牛奶样品中90Sr、137Cs、Ca和K的测定

本文介绍了用放射化学和化学方法分析WHO-IRC提供的低水平环境放射性测量比对样品的主要程序和得到的结果。结果表明,~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs和Ca的分析结果达到了较高的准确度。文中对分析中影响准确度的几个问题进行了讨论。     

样品中226Ra与238U比值的测定及其在环境放射性监测中的应用

本文报道辽宁省18种不同环境样品中~(226)Ra与~(238)U比值的测定。结果表明,粮食、蔬菜类食品的比值范围在2.6—9.7,均值为4.8;饮用水的比值范围在0.36—0.45,均值为0.40.土壤、矿石和磷肥等以矿物质为主的样品的比值范围为0.86—1.10,均值为0.98.讨论了在环境放射性监测方面,样品中~(226)Ra与~(238)U比值应用的现状和前景。     

花岗岩角闪石-黑云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄与锆石U-Pb年龄对比研究及其地球化学意义

通过国内外花岗岩体的207对角闪石-黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄(tAr)与锆石U-Pb年龄(tZr)之间差值(Δt=tZr-tAr)进行的频数统计分析表明:Δt呈对称正态分布(偏度系数CSK==-0.193;峰度系数CKU=16.9);年龄差(Δt)既呈正值又有负值,其众数值为0.40Ma,均值为0.45Ma。采用最小二乘法计算,花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年龄与花岗岩角闪石-黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄拟合出相关系数很高(R=0.995)、回归系数接近l(0.997 7)的线性回归方程(tAr=0.997 7×tZr+0.004 5)。这些统计特征表明,从总体来看,花岗岩角闪石-黑云母40Ar-39Ar定年测定结果与锆石U-Pb定年测定结果是一致的,也不存在"花岗岩角闪石40Ar-39Ar年龄>黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄"的规律。     

14C-氯氰菊酯农药在“微宇”环境中的迁移、归宿

本文在“微宇”环境中研究~(14)C-氯氰菊酯在玉米-土壤-土壤动物相间的质量平衡、吸收、结合残留、迁移和转化规律。实验结果表明,植物通过根部从土壤中吸收少量氯氰菊酯,并通过叶脉输导,但向上输导能力差,无内吸作用。它在土壤中性质较稳定,被动、植物吸收的药剂,在植物体内主要转化为结合态;在动物中则主要为代谢作用。它在土壤中以酯链断裂为主要降解路线,其次为4′-位置上羟化,再经土壤甲基化作用生成4′-甲氧基代谢物。     

137Cs示踪技术在滦河源区栗钙土风蚀速率估算中的应用

对采集于滦河源区3个栗钙土剖面中的27个土层样品的pH、有机碳含量、碳酸钙含量、密度及质地进行了化验分析,运用ADCOM100超低本底γ谱仪测定了土壤样品1377Cs的比活度.结果表明,自然栗钙土以及被风蚀土壤剖面中137Cs比活度随深度呈指数递减式分布,其最大渗透深度可达约30cm;利用137Cs示踪技术估算的研究区土壤风蚀速率在0.1842cm·a-1和0.2897cm·a-1之间;栗钙土不同粒径土壤颗粒中137Cs的比活度差异显著,即细粒(粒径≤0.10mm的极细砂、粉粒和黏粒)中137Cs比活度大于细砂(0.10～0.25mm)中137Cs比活度大于粗粒(0.25～2.00mm的中砂、粗砂和极粗砂)中137Cs比活度.可见,运用137Cs示踪法可以定量估算区域土壤风蚀速率,但需综合考虑137s在土壤中的分布、土壤有机质含量和质地等因素,以使其结果将更为准确.     

