黄海海水温度月变化与鲑鱼养殖的适应性

鲑鱼(Oncorhynchus)属冷水性鱼,其生长对水温条件极敏感,生存的上限水温一般不超过20℃。本文利用历史上80年的海表和海底的平均温度数据,分析了鲑鱼生长的适宜温度窗口、休眠温度窗口和死亡窗口;结合黄海底层冷水团的年际变化,讨论了不同月份鲑鱼适宜生长的海域。研究发现,黄海冷水团提供了鲑鱼顺利度夏的天然场所;南黄海在一年中适宜窗口出现的时间最长,但不论是表底温差还是海表面温度,变化都比较较大;北黄海在一年中适宜窗口出现的时间短,但表底温度变化较小。研究结果表明,在黄海,养殖鲑鱼的水温条件最佳的位置位于济州岛北部,朝鲜半岛南的近岸海域,对于中国,养殖鲑鱼的水温条件最佳的位置位于辽东半岛南部;但是,台风对相关区域影响较大,生产实践中应充分考虑多种因素的综合影响。     

美国错综复杂的燕鸥与鲑鱼之争

鲑鱼,又叫大马哈鱼,是美国西北地区环境和文化的象征,也是一项极其重要的经济,为人们创造了几千个工作机会。但是,不利的气候变化周期,滥捕,经济开发带来的栖息地破坏,筑坝造成的　鲑鱼洄游困难和鲑鱼天敌数量的迅猛增加,导致历史上非常丰富的美加西海岸鲑鱼,从７０年代中期开始剧减,有些亚种濒临灭绝。到１９９９年,有２４个鲑鱼亚种被列入濒危物种名单,受到美国濒危物种保护法的严格保护。现在,美国西北地区,每年为保护鲑鱼付出的经济代价,高达３０亿美元。尽管如此,鲑鱼的状况却继续恶化。 如何保护鲑鱼,是２０００年…     

全球气候变化对红树林生态系统的影响、挑战与机遇

红树林是以红树植物为主体的常绿灌木或乔木组成的潮滩湿地木本植物群落, 具有“四高”特性(高生产力、高归还率、高分解率和高抗逆性)的典型海洋生态系统; 目前, 全球约有红树林1700万公顷, 主要分布在南北半球25℃等温线内。红树林生态系统的净初级生产力高达2000gC·m^-2·a^-1, 具有高强度的物质循环、能量流动以及丰富的生物多样性, 对热带、亚热带海洋生态系统的维持与发展起到关键作用, 并在全球变化过程中扮演着十分重要的角色。近30年来, 全球气候变化已引起了国内外学者的极大关注。红树林生态系统位于热带、亚热带海岸潮间带, 是一个脆弱的、敏感的生态系统, 也是首先受全球气候变化影响的典型海洋生态系统之一。作为全球海岸带地区应对全球气候变化最为重要的生态屏障之一, 气候变化将严重影响着全球红树林的生存和分布方式。本文将从全球变暖、海平面上升、大气中CO₂浓度的增加和极端天气4个主要方面, 揭示全球气候变化对红树林生态系统的影响与变化特征, 阐述红树林对全球变暖、海平面上升、大气中CO₂浓度增加和极端天气响应与适应的生态学机制, 并简要概述了红树林在减缓全球气候变化危害中的重要作用。全球气候变化也将为红树林的研究、保护和发展带来机遇与挑战。     

气候变化对海洋生物多样性的影响

本文针对国内外有关气候变化对海洋生物多样性影响的研究情况,分别从温度、CO2浓度变化、海平面上升、降雨量、海洋水文结构和海流变化以及紫外线辐射增强等方面探讨气候变化对海洋生物多样性的影响,并从病原生物传播、浮游生物群落结构、海洋鱼类群落结构变化等方面分析气候变化对海洋生态系统的影响．针对全球气候变化对我国海洋生物多样性保护带来的挑战,提出了今后的研究重点．     

