EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON GAS HYDRATE FORMATION IN PRESENCE OF ADDITIVE COMPONENTS

Additives were used to increase gas hydrate formation rate and storage capacity. Experimental tests of methane hydrate formation were carried out in surfactant water solutions in a high-pressure cell. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and alkyl polysaccharide glycoside (APG) were used to increase hydrate formation. The effect of SDS on hydrate formation is more pronounced compared APG. Cyclopentane (CP) also improves hydrate formation rates while it cannot increase methane gas storage capacity.     

天然气水合物资源开采方法研究

自然界中存在大量的水合物,这些水合物已经被认为是将来重要的能源,本文分析了天然气水合物资源的特点,并综合介绍了现阶段提出的天然气水合物开采方法及模型,对比分析了典型开采方法,如热激发、降压和注抑制剂等的优缺点和经济性,评述了研究中存在的问题,并提出了今后研究的重点。     

外场作用下气体水合物形成分解试验研究

简述了磁场、微波、超声波的基本作用机理,介绍了国内外外场因素对气体水合物形成分解影响研究进展。最后指出开展相应研究的必要,并提出几点建议。     

EFFECT OF MAGNETIZATION OF WATER ON INDUCTION TIME AND GROWTH PERIOD OF NATURAL GAS HYDRATE

The effect of diluted solution's magnetization on induction time and growth period of natural gas hydrate (NGH) has been investigated in quiescent reaction system at pressure of 4.5 MPa and temperature of 274 K with SDS as surfactant, by using volume fixed and pressure falling method. Experimental results show that magnetization will have effect on the induction time of NGH. After magnetization with magnetic field intensity of 0.33 T, the induction time of NGH has been reduced to 47 min (average) from 99 min (average) in which there is no magnetization. On the other hand, the induction time has been prolonged after magnetization of the diluted solution with magnetic field intensity of 0.05 T, 0.11 T, 0.22 T, 0.44 T. Especially with magnetic field intensity of 0.11 T, the induction time had even been prolonged to 431 min (average). The effect of magnetization on the growth period of NGH has not been found at the experimental condition.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HFC-134a GAS HYDRATE FORMATION PROCESS

Refrigerant gas hydrates have brilliant prospects as cool storage material of air-conditioning system. In this paper, when the ratio of the weight of HFC-134a to that of water is 2.17%, systematic experiments have been carried out on the formation process of the HFC-134a gas hydrate including of the phase equilibrium, the influence of supercooling degree, and the influence of agitation. The results indicate that the critical decomposition temperature and the critical decomposition pressure of R134a hydrate is 283.4K and 414K respectively, the formation of gas hydrate was promoted with increasing the supercooling degree and the agitation. However, it is desired that the supercooling degree is smaller. Therefore, it is important problem that the study of optimum of supercooling degree for cool storage system.     

地面集输管线中水合物堵塞预测研究

天然气水合物一旦在地面集输管线中形成就会造成阀门堵塞、管道停输等严重事故,造成重大的经济损失。气流组成、温度、压力和含水量是影响地面集输管线中水合物形成的主要因素,此外,气井产量、管线长度、油管直径等对水合物的形成也有一定的影响。本文综合国内外有关水合物研究成果,并结合长庆气田某气藏生产过程中天然气水合物的生成条件及防治措施,对地面集输管线中天然气水合物堵塞的生成条件及预测模型进行了研究。     

STUDY FOR NATURAL GAS HYDRATE CONVERSED FROM ICE

Natural gas hydrates are crystalline clathrate compounds composed of water and gases of small molecular diameters that can be used for storage and transport of natural gas as a novel method. In the paper a series of experiments of aspects and kinetics for hydrate formed from natural gas and ice were carried out on the industrial small scale production apparatus. The experimental results show that formation conditions of hydrate conversed from ice are independent of induction time, and bigger degrees of supersaturation and supercooling improved the driving force and advanced the hydrate formation. Superpressure is also favorable for ice particle conversion to hydrate. In addition, it was found there have an optimal reaction time during hydrate formation.     