Comparison of inorganic chemical compositions of atmospheric TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in northern and southern Chinese coastal cities

To compare the inorganic chemical compositions of TSP(total suspended paniculate),PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) in southern and northern cities in China,atmospheric particles were synchronously collected in Dalian(the northern city)and Xiamen(the southern city) in spring and autumn of 2004.The mass concentrations,twenty-three elements and nine soluble ions were assessed.The results show that in Dalian,the mass concentrations of Mg,Al,Ca,Mn and Fe in spring were 4.0-10.1,2.6-8.0,4.1-12,1.2-3.6 and 2.9-7.9 times higher,respectively,than those in Xiamen.The dust storm influence is more obvious in Dalian in spring.However,in Xiamen,heavy metals accounted for 13.9%-17.9%of TSP,while heavy metals contributed to 5.5%-9.3%of TSP in Dalian.These concentrations suggest that heavy metal pollution in Xiamen was more serious.In addition,the concentrations of Na~+,Cl~-,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) were higher in Dalian due to the influence of marine aerosol,construction activities and soil dust.The NO~(3-)/SO_4~(2-) ratios in Dalian(0.25-0.49) were lower than those in Xiamen(0.51-0.62),indicating that the contributions of vehicle emission to particles in Xiamen were higher.Coefficient of divergence values was higher than 0.40,implying that the inorganic chemical composition profiles for the particles of Dalian and Xiamen were quite different from each other.     

三峡库区主要河流秋季pCO2及其影响因素

于2015年10月对三峡库区主要河流表层水体中的溶解性碳组成进行了测定,结合水文地质条件和水化学关键指标,对河流表层水体二氧化碳分压(p CO_2)的空间变化及影响因素进行了研究,并利用模型法分析了水-气界面CO_2通量特征.结果表明,三峡库区主要河流秋季pCO_2介于18.75~296.31 Pa之间,均值为(141.06±77.51)Pa;河流CO_2脱气通量平均值为(101.1±78.0)mmol·(m2·d)-1,其中86%的采样点位表现为大气CO_2源的特征.p CO_2与DO和pH显著负相关,与HCO-3显著正相关.由于山区河流流速快和水力停留时间短等特征,河流有机碳原位呼吸是导致p CO_2与DO和pH很强的负相关关系的主要原因.研究结果为准确估算三峡库区河流CO_2逸出量提供了重要的数据支撑.     

甘肃南部典型城镇PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征分析

为研究甘肃南部城镇PM_2.5及水溶性离子（WSIIs）浓度水平,于2019年4月—2020年2月在甘肃成县按季度进行PM_2.5样品采集,分析了其变化特征,并运用相关和主成分分析法进行来源解析.结果表明：采样期间甘肃成县PM_2.5年平均质量浓度为（57.2±26.9） μg·m^-3,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节变化特征,冬季质量浓度约为夏季的1.9倍,全年空气质量优良率为81%,其中夏季达100%.WSIIs质量浓度呈现SO₄^2->NO₃^->Na⁺>NH₄⁺>Ca²⁺> K⁺>Cl^->Mg²⁺的特征.SNA是浓度水平最高的3种水溶性离子,占8种主要水溶性离子浓度的70.1%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）平均值为0.6,表明工农业生产及化石燃料燃烧排放等固定源是颗粒物污染的主要来源.新型冠状病毒疫情期间人员管控对PM_2.5和水溶性离子中SNA质量浓度影响显著,PM_2.5平均质量浓度降幅达44.2%.源解析表明,PM_2.5中WSIIs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧及二次源和道路建筑扬尘等.     

西湖底泥不同供氧条件下有机质降解及CO2与CH4释放速率的模拟研究

采用密闭培养实验装置于室温(25℃左右)及pH为7.5条件下，对西湖底泥中有机质完全降解及转化为CO     

云南维西大宝山铜矿~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学及成矿物质来源

云南大宝山铜矿是雪龙山成矿带规模较大的浅成中低温热液型铜矿床。文章通过对该矿区黄铜矿+石英+方解石+菱铁矿矿脉中白云母进行~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年,获得白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar法年龄为26±2.5 Ma,代表大宝山铜矿的年龄;H、O同位素分析结果表明成矿流体是以大气降水为主并含有部分岩浆水的建造水;S同位素分析结果表明,主要金属矿物的δ34S值为-5.4‰~+1.3‰,表明成矿物质主要来源于深部岩浆;C同位素分析结果表明成矿流体主要来源于岩浆—地幔,并受大气降水影响。根据围岩蚀变及围岩中Cu丰度等特征,推断大宝山铜矿成矿物质主要来源于深部岩浆,成矿流体为岩浆水与大气降水的混合物。     