川东北石笋记录的334～320ka夏季风变化与影响机制

间冰期气候是古气候研究中重点关注的内容之一。通过对川东北宋家洞石笋SJ5-6高精度~(230)Th定年和高分辨率氧同位素分析,重建了该地区334~320ka(MIS9)时期高分辨率夏季风气候变化历史。结果发现,SJ5-6记录的夏季风变化趋势总体上与亚洲季风区其他石笋记录相似,也与南极冰芯记录的温度变化基本一致,反映了在MIS9间冰期南半球高纬度地区温度变化可能对川东北地区的夏季风气候变化产生了重要影响。     

自然气候变率对近百年气候变化的影响研究进展

对近年来关于自然气候变率对近百年全球、中国气候以及海洋影响的研究成果进行了详细的总结分析。目前的研究认为,20世纪后50年的气温变化,更可能是人类活动的结果,而20世纪的前50年的气候变化,被认为是自然外力和人类活动共同的影响结果;对于中国20世纪气候增暖的原因,研究认为人类活动可能已经对中国的气候变暖产生了影响,但太阳活动、火山爆发及气候系统内部的低频振动对气候变化可能也具有重要影响。另外研究认为引起全球海洋总热容量增加的重要原因是人类活动的影响。     

赤道印度洋海温偶极子的气候影响及数值模拟研究

在分析研究印度洋海温变化的基本特征,尤其是在分析赤道印度洋海温偶极子及其影响的基础上,利用IAP9L大气环流模式模拟研究了赤道印度洋海温偶极子异常对亚洲季风区气候变化的影响.其结果表明,印度洋、亚洲南部和东部地区的流场和降水都对印度洋海温异常的强迫作用比较敏感.正位相印度洋偶极子的作用使得赤道东印度洋-印度次大陆南部-阿拉伯海一带出现距平东风,孟加拉湾-中南半岛出现异常反气旋性环流,从而对减少印度南部和中南半岛南部、印度尼西亚地区的夏季降水,以及增加中国南部和东非的夏季降水有十分重要的作用.与此相反,负位相印度洋偶极子的作用将使赤道东印度洋附近出现西风异常,孟加拉湾-中南半岛存在异常气旋性环流,从而使印度次大陆和中南半岛南部、印度尼西亚地区的降水增加,使中国西部和孟加拉湾的降水减少.数值模拟结果与资料分析相互映证,切实地揭示了印度洋海温偶极子对亚洲季风区的气候变化有重要影响.     

颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi对升温和温度波动响应的株间效应

在全球气候变化的背景下,极端天气频发,海洋生物也将受到环境异质性的影响,即环境条件基于平均水平的震荡变化。为研究温度波动变化对海洋碳循环中的重要种群颗石藻的影响,采用半连续培养的方式对海洋颗石藻优势种赫氏颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)的非钙化株系与钙化株系分别进行模拟培养实验,探究颗石藻在低(20℃)和高(25℃)平均温度下对升温及温度波动变化的响应。结果表明,升温与温度波动对两株E.huxleyi的生长均起到了抑制作用,而升温和温度波动变化对两株E.huxleyi的生长速率以及胞内碳水化合物含量、非钙化株系的颗粒有机碳含量及钙化株系的蛋白质和颗粒物无机碳含量、碳氮比及沉降速率产生了显著的交互效应,温度的波动变化在一定程度上增强了颗石藻应对升温的适应性。通过对两株系的生理响应结果进行对比分析,发现非钙化株系各生理参数对升温和温度波动变化更为敏感,表明颗石藻的钙化作用可能对其应对环境波动下的极端环境条件起缓冲保护作用。升温和温度波动变化显著削弱了颗石藻的沉降速率,可能会对颗石藻相关的海洋碳沉降与输出产生显著的削弱效应。因此,为了更准确地预测海洋颗石藻对气候变化的响应,未来相关研究需要考虑叠加在升温基础上的温度波动变化对颗石藻的生理生态学效应。     

