溶胶-凝胶法制备还原态K-Co-Mo催化剂的合成醇性能

应用溶胶-凝胶法制备了还原态K-Co-Mo催化剂, 比较了不同的组分和不同的反应条件对合成醇性能的影响。实验结果表明，适量钾和钴助剂的添加能显著提高催化剂合成醇的性能，尤其是提高了C2+醇的选择性。此外，反应温度、压力以及空速对合成醇影响明显，升高温度可以提高催化反应中低碳醇的收率，但选择性下降；增加压力和空速可以提高低碳醇的收率和选择性，对合成低碳醇有利。在230 ℃，6.0 MPa，14 400 h－1条件下，催化剂合成低碳醇的收率为375.4 g/kg·h，选择性为70.2%，C1OH/C2+OH为0.48。     

合成低碳醇用超细Mo-Co-K催化剂的XPS研究

 采用XPS技术对氧化态及还原态超细Mo－Co－K催化剂进行了研究．结果表明,在氧化态超细Mo－Co－K催化剂中,钼和钴分别以Mo6＋和Co2＋物种存在,催化剂中各物种之间存在着相互作用;随着Co／Mo比的增大,还原态催化剂中Mo4＋物种的含量逐渐增大并出现极大值;催化剂上合成低碳醇反应性能与其表面的Mo4＋物种有关．将催化剂表面的Mo4＋物种含量与其合成低碳醇选择性进行关联,发现二者存在着很好的对应关系．此外,对超细Mo－Co－K催化剂上合成低碳醇反应的活性中心进行了初步探讨．     

氧化铝对Fe－Cu－Zn－K－Al低碳醇合成催化剂性能的影响

 采用N2吸咐，TPR和XRD等表征手段对高温熔融法制备的Fe－Cu－Zn－K－Al催化剂中氧化铝的作用进行了研究．结果表明，当比表面积低于4．0m2／g时，催化剂性能受比表面积的影响非常明显．少量的Al2O3即可有效地增加催化剂的比表面积，提高醇的收率和C2＋OH的选择性；大量的Al2O3虽然能使催化剂的比表面积有所增加，但醇的收率和C2＋OH选择性却显著降低．这是Fe－Cu－Zn－K－Al催化剂中Al2O3同时具有物理作用和化学作用所致．物理作用能有效地增加还原后催化剂的比表面积，提高金属利用率，分散催化剂的活性组分，使其更容易还原，进而提高催化剂活性和选择性．化学作用影响到催化剂的电子性质，从而导致催化剂的活性和选择性降低．TPR和XRD结果表明，在Fe－Cu－Zn－K－Al催化剂中，助剂Al2O3的作用随着其含量的变化而有所不同．当Al2O3含量较低时，其物理作用是主要的；随着Al2O3含量的增加，其化学作用更为明显，甚至导致新物相AlFeO3生成，进而影响催化剂的催化性能．     

K-Mo基催化剂的表面酸性与其合成醇选择性

对500℃和800℃焙烧制得的氧化态K－MoO3／γ－AlO3，K－MoO3／SiO2及非负载K－Mo催化剂进行硫化后，测试其合成醇活性．结果表明500℃焙烧制得的负载型催化剂显示较高的合成低碳烃活性和较低的合成低磷醇选择性，经800℃焙烧后，合成低磷醇的选择性大幅度提高．500℃焙烧的非负载K－Mo催化剂显示较高的合成醇选择性，经800℃焙烧后，促碳醇的选择性保持不变．用氨的吸附及TPD方法测定了各样品的酸性，并与催化剂活性对照，发现催化剂酸性越强，酸量越大，则其合成醇选择性越低．催化剂上的乙醇分解实验证实，催化剂的酸量大小与它的醇分解活性成正变关系，这些结果说明催化剂酸性对其合成醇性能有直接的影响．     

Fe－Mn催化剂对F－T合成反应的催化性能Ⅰ．初期反应性能

 在固定床积分反应器中，对Fe－Mn催化剂上F－T合成反应的初期反应性能进行了一系列条件实验，考察了在不同温度、压力、原料气H2／CO比和空速下催化剂的催化性能．结果表明，该催化剂运行200h后，仍显示出较高的催化活性和稳定性，对低碳烯烃和C5＋烃具有较高的选择性，且C5＋烃的时空收率较高．在n（H2）／n（CO）＝1，GHSV＝6000h－1，p＝2．02MPa和θ＝300℃的条件下，CO转化率可达74．1％，总有效烃（C＝2～4＋C5＋）的选择性可达88．6％，甲烷选择性为6．7％，C5＋烃的时空收率为0．54g／（ml·h）．     

