用于正电子断层扫描成像的68Ga标记PM2.5模拟粒子的制备及其活体示踪

将黑色素纳米颗粒(melanin nanoparticle,MNP)经聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)修饰制备得到PEG-MNP,随后通过与放射性的⁶⁸Ga³⁺离子螯合,高标记产率地制备得到⁶⁸Ga-PEG-MNP,标记产物稳定性良好。进一步将⁶⁸Ga-PEG-MNP通过雾化方式制备得到⁶⁸Ga-PEG-MNP PM_2.5(particulate matter 2.5,size<2.5μm)模拟颗粒,其经雾化小鼠吸入体内后,通过正电子断层扫描(positron emission tomography,PET)成像对小鼠进行全身显影,结果可见雾化的⁶⁸Ga-PEG-MNP PM_2.5模拟颗粒可由气管向肺部双叶区域扩散,并滞留于肺。体内的PET成像结果与离体放射自显影结果高度一致。     

111In-CCPM-RGD纳米粒子的合成及其双模态分子显像研究

本研究以具有优良生物学性能的近红外核交联聚合胶束纳米粒子（NIRF-CCPM）为载体,将具有肿瘤靶向性的多肽RGD（精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸）与该纳米粒子偶联,并通过放射性核素¹¹¹In进行标记,放射性标记过程中,标记率96%,放化纯度大于99%. ¹¹¹In-CCPM-RGD分子探针表现出良好的放射标记/光学性质. 体外稳定性研究表明,25 ℃条件下其在5%小牛血清缓冲液中静置72 h,依然保持有90%的稳定性. 同时采用核医学/光学显像两种影像手段评价了该双模态分子探针在U87肿瘤模型裸鼠体内的代谢情况：在静脉注射11.1 MBq ¹¹¹In-CCPM-RGD纳米粒子24 h、72 h进行SPECT/CT的显像,其在肿瘤部位表现出特异性的浓集. 同时,其在NIRF的显像中表明相应肿瘤区域出现特异性富集. ¹¹¹In-CCPM-RGD纳米粒子的设计、合成及初步生物学评价说明其同时兼具光学和核医学显像功能,是性能优良的新型双模态纳米分子探针,能够帮助提高肿瘤的诊断效能,为建立光学/核医学用于肿瘤靶向双模式成像奠定理论基础.     

一种caspase-3靶向激活型PET分子探针的制备与表征

诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡是多种肿瘤治疗方案的作用机制之一，因此检测肿瘤细胞是否产生凋亡已成为评价肿瘤治疗疗效的一种重要指标。以caspase-3为靶点设计凋亡靶向特异性探针，通过对其表达水平进行监测可以及时评估肿瘤疗效。本研究报道了一种靶向caspase-3的正电子发射断层显像(PET)探针[¹⁸F]8。采用简便的固相合成法和点击缩合法合成多肽和前体8,利用¹⁸F-¹⁹F氟离子交换法进行放射性核素氟-18标记，得到放射化学产率16%和放射化学纯度95%的探针[¹⁸F]8。探针[¹⁸F]8在PBS和小鼠血清中具有较好的稳定性，脂水分配系数Log P为-1.69±0.01,表明探针亲水性较好。高效的合成方法以及良好的理化性质为探针应用于肿瘤凋亡模型的PET成像研究奠定了良好的基础。     

两亲性双硫键双菁染料的合成及谷胱甘肽响应荧光性质研究

菁染料具有优秀的光学性质,常用于肿瘤组织的实时可视化荧光成像。但普通菁染料成像背景较高,对肿瘤组织的靶向能力差。将菁染料自组装成纳米粒子可使染料形成聚集并实现荧光淬灭（聚集淬灭效应）,降低其在普通组织的成像背景;同时,纳米粒子的高渗透长滞留效应（EPR效应）可提高染料对肿瘤组织的靶向能力。本文设计合成了一种双硫键双菁染料（SO₃Cy7-ss-Cy7.5）,该染料由于两亲性的特性易在水溶液中自组装成纳米粒子,荧光淬灭高达92%;当纳米粒子与谷胱甘肽（GSH）响应后,淬灭的荧光逐渐恢复,最终实现16倍的荧光强度增强。因此,该双菁染料具有良好的肿瘤组织高分辨成像潜力。      

加速器生产医用同位素211At及单抗标记

²¹¹At, 半衰期7.2 h, 发射的α粒子具有很高的线性传能密度, 是一种理想的靶向α治疗核素. 利用中国科学院近代物理研究所强流超导直线加速器提供的α束流辐照Bi靶生产²¹¹At, 系统考察了加速器生产²¹¹At的整个流程, 包括加速器辐照、干蒸馏分离、质量分析以及单抗标记. 研究结果表明, 干蒸馏分离²¹¹At的总收率最高达78.53%, 获得的固体²¹¹At产品具有极高的比活度、核纯度以及化学纯度, 其中杂质元素Bi、Cu、Zn、Al含量均低于100 ng/GBq, 且入射粒子能量低于28.2 MeV时, N(²¹⁰At)/N(²¹¹At)值低于10^–5, 研究也实现了²¹¹At在尼妥珠单抗上的标记, 标记率高达94.86%. 基于以上研究我们确立了一套简单、高效的分离方法, 为后续我国²¹¹At的生产和应用奠定了良好基础.     