鲑鱼迁徒探秘

动物季节性地大规模迁徙一直是人们所关注的,当天空飞过一群鹤或天鹅时,很少有人不驻足观望的。如今,在非洲大陆仍能见到成群迁徙的蹄类动物和尾随的猛禽。太平洋鲑鱼成群从海洋迁徙到阿拉斯加、堪察加、美洲西北部和远东的河流产卵也属这一现象。在堪察加河流的浅水区,成群的产卵鲑鱼裸露着背部,紧靠着,“肩并肩”地沿着湍急的河水逆流而上。此时要逮住它们,易如反掌,甚至连笨拙的狗熊都能站在水中饱餐一顿,阿拉斯加的科     

气候变化与我国海洋灾害风险治理探讨

本文基于观测数据和文献资料,分析了近几十年来气候变化下我国沿海海平面和海表温度,以及台风、风暴潮和赤潮等主要致灾因子及灾害损失的变化。结果表明,近40年来,我国沿海海平面和海表温度显著上升,上升速率分别为3.3 mm/a和0.016°C/a,高于全球平均和我国的历史变化水平,2017年中国沿海的海表温度达到了1960年有记录以来的最高值,并且自2000年以来,超强台风、风暴潮和赤潮等致灾事件的发生频次呈显著增加趋势;气候变化下,受关键海洋环境要素变迁和超强台风、风暴潮等极端事件的影响,我国沿海地区暴露度明显加大。随着我国海洋防灾减灾水平的提高,近30年来海洋灾害损失出现下降趋势。值得指出的是,每年各类海洋灾害总损失仍高达百亿元量级(年均直接经济损失约120亿元),其中,2005年总损失达到最高值,约332亿元,这与致灾事件的强度以及各致灾事件、灾种的叠加放大效应有密切关系。本文进一步从气候变化综合风险理论角度出发,结合海岸带及沿海地区致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露度和脆弱性及其相互作用关系,分析了气候变化背景下我国沿海地区海洋灾害风险的特征,探讨了有关海洋灾害的监测、预测预警和风险治理能力建设等若干科学问题,以期为我国沿海地区社会经济的可持续发展提供科学参考。     

Linkages between Alaskan sockeye salmon abundance, growth at sea, and climate, 1955–2002

We tested the hypothesis that increased growth of salmon during early marine life contributed to greater survival and abundance of salmon following the 1976/1977 climate regime shift and that this, in turn, led to density-dependent reductions in growth during late marine stages. Annual measurements of Bristol Bay (Bering Sea) and Chignik (Gulf of Alaska) sockeye salmon scale growth from 1955 to 2002 were used as indices of body growth. During the first and second years at sea, growth of both stocks tended to be higher after the 1976–1977 climate shift, whereas growth during the third year and homeward migration was often below average. Multiple regression models indicated that return per spawner of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon and adult abundance of western and central Alaska sockeye salmon were positively correlated with growth during the first 2 years at sea and negatively correlated with growth during later life stages. After accounting for competition between Bristol Bay sockeye and Asian pink salmon, age-specific adult length of Bristol Bay salmon increased after the 1976–1977 regime shift, then decreased after the 1989 climate shift. Late marine growth and age-specific adult length of Bristol Bay salmon was exceptionally low after 1989, possibly reducing their reproductive potential. These findings support the hypothesis that greater marine growth during the first 2 years at sea contributed to greater salmon survival and abundance, which in turn led to density-dependent growth during later life stages when size-related mortality was likely lower. Our findings provide new evidence supporting the importance of bottom-up control in marine ecosystems and highlight the complex dynamics of species interactions that continually change as salmon grow and mature in the ocean.     

A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change

We hypothesise that salmon year class strength is determined in two stages during the first year in the ocean. There is an early natural mortality that is mostly related to predation, which is followed by a physiologically-based mortality. Juvenile salmon that fail to reach a critical size by the end of their first marine summer do not survive the following winter. In this study we describe our initial tests of this critical size and critical period hypothesis using data from ocean surveys of juvenile salmon and from experimental feeding studies on coho. Conservative swept volume abundance estimates for juvenile coho, and possibly chinook, indicate that there is high mortality in fall and winter during their first year in the sea. Studies of otolith weight show that the length and otolith-weight relationship for young coho changes in the early fall of their first ocean year. Studies of growth and associated hormone levels in feeding studies show that slow growing juvenile coho are stunted and deficient in an insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Juvenile coho sampled in September had low IGF-I values, indicative of poor growth. The results of these studies provide evidence for the general hypothesis that growth-related mortality occurs late in the first marine year and may be important in determining the strength of the year class (brood year). The link between total mortality and climate could be operating via the availability of nutrients regulating the food supply and hence competition for food (i.e. bottom–up regulation).     