EQUATION OF STATE BASED HYDRATE MODEL FOR NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS CONTAINING BRINE AND POLAR INHIBITOR

1 INTRODUCTIONIn the past two decades,as large reserves of hydrocarbons were discovered in the formof natural gas hydrates stored in deep oceans and permafrost regions such reserves mayturn out to become a tremendous energy source in the future.Among the challengingproblems emerged from offshore oil/gas exploration and production,hydrate research re-ceived new impetus.     

天然气水合物开采模拟研究进展

介绍了天然气水合物(NGH)的结构及分解的基本特性;总结了电解质及沉积物对NGH形成及分解的影响,概括描述了NGH开采的几种可能方法;提出了NGH开采模拟进一步研究的方向。     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT OPERATION METHODS ON METHANE HYDRATE FORMATION

Three experiments of static state storage method, low-temperature and constant-pressure storage method and low-temperature and constant-pressure storage method were carried out to investigate which method was best in gas hydrate. The relationships of hydrate rate, capacity and liquid temperature versus time were derived and three results were contrasted. The experimental results show lowtemperature and constant-pressure method is better than the other two methods because it's operation period is shorter and storage capacity is larger than the other two. Low-temperature and constant-pressure method is the best method. So new method will be new research objective.     

蓄冷空调及气体水合物蓄冷技术

从蓄冷空调的应用背景出发,简述了蓄冷空调技术的发展与现状,并在此基础上详细介绍了气体水合物蓄冷技术,从气体水合物蓄冷工质的选择、气体水合物结晶\熔解特性改善及气体水合物蓄冷装置设计3个方面对目前的研究现状进行了描述,最后提出了一些今后应该重点展开的研究方向     

甲烷水合物在纯水中的生成动力学

引言一些低分子量气体,如石油和天然气中C_1～C_4轻烃、氮气、硫化氢、二氧化碳和惰性气体等,在一定压力和温度的条件下可与水形成一类笼形结构的冰状晶体,即所谓的气体水合物．气体水合物是一类较为特殊的包络化合物：主体水分子通过氢键相互结合形成一种内含空隙的笼形框架,客体分子则被笼罩于这些空隙中．主、客体分子之间的作用力为vanderWaals力．水合物晶体最为常见的两种结构分别称为结构I（体心立方构型）和结构Ⅱ（金刚石构型）．甲烷和水形成结构I水合物．文献阐述了开展水合物生成动力学研究的重要意义．但由于水合物生成…     

添加剂对堇青石合成温度及热膨胀系数的影响

采用煤系高岭土、滑石、镁砂为原料合成堇青石,主要探讨了添加剂对合成堇青石的性能影响。通过X-Ray衍射(XRD)分析,用K值法求算合成堇青石矿物相含量,在保证矿物相含量的前提下,探讨添加剂对热膨胀系数的影响。研究结果表明:添加剂的使用均能降低合成堇青石的热膨胀系数,不加添加剂的热膨胀系数为2.04×10-6/℃(20～1100℃);加入碳酸钡热膨胀系数为α=1.84×10-6/℃(20～1100℃);加入碳酸锂热膨胀系数为α=1.86×10-6/℃(20～1100℃)。     

水合物法储存乙烯实验研究

提出了以水合物法储运乙烯,选用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为乙烯水合物的生成促进剂进行实验研究,考察了SDS对乙烯水合物生成的促进作用以及乙烯水合物在低温下的热稳定性。结果表明:SDS对乙烯水合物的生成速率和储气密度都有较大提高,对其促进原因进行了初步分析;实验测定乙烯水合物在263～269K的分解平衡压力范围是0.244～0.460MPa,在263～271K进行常压分解时,其分解率随温度升高而升高,在温度低于267K时,乙烯水合物的平衡分解率将降到23.7％以下,其中263K的分解率为5.6％。     

添加剂对氧化铝瓷烧结及物化性能影响的探讨

研究了在“90”氧化铝瓷基础上 ,添加剂对其烧结及部分物化性能的影响。在低温烧结系列配方样品中 ,不同添加剂其助烧结作用的强弱排序是 :特制熔块 >白云石 >长石 >滑石 >莫来石 ,而补强排序为 :莫来石 >特制熔块 >白云石 >滑石 >长石。在补强增韧系列配方样品中 ,不同添加剂其作用由强到弱排序是 :SiC晶须>3Y -ZrO2 >TiC >Si3 N4>莫来石     

不同添加剂对氮化硅陶瓷氧化行为的影响

对Si-Al-Y-O-N系统气压烧结的致密氮化硅陶瓷的氧化研究表明,材料在1100～1400℃温度下氧化,符合抛物线氧化规律。在此温度范围内,氧化活化能为600～730kJ/mol。AlN的引入对材料在低温段(800～1000℃)的抗氧化能力有较大影响。由于在晶界存在易氧化的第二相物质,含AlN作添加剂的氮化硅材料在低温段有较明显的氧化,氧化呈线性规律。     

添加剂对3Y-TZP材料烧结行为及力学性能的影响

在3Y－TZP（tetragonal zirconia polycrystals stabilized,3% Y2O3,摩尔分数）中,采用CAS（CaO-Al2O3-SiO2)玻璃粉料为添加剂,使材料在较低的温度下烧结致密,并具有较好的力学性能,发现液相烧结是使试样的烧结温度显著降低的主要原因。探讨了添加剂对试样的烧结特性及力学性能的影响。与加入LAS添加剂的试样相比,CAS试样的抗弯强度好高,而断裂韧性要差,分析了造成这种力学性能的原因。     

SCHEMES OF GAS PRODUCTION FROM NATURAL GAS HYDRATES

Natural gas hydrates are a kind of nonpolluting and high quality energy resources for future, the reserves of which are about twice of the carbon of the current fossil energy (petroleum, natural gas and coal) on the earth. And it will be the most important energy for the 21st century. The energy balance and numerical simulation are applied to study the schemes of the natural gas hydrates production in this paper, and it is considered that both depressurization and thermal stimulation are effective methods for exploiting natural gas hydrates, and that the gas production of the thermal stimulation is higher than that of the depressurization. But thermal stimulation is non-economic because it requires large amounts of energy. Therefore the combination of the two methods is a preferable method for the current development of the natural gas hydrates. The main factors which influence the production of natural gas hydrates are: the temperature of injected water, the injection rate, the initial saturation of the hydrates and the initial temperature of the reservoir which is the most important factor. 1 Lei Huaiyan, Wang Xianbin. Current Situation of Gas Hydrates Research and Challenges for Future. Acta Sedimentological Sinica, 1999, 17 (3)2 Shi Dou, Zheng Junwei. The Status and Prospects of Research and Exploitation of Natural Gas Hydrate in the World. Advance in Earth Sciences, 1999, 14 (4)3 Chen Huifan4g. Prediction of the Conditions for the Forming of Natural Gas Hydrate. Journal of Xi'an Petroleum Institute, 1994, 9 (1)4 Yao Yucheng, Yin Fushan. Progressin Study of Natural Gas Hydrates. Progress in Chemistry, 1997, 9 (3)5 Zhao Shengeai. Current Situation of Gas Hydrate and Our ??Country's Policy. Advancein Earth Sciences, 2002, 17 (3)6 Zhou Huaiyang, Peng Xiaotong. Development in Technology of Prospecting and Exploitation for Gas Hydrates. Geology and Prospecting, 2001, 38 (1)7 Zhu Yuenian, Shi Buqing. Control Effects of Natural Gas Hydrates on Oil and Gas Accumulation and Reservoir Preservation. Natural Gas Industry, 2000, 20 (3)8 Wim J A M Swinkels, Rik J J Drenth. Thermal Reservoir Simulation Model of Production from Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrate Accumulations. SPE 565509 Moridis G J, Collett T S, Dallimore S R, Tohru Satoh. Numerical Studies of Gas Production from Several CH_4-Hydrate Zones at the Mallik Site. LBNL 50257. Mackenzie Delta, Canada     

载料气体对化学气相沉积合成石英玻璃沉积速率的影响

采用化学气相沉积工艺合成了石英玻璃,研究了沉积速率与载料气体之间的关系.利用扫描电子显微镜观察火焰中SiO2粒子微观形态和尺寸.通过对SