickel) and precious (gold and silver) metals in mines throughout the world, though it remains a niche technology. However, current projections of an increasing future need to use low-grade primary metal ores, to reprocess mine wastes, and to develop in situ leaching technologies to extract metals from deep-buried ore bodies, all of which are economically more amenable to bioprocessing than conventional approaches (e.g., pyrometallurgy), would suggest that biomining will become more extensively utilized in the future. Recent research has also shown that bioleaching could be used to process a far wider range of metal ores (e.g., oxidized ores) than has previously been the case. Biotechnologies are also being developed to control mine-related pollution, including securing mine wastes (rocks and tailings) by using “ecological engineering” approaches, and also to remediate and recover metals from waste waters, such as acid mine drainage. This article reviews the current status of biotechnologies within the mining sector and considers how these may be developed and applied in future years.     

Bioremediation of kerosene I: A case study in liquid media

The ability of different local isolates in addition to some isolates from Germany to degrade kerosene in liquid medium was studied. The results showed that the percent of kerosene degradation varied among the different organisms and that 59–94% of kerosene was degraded after 21 d. Two local isolates (Pseudomonas sp. AP and Pseudomonas sp. CK) and one German isolate (Gordonia sp. DM) were selected for this study. The addition of wheat bran, as co-substrate, stimulated the kerosene degradation by the two local strains, while glucose inhibited the degradation rate using the three organisms with different rates. Ammonium nitrate and urea was the best nitrogen sources. The use of superphosphate (as phosphorus source) in the presence of urea stimulates the degradation rate. It was also observed that the addition of 1% surfactants, like Triton X-100, Igepal, Tergitol, or Tween 20 and 80 enhanced the kerosene degradation. The degradation percent lied between 94% and 98%. The ability of the tested organisms to degrade kerosene concentration from 2% to 8% was evaluated. It was found that the three organisms degraded about 65–85% from 8% kerosene after 21 d. The use of rice straw-immobilized cells reduced the time of degradation and enhanced the degradation ability of the organisms. The sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a common protein band when the tested organisms were grown on kerosene.     

选矿废水的回用处理研究与实践

铅锌矿泡沫浮选废水含有大量Pb2 + 离子和有机硫化物 ,经过混凝沉淀和活性炭吸附 ,去除其中的悬浮物、重金属离子和部分COD、降低其起泡性 ,然后回用生产。回用实践证明 ,选矿废水经过上述工艺处理后 ,其浮选选别指标与洁净水基本一致     

脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥料研究

对脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥的研究意义、反应原理、生产流程、环境安全性能以及施肥方法等进行了介绍和评估,并对其应用前景进行了展望。研究结果表明:利用脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥在理论上可行;生产出的产品中硫酸钾的含量达10.34%～12.0%,枸溶氧化钙19.06%～32.28%,枸溶二氧化硅10.98%～14.46%,枸溶氧化镁1.46%～1.82%。产品的pH值从原脱硫灰的10.65下降到9.60。重金属含量低于农用粉煤灰国家标准,生产过程中不会产生SO2等有害气体污染。肥料的生产成本低于350元/t,该肥料不但可以增加土壤中钾、钙、硅、镁和硫等中微量元素的含量,而且可以提高或改善农作物的产量和品质。达到变废为宝,促进循环经济发展之目的。     

Occurrence of free estrogens,conjugated estrogens,and bisphenol A in fresh livestock excreta and their removal by composting in North China

An efficient pretreatment and analytical method was developed to investigate the occurrence and fate of four free estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)), four conjugated estrogens (estrone-3-sulfate sodium salt (E1-3S), 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate sodium salt (E2-3S), estrone-3-glucuronide sodium salt (E1-3G), and 17β-estradiol-3-glucuronide sodium salt (E2-3G)), and bisphenol A (BPA) in three livestock farms raising beef cattle, cows, sheep, swine, and chickens in Qi County, which is located in North China. The results demonstrated that one cow and one beef cattle excreted 956.25–1,270.41 and 244.38–319.99 μg/day of total (free and conjugated) estrogen, respectively, primarily through feces (greater than 91 %), while swine excreted 260.09–289.99 μg/day of estrogens, primarily through urine (98–99 %). The total estrogen excreted in sheep and broiler chicken feces was calculated to be 21.64–28.67 and 4.62–5.40 μg/day, respectively. It was determined that conjugated estrogens contributed to 21.1–21.9 % of the total estrogen excreted in cow feces and more than 98 % of the total estrogen excreted in swine urine. After composting, the concentration of total estrogen decreased by 18.7–59.6 %; however, increased levels of BPA were measured. In treated compost samples, estrogens were detected at concentrations up to 74.0 ng/g, which indicates a potential risk of estrogens entering the surrounding environment.     

高碱度钢渣添加铁尾矿消解f-CaO的机理研究

高碱度钢渣掺唐山石人沟铁尾矿重构,两者在高温环境下熔融反应消解高碱度钢渣中f-CaO。采用正交实验法设计实验方案,考察了铁尾矿掺入量(分别为3%、5%和9%)、反应温度(分别为1 500℃,1 550℃和1 580℃)及恒温反应时间(分别为10 min、20 min和30 min)对消解高碱度钢渣中f-CaO的效果。实验结果表明,铁尾矿能有效消解钢渣中f-CaO,重构渣中f-CaO含量平均值为1.17%,消解率为76.27%。且由正交方法测出了铁尾矿掺入量对f-CaO的消解影响较大,极差值为0.41%;反应温度次之,极差值为0.32%;恒温反应时间影响较小,极差值为0.06%。利用X射线衍射方法测定重构渣中矿物组成,主要为磁铁矿、钙镁橄榄石、硅酸二钙、硅酸三钙、镁铁尖晶石、铁酸钙及铁铝酸钙。