Have there been recent changes in climate? Ask the fish

It is generally accepted that a climate shift occurred about 1977 that affected the dynamics of North Pacific marine ecosystems. Agreement on the possibility of further climate shifts in 1989 and the late 1990s is yet to be achieved. However, there have been changes in the dynamics of key commercial fishes that indicate changes in their environment occurred in the early 1990s, and possibly around 1998. One method of measuring climate change is to observe the dynamics of species that could be affected.Several studies have described decadal-scale changes in North Pacific climate–ocean conditions. Generally, these studies focus on a single index. Using principal components analysis, we use a composite index based on three aspects of climate ocean conditions: the Aleutian Low Pressure Index, the Pacific Atmospheric Circulation Index and the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation Index. We link this composite index (Atmospheric Forcing Index) to decadal-scale changes in British Columbia salmon and other fish populations. Around 1989 there was a change from intense Aleutian Lows (above average south-westerly and westerly circulation patterns and warming of coastal sea surface temperatures) to average Aleutian Lows (less frequent south-westerly and westerly circulation and slightly cooler coastal sea surface temperatures in winter). These climate–ocean changes were associated with changes in the abundance and ocean survival of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), distribution and spawning behaviour of hake (Merluccius productus) and sardines (Sardinops sagax) and in recruitment patterns of several groundfish species.     

气候变化对海洋鱼类群落结构的影响研究进展

全球气候变化影响着海洋生态系统的多个方面,而鱼类群落结构对气候变化的响应机制是探索海洋生态系统演变规律的关键点之一。本文结合国内外相关研究成果,概述了气候变化引起的温度、盐度、CO₂浓度、海平面高度、溶解氧以及海流等的改变对鱼类群落结构的影响,并以太平洋十年涛动(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)和厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño Southern Oscillation,ENSO)等典型气候现象为例,探讨了鱼类群落对典型气候现象的响应,讨论了需要解决的重点问题,以期为科学应对气候变化和制定海洋生物多样性保护策略提供依据。     

A top-down survival mechanism during early marine residency explains coho salmon year-class strength in southeast Alaska

Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are a vital component in the southeast Alaska marine ecosystem and are an important regional fishery resource; consequently, understanding mechanisms affecting their year-class strength is necessary from both scientific and management perspectives. We examined correlations among juvenile coho salmon indices, associated biophysical variables, and adult coho salmon harvest data from southeast Alaska over the years 1997–2006. We found no relationship between summer indices of juvenile coho salmon growth, condition, or abundance with subsequent harvest of adult coho salmon in the region. However, using stepwise regression, we found that variation in adult coho salmon harvest was largely explained by indices of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) abundance (67%) and zooplankton abundance (24%). To determine if high juvenile pink salmon abundance indicates favorable “bottom-up” lower trophic level environmental conditions for juvenile coho salmon, we plotted abundance of juvenile pink salmon against growth and condition of juvenile coho salmon. No change in growth or condition of juvenile coho salmon was observed in relation to the abundance index for juvenile pink salmon. Therefore, we hypothesize that coho salmon year-class strength in southeast Alaska is influenced by a “top-down” predator control mechanism that results from more abundant juvenile pink salmon, which serve as a predator buffer during early marine residency.     