羟基磷灰石负载放射性18F作为分子影像纳米探针在生物医学中的应用

采用简便有效的方法,制备了生物兼容性强、放射性标记羟基磷灰石(HAp)纳米粒子的正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET)纳米探针。在合成HAp纳米粒子的过程中,放射性的~(18)F作为掺杂剂,占据HAp晶格中羟基位置,在短时间内牢固地标记到HAp上。~(18)F不仅标记在纳米粒子的表面,而且还通过强的化学键标记在纳米颗粒的内部。以达到提高标记量并防止辐射泄漏的目的。设计的高标记量的放射性纳米探针应用于动物实验并靶向到达脏器器官。     

111In-DOTA-mAb109单克隆抗体探针的制备及其分子显像的研究

以具有肿瘤靶向的新型单克隆抗体mAb109, 借助其表面的氨基偶联双功能螯合剂获得可用于放射标记的DOTA-mAb109, 制备了¹¹¹In-DOTA-mAb109分子探针. Radio-HPLC分析结果表明, 其标记率96%, 放化纯度大于98%. 体外稳定性实验结果表明¹¹¹In-DOTA-mAb109在NaAc、PBS缓冲溶液以及5%人血清白蛋白溶液中均具有很高的稳定性. 建立 PANC-1胰腺癌裸鼠模型, 通过Nano-SPECT设备观察其在模型动物体内的代谢情况: 在静脉注射18.5 MBq ¹¹¹In-DOTA-mAb109探针分别于24 h, 48 h, 72 h进行SPECT/CT的显像, 随着时间的延长, 其在肿瘤组织表现出代谢摄取的增高. 通过断层显像, 进一步分析, 可见从特点层面观察到肿瘤组织具有明显的放射性摄取. 上述研究结果表明, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-mAb109分子探针有望发展成为一种具有肿瘤靶向性的新型分子探针.     

胆固醇疏水改性壳聚糖自聚集纳米微粒的制备及其动物体内分布研究

以EDC为偶联剂,将胆固醇接枝到壳聚糖主链的氨基上,得到疏水改性的双亲性壳聚糖（CS-Chol）,利用FT-IR,^1H-NMR对其结构进行表征.CS-Chol在水相自组装形成自聚集体,通过荧光探针技术研究其自聚集行为,结果显示制得的自聚集体具有较低的CAC（10^-2mg/mL）.TEM和DLS测试显示制得的自聚集体为纳米级颗粒,粒径随胆固醇取代度的减小（4.7～1.1）而增大（180～380nm）.用^99mTc对纳米颗粒进行放射性标记,并利用SPECT对其在头部和腹腔分布进行分析.耳静脉注射后纳米粒子在粘膜富集区域有一定滞留性,主要是由于壳聚糖具有粘膜特征吸附的性质.     

~(64)Cu-NOTA-Herceptin的设计、活性测定及肿瘤靶向分子显像研究

利用双功能螯合剂2-[(4-异硫氰基苯基)甲基]-1,4,7-三氮杂环九烷-1,4,7-三乙酸(NCS-Bz-NOTA)对Herceptin单抗表面的氨基进行修饰获得了NOTA-Herceptin,通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)对该偶联物进行了表征.利用酶联免疫吸附测定了偶联前后Herceptin抗体效价的改变.利用新型正电子核素~(64)Cu标记,获得可用于肿瘤放射靶向精准诊疗的~(64)Cu-NOTA-Herceptin探针,其标记率为90%,放化纯度98%,比活度185 MBq/nmol.分别进行了该探针在HER2过表达胃癌细胞NCI-N87及HER2低表达胃癌细胞BGC823等肿瘤细胞中的摄取实验,测定了该探针的肿瘤特异性.建立了荷人胃癌BGC823裸鼠模型,通过微型正电子断层显像(Micro-PET)设备观察了探针在模型动物体内的代谢情况:在静脉注射7.4 MBq~(64)Cu-NOTA-Herceptin探针后,分别于4和60 h进行正电子断层显像(PET)的显像,观察到其在肿瘤部位的摄取有所富集,且随着代谢时间的延长,肝脏部位摄取得到明显降低.研究结果表明,~(64)Cu-NOTAHerceptin探针有望应用于肿瘤放射性靶向诊疗.     

18F标记吲哚苯醌衍生物分子探针的合成及正电子发射型计算机断层显像

基于2-苯基萘型结构,以2-甲基吲哚和四氯苯醌、1-二甲基胺-2-丙炔和碘甲基硼酸频哪醇酯分别作为起始底物,经5步反应合成了一种吲哚苯醌类分子探针的前体。其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。对该前体进行放射性标记,再经高效液相色谱分析纯化,最后将探针注入小鼠体内进行正电子发射型计算机断层显像（PET）。结果表明：探针分子进入小鼠体内后,在膀胱、胆和肠道聚集,随后经肠道和膀胱代谢排出体外。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.