西湖底泥不同供氧条件下有机质降解及CO2与CH4释放速率的模拟研究

采用密闭培养实验装置于室温（２５℃左右）及ｐＨ为７５条件下，对西湖底泥中有机质完全降解及转化为ＣＯ２和ＣＨ４的速率进行了模拟研究．结果表明，在西湖湖水现有供氧水平（５０—８６ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ）条件下，底泥中有机质完全降解的速率最为缓慢，培养期间（４２天）平均只有０７２ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·ｄ）．当湖水供氧水平进一步上升（８６→１２０→１６０ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ），ＣＯ２释放速率增加，最大值可达到８７ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·周）；当湖水供氧水平下降（８６→０ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ），ＣＨ４释放速率加快，最大值可达到４６ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·周）．     

京津冀钢铁行业节能、SO2、NOx、PM2.5和水协同控制

建立自下而上的综合动态优化模型,在节能、大气污染物（SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5）减排和节水的综合约束下,研究京津冀地区2015~2030年钢铁行业48项节能减排技术优化发展路径,并预测该地区钢铁行业能耗、大气污染物排放和水耗.结果表明,国家应优先鼓励推广干熄焦,小球烧结技术等22项技术,此类技术可以有效协同控制能耗、大气污染物排放和水耗.京津冀地区钢铁行业具有很大的节能、大气污染物减排和节水潜力,到2030年在实现大量节能、大气污染物减排潜力的同时可以实现节水10.08亿m³.虽然计算得到的购水成本仅约占总成本的2%,但是京津冀地区面临着严重大气污染和极度的水资源短缺问题,仍然需要兼顾节能减排技术对水资源的影响.     

四种金属离子对CHBr_3和小牛胸腺DNA间结合作用的影响

采用紫外光谱和荧光光谱法研究了CHBr3与离体小牛胸腺DNA(ctDNA)间的相互作用,以及Cu2+、Co2+、Cd2+、Mg2+4种金属离子单独或共存时对CHBr3与ctDNA结合的影响.结果表明:4种金属离子与CHBr3、ctDNA均能发生基态络合反应,络合物的生成导致体系的紫外吸收峰强度和形状改变,使ctDNA-溴化乙锭体系的荧光发生了不同程度的猝灭;向CHBr3-ctDNA-溴化乙锭体系中分别或同时加入4种金属离子后,Cu2+、Co2+、Cd2+可减弱两者之间的结合,减弱顺序为Cu2+Co2+Cd2+,Mg2+可加强两者之间的结合,4种金属离子同时加入后出现不同于4种金属离子单独加入时的中间类型.据此推断,CHBr3可能主要是通过嵌插作用与ctDNA碱基结合,金属离子对CHBr3与ctDNA结合的影响主要取决于金属离子与DNA的碱基和磷酸基团间结合的相对亲和比.     

A comparative study of Mn/CeO2, Mn/ZrO2 and Mn/Ce-ZrO2 for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 in the presence of SO2 and H2O

Ce-ZrO2 is a widely used three-way catalyst support.Because of the large surface area and excellent redox quality,Ce-ZrO2 may have potential application in selective catalytic reduction(SCR) systems.In the present work,Ce-ZrO2 was introduced into a low-temperature SCR system and CeO2 and ZrO2 supports were also introduced to make a contrastive study.Mn/CeO2,Mn/ZrO2 and Mn/Ce-ZrO2 were prepared by impregnating these supports with Mn(NO3)2 solution,and have been characterized by N2-BET,XRD,TPR,TPD,XPS,FT-IR and TG.The activity and resistance to SO2 and H2O of the catalysts were investigated.Mn/Ce-ZrO2 and Mn/CeO2 were proved to have better low-temperature activities than Mn/ZrO2,and yielded 98.6% and 96.8% NO conversion at 180°C,respectively.This is mainly because Mn/Ce-ZrO2 and Mn/CeO2 had higher dispersion of manganese oxides,better redox properties and more weakly adsorbed oxygen species than Mn/ZrO2.In addition,Mn/Ce-ZrO2 showed a good resistance to SO2 and H2O and presented 87.1% NO conversion,even under SO2 and H2O treatment for 6 hours,and the activity of Mn/Ce-ZrO2 was almost restored to its original level after cutting off the injection of SO2 and H2O.This was due to the weak water absorption and weak sulfation process on the surface of the catalyst.     

