32例糖尿病患者交感神经皮肤反应的探讨

目的 :应用交感神经皮肤反应 (SSR)探讨与糖尿病 (DM)相关的植物神经功能状况。方法 :对 32例DM患者及正常组采用电刺激法进行SSR检测。结果 :正常组SSR波形可分为三种类型 :P型、N型、M型 ,其中M型易产生适应性 ,受皮温、刺激强度、深呼吸等影响。 32例DM患者SSR潜伏期异常 17例 ,异常率为 5 3%。DM组与正常组的SSR相比 ,潜伏期和波幅的差异均有非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 1)。病程≤ 5年DM组与正常组的SSR相比 ,潜伏期和波幅的差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而与病程 >5年DM组相比 ,仅潜伏期差异显示显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,波幅虽有降低 ,但无统计学差异。结论 :SSR可以评价DM患者的植物神经功能状况 ,尤其是潜伏期更有价值 ,可以作为一项动态观察指标。     

脑梗死患者交感神经皮肤反应的临床研究

目的 :应用交感神经皮肤反应检查法 (SSR)定量评价脑梗死患者的交感神经反射活动 ,并探讨其植物神经中枢调节机制。方法 :对 42例急性期脑梗死患者 ,利用肌电图仪刺激双侧正中神经记录SSR ,并以 30例健康人作对照组进行研究。结果 :脑梗死急性期病灶同侧SSR异常 38例 (90 % ) ,对侧为 30例 (71% )。皮层梗死组主要表现为双侧SSR波幅对称性降低 ,与对照组比较差异非常显著 (P <0 0 0 1)。内囊—基底节区梗死组的异常表现形式有SSR缺失 ,双侧波幅降低 (同侧 :P <0 0 0 1,对侧 :P <0 0 1) ,以病灶同侧波幅降低更显著。结论 :SSR可定量评价脑梗死患者的交感神经功能状态 ,对脑梗死患者的植物神经功能障碍有亚临床诊断价值 ;脑梗死急性期可致SSR抑制 ,内囊—基底节区对植物神经系统有重要的调节作用。     

交感神经皮肤反应对评价慢性肾功能不全患者植物神经损害的意义

目的:探讨慢性肾功能不全(CRF)患者交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)的变化及其临床意义。方法:对52例CRF患者行SSR检测,并与32例正常对照组比较。结果:CRF组SSR波幅低于正常对照组,潜伏期较对照组延长(P<0.01)。CRF组SSR总异常率为71%,其中上肢异常率为48%,下肢异常率为71%;慢性肾衰早期组16例中7例(44%)SSR异常,慢性肾衰组19例中14例(74%)SSR异常,尿毒症组17例中16例(94%)SSR异常;CRF患者上下肢之间、不同亚组之间SSR异常率比较差异有极显著意义(P<0.01)。CRF组病程和血肌酐水平与SSR潜伏期间的偏相关系数分别为0.4732(P<0.01)和0.3247(P<0.05),而与SSR波幅间的偏相关系数为-0.3173和-0.3062(P均<0.05);年龄与SSR潜伏期偏相关系数为0.0434(P>0.05),与SSR波幅偏相关系数为-0.4445(P<0.01)。结论:SSR的异常反映了CRF患者常合并交感神经损害,且与病程、肾功能损害程度及年龄因素相关,SSR检测可作为评价CRF患者交感神经损害敏感的客观指标。     

重症肌无力患者交感神经皮肤反应的研究

目的:探讨交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)对评价重症肌无力(MG)患者自主神经功能损害的价值.方法:对30例MG患者(病例组)和30位健康受试者(对照组)分别进行了SSR测定,并将结果加以比较.结果:MG组SSR测定异常率为37%(11/30),SSR波潜伏期明显延长,波幅降低,与对照组比较,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01).结论:MG患者存在一定的自主神经功能损害,SSR可作为判断MG患者自主神经功能损害的神经电生理指标.     

糖尿病患者交感神经皮肤反应及F波的观察

目的:探讨交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)及F波在糖尿病周围神经病中的诊断价值。方法:对30例糖尿病患者进行常规SSR及F波检测,并与30例正常人的检查结果进行对比分析。结果:与正常对照组比较,病例组上下肢SSR的潜伏期延长及波幅降低,差异有显著意义(P<0．01)。SSR的潜伏期异常率上肢为45％,下肢为75％,波幅异常率上肢70％,下肢75％,下肢异常率显著高于上肢。F波的异常率为45％(仅作上肢)。结论:SSR及F波检测是一种简单,易行和无创的自主神经功能及周围神经的检测方法,可作为糖尿病性神经损害的客观指标。     

癫痫患儿服用妥泰后交感神经皮肤反应研究

目的:利用交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)探讨妥泰对癫癎儿童自主神经功能的影响。方法:对59例服用妥泰后出现自主神经功能障碍的癫痫患儿进行研究,分别测量服药前后SSR波幅和潜伏期。结果:服妥泰后癫癎患儿SSR波幅降低和潜伏期延长,与服妥泰前比较差异有显著意义。结论:妥泰对癫癎患儿自主神经功能的影响能够通过SSR反映出来。     

交感神经皮肤电反应对功能性消化不良合并焦虑症患者治疗效果评价的研究

目的：观察功能性消化不良（functional dyspepsia,FD）合并焦虑症患者的自主神经功能状况,评价交感神经皮肤电反应（SSR）在FD合并焦虑症治疗效果中的应用价值。方法：对42例FD合并焦虑症患者使用文拉法辛治疗前后进行电刺激SSR检查。结果：给予文拉法辛治疗12周后SSR潜伏期与波幅与治疗前相比有显著差异。结论：FD合并焦虑症患者存在自主神经功能障碍,抗焦虑治疗后能缓解自主神经功能障碍。SSR是一种无创的,能评价FD合并焦虑症患者自主神经功能及治疗效果的神经电生理检查。     

帕金森病患者的交感神经皮肤反应研究

目的:研究帕金森病(PD)患者的自主神经功能情况。方法:对40例PD患者和38例健康者分别进行了交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)测定,并将结果加以比较。结果:PD组SSR测定异常率为 75％(30／40),SSR波潜伏期明显延长,波幅降低,与对照组相比差异有显著意义(P<0．01)。结论:PD 患者存在一定的自主神经功能损害,SSR可作为判断PD患者的自主神经功能的参考指标。     

抑郁亚综合征患者的交感神经皮肤反应

目的:探讨抑郁亚综合征(SSD)患者的自主神经功能,以寻求此类患者临床诊断指标.方法:对33例SSD患者和31例健康者分别进行交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)测定,并将结果加以比较.结果:SSD患者SSR测定异常率为79%,SSR波潜伏期明显延长,波幅降低,与对照组相比差异有非常显著意义(P＜0.01).结论:SSR可判断SSD患者的自主神经功能情况,对其临床诊治有较高的价值.     

60岁以下2型糖尿病患者皮肤交感反应分析

目的:探讨糖尿病人交感皮肤反应(SSR)的变化。方法:测定30例正常人及44例60岁以下的2型糖尿病患者手足心四个部位的SSR。结果:糖尿病患者的SSR潜伏期四肢均较正常组明显延长。与正常组比较,上肢SSR波幅筹异有显著意义,但是下肢SSR的波幅无统计学意义。下肢的SSR的异常率显著高于上肢;精尿病的病程1年内SSR即有明显的异常。结论:SSR对60岁以下的糖尿病神经病变的早期诊断是一种敏感的方法。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.