Rh—Mo—K／Al2O3催化剂的CO加氢合成低碳醇性能

本文研究了硫化态和还原态Ｒｈ－Ｍｏ－Ｋ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上ＣＯ加氢合成低碳醇的反应性能，考察了不同铑负载量、钾助剂、合成气组成和反应条件（温度、压力和空速）对合成醇性能的影响及催化剂的反应稳定性。发现硫化样品较之还原态样品具有更好的合成醇选择性，催化剂中添加铑后，生成醇活性和选择性大幅度提高。选择合适的反应温度、提高反应压力和空速、适当增加合成气Ｈ２／ＣＯ的比例可以获得较好的合成醇反应性能。     

沉淀法制备Fe－Ti系合成醇催化剂

在压力６ＭＰａ，空速５０００ｈ－１下，采用微反－色谱－微处理机联合装置，对沉淀法制备的Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ系合成低碳醇催化剂的活性和选择性进行了测定．在配料组成相同的情况下，并流法和反加法制成的催化剂活性较高，３５０℃时催化剂上的最高醇收率为０．５５７ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ），Ｃ２醇（碳数大于或等于２的醇）的最高含量为３８．３％．实验结果表明，并流法制得的氧化态催化剂具有非晶态结构和较大的表面积．提高焙烧温度，反加法所制氧化态催化剂的衍射峰强度减弱，表明铁、钛组分间有某种相互作用．正加法所制催化剂的氧化态主要物相为α－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３，叠加扫描后发现有少量Ｆｅ２Ｔｉ３Ｏ９晶相．程序升温还原的结果表明，催化剂的还原经历了脱去外表水和铁组分还原等过程，但低温下催化剂不能充分还原．采用峰形鉴别法和逐步逼进法得到了主还原阶段的动力学参数．不同催化剂活性和选择性的差异，归因于不同制备方法使得沉淀的铁组分和浸渍的钛组分的均匀度和分散度不同，以及Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ组分的相互作用不同．     

还原温度对超细K-Co-Mo合成低碳醇催化剂结构的影响

采用XRD及XPS技术研究了合成低碳醇反应中还原温度对还原态超细K-Co-Mo催化剂结构的影响．分别考察未还原及不同的还原温度下K、Co和Mo活性物种的价态以及相对含量的变化．结果表明：表面上Mo主要以 4和 6两种价态存在．随还原温度的升高．表面上Mo^4 ／Mo^6 比增大，较高的Mo^4 ／Mo^6 比有利于形成合成醇反应中活性位．Co也是以 2和金属态两种价态存在．还原温度低于500℃时，表面上Co^2 的相对含量变化不大，但是在体相中可以检测到有金属Co形成．且随还原温度的升高而增多．当还原温度为550℃时，表面上的Co^2 迅速减少，这种表面上的Co^2 的迅速减少可能导致了合成醇活性的迅速降低．K^ 在还原温度低于500℃时相对含量没有明显变化，经550℃还原后．K^ 在表面明显富集．     

Mo／La－Co－O催化剂上甲烷选择氧化制甲醇反应

 制备了一系列Mo／La－Co－O催化剂，考察了催化剂对甲烷选择氧化制甲醇反应的催化性能，并用BET，XRD，LRS，H2－TPR和XPS等技术研究了催化剂的结构和性质．结果表明，在n（CH4）∶n（O2）∶n（N2）＝10∶1∶1，SV＝14．4L／（g·h），p＝4．2MPa和θ＝420℃的反应条件下，7％Mo／La－Co－O催化剂表现出较好的催化性能，甲醇选择性为60％，甲醇收率为6．7％．Mo负载于La－Co－O上以后，Mo－O物种以无定形的状态存在于La－Co－O表面，并与La－Co－O发生相互作用．Mo的负载量影响Mo－O物种的结构及催化剂的性质．催化剂的还原性和表面O－／O2－比影响催化剂上甲烷选择氧化制甲醇反应的性能．     

不同助剂的硫化MoO3／ZrO2催化剂上CO加氢合成低碳混合醇的反应性能

研究了碱金属离子（Li^ 、Na^ 、K^ 、Cs^ ）和碱土金属离子（Ca^2 、Sr^2 、Ba^2 ）为助剂的硫化MoO3/ZrO2催化剂上CO加氢合成低碳混合醇的反应性。碱金属离子（Li^ ,K^ )、特别是钾离子为助剂的催化剂比之碱土金属离子助剂具有 更好的合成低碳醇的活性和选择性。从一系列的实验和分析发现，硫化K－MoO3/ZrO2的合 成低碳醇的活性和选择性强烈依赖于钾助剂的含量和反应条件。合理 选择 最佳K／Mo比（－0.5原子比）、反应压力、温度和空速可以获得较好的合成醇活性和选择性。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.