鄂南棕红壤区不同植茶年限茶园CH4通量特征

于2014年3月—2015年12月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了鄂南棕红壤丘陵区茶园和樟树林地土壤CH_4通量,研究了不同植茶年限茶园及临近林地土壤CH_4通量特征.结果表明,不同植茶年限对茶园土壤CH_4通量有显著影响,中、低龄茶园土壤CH_4以排放为主,植茶20 a和植茶8 a茶园土壤CH_4累积排放量分别为0.26和0.27 kg·hm~(-2),高龄茶园和对照林地土壤CH_4以吸收为主,植茶50 a茶园和林地土壤CH_4累积吸收量分别为0.39和1.95 kg·hm~(-2).降雨促进了鄂南棕红壤丘陵区茶园和林地土壤CH_4排放,除了植茶8 a茶园外,高、中龄茶园和樟树林地土壤CH_4通量均与7 d累积降雨量呈显著的正相关关系.施肥造成了茶园土壤CH_4排放量增加,同时土壤中矿质氮类型对该地区茶园和林地土壤CH_4通量有不同影响,CH_4排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量呈显著正相关关系,而与铵态氮含量相关关系不显著.研究表明,降雨量是影响鄂南红壤丘陵区茶园和林地土壤甲烷通量的主要因素;随着茶园种植年限的延长,土壤CH_4排放通量呈降低的趋势,高龄茶园土壤为大气CH_4汇.     

Vegaviidae,a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary

The fossil record of Late Cretaceous–Paleogene modern birds in the Southern Hemisphere includes the Maastrichtian Neogaeornis wetzeli from Chile, Polarornis gregorii and Vegavis iaai from Antarctica, and Australornis lovei from the Paleogene of New Zealand. The recent finding of a new and nearly complete Vegavis skeleton constitutes the most informative source for anatomical comparisons among Australornis, Polarornis, and Vegavis. The present contribution includes, for the first time, Vegavis, Polarornis, and Australornis in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. This analysis resulted in the recognition of these taxa as a clade of basal Anseriformes that we call Vegaviidae. Vegaviids share a combination of characters related to diving adaptations, including compact and thickened cortex of hindlimb bones, femur with anteroposteriorly compressed and bowed shaft, deep and wide popliteal fossa delimited by a medial ridge, tibiotarsus showing notably proximally expanded cnemial crests, expanded fibular crest, anteroposterior compression of the tibial shaft, and a tarsometatarsus with a strong transverse compression of the shaft. Isolated bones coming from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of South America, Antarctica, and New Zealand are also referred to here to Vegaviidae and support the view that these basal anseriforms were abundant and diverse at high southern latitudes. Moreover, vegaviids represent the first avian lineage to have definitely crossed the K–Pg boundary, supporting the idea that some avian clades were not affected by the end Mesozoic mass extinction event, countering previous interpretations. Recognition of Vegaviidae indicates that modern birds were diversified in southern continents by the Cretaceous and reinforces the hypothesis indicating the important role of Gondwana for the evolutionary history of Anseriformes and Neornithes as a whole.     

北京大气中NO、NO2和O3浓度变化的相关性分析

臭氧（O₃）是城市污染大气中的首要光化学污染物,其变化规律与氮氧化物(NO_x=NO+NO₂)关系密切.采用49C臭氧分析仪和42CTL氮氧化物分析仪对北京城区O₃和NO_x浓度进行了连续观测,时间为2004-08～2005-07.结果显示,O₃和OX（O₃+NO₂）浓度在午后15:00左右出现峰值,NO_x呈双峰态日变化,在07:00和23:00左右出现峰值.不同季节污染物的浓度变化存在差异,O₃和NO_x浓度分别在夏季和冬季达到最大.NO_x浓度存在100×10^-9(体积分数)的“分界点”,NO_x低浓度时以NO₂为主,NO_x高浓度时NO占大部分.OX区域贡献和局地贡献存在明显的季节变化,前者主要受区域背景O₃的影响,在春季最大,后者主要受局地NO_x光化学反应的制约,在夏季最强,同时OX组分呈现显著的昼夜差异.