Vulnerability to impacts of climate change on marine fisheries and food security

Assessment of fisheries vulnerability to climate change is an important step for enhancing the understanding and decision-making to reduce such vulnerability. This study aimed to provide an analysis of country level vulnerability focusing on food security implications of climatic disturbances on marine fisheries. The comparative magnitude and distribution of potential food security impacts of climatic disturbances on marine fisheries were assessed for 109 countries by scoring and ranking countries against a set of vulnerability criteria including metrics of national exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity, highlighting the contribution of marine fisheries to national food and nutrition security. Results showed that developing countries in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America appeared to be most vulnerable, and the key sources of vulnerability differed considerably among the countries. For countries most vulnerable to climate-induced effects on marine fisheries, more than two-thirds of them depended on domestic marine fisheries as a main source of fish supply. Developing appropriate adaptation policies and management plans to reduce the impacts of changing climate is of great importance to sustain food security in these highly vulnerable and heavy marine fisheries-dependent countries.     

全球气候变化下海洋环流多尺度演变：联动协同与环境生态效应初探

海洋环流是海洋系统物质能量收支、配置、平衡、维持和变化的关键通道与机制。从全球海洋视角,基于目前海洋环流多变率动力过程与趋势演变的认知,重点综述气候变化下海洋环流的海盆尺度三维联动特征机制、洋际交换与协同、世界大洋经向输运变化以及相关的海洋气候与环境生态效应,依据研究现状和需求,提出研究建议。结果表明：全球一致性变暖路径与进程调控下,受驱动因子的演变与胁迫,海洋环流变化对副热带中高纬地区年际、年代际气候与环境变迁具有突出作用影响,并可产生显著环境生态效应和严重致灾风险。建议加大专精特新观测仪器自主研发,通过国际合作加大中高纬海洋环流多尺度动力过程综合调查的参与度和主导性,增强多学科融合交叉研究力度,有效提升深层次海洋环流变异及动力、环境、生态灾害影响的气候变化综合风险预测预评估和防治能力,为海洋领域能源开发、生态系统保护、气候变化应对与灾害风险治理提供必要的动力学参考。     

东北大西洋海洋捕捞渔获物营养级变化研究

东北大西洋是重要的海洋捕捞海域,该海域渔业栖息环境易受北极气候变化的影响。为此,本文基于1950-2012年东北大西洋FAO的渔获统计数据,对已开发的293种渔获物平均营养级(mTL)、营养级平衡指标(FIB)和渔获营养级分类(TrC)进行时间序列的统计,为进一步研究该海域渔业资源受北极气候变化的影响提供基础。研究认为,平均营养级(mTL)从1950年(mTL=3.71)下降至2012年(mTL=3.57),每年下降约0.02TL(r=-0.614;P<0.01),而近8年来营养级平衡指数持续下降。同时,研究表明,东北大西洋渔获物平均营养级和气候变化(海表温上升、北大西洋涛动和海冰缩减等)息息相关,其中渔获量出现高产值均在海表温异常年份:1956年、1976年和1997年。本文分析了东北大西洋渔获物营养级变动情况,为研究东北大西洋渔获组成变化与气候变化的关系提供研究基础,也为渔业资源的可持续开发提供了理论依据。     

国际海洋浮游动物研究进展

综述了国际上有关海洋浮游动物种群、群落结构、多样性及浮游动物对全球气候变化响应等方面研究进展。海洋浮游动物种类繁多, 数量丰富, 分布广泛, 是海洋生态系统中最重要的生物类群。在海洋食物网中, 浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物控制初级生产力, 同时, 又被更高营养阶层的动物(鱼、虾、鲸、海鸟等)捕食, 充当次级生产者的角色, 其群落结构、种群动态和物种多样性影响鱼类和其他海洋动物资源量, 浮游动物是海洋食物网中关键环节。海洋生态系统动力学过程的关键环节是浮游生物的生物学和生态学过程, 多项国际研究计划以生物多样性和年际变化趋势为研究重点并联系全球变化及响应, 因此, 浮游动物的研究已成为海洋生态研究的核心内容之一。国际上对浮游动物的研究主要集中在以下6个方向:(1)浮游动物生境、种群的分布和扩散动力学研究;(2)浮游动物的群落结构和多样性;(3)浮游动物的实验生态和现场受控生态研究;(4)浮游动物对全球气候变化的响应;(5)深海、南北极、低氧区等极端生境的浮游动物生态学研究;(6)浮游动物研究新技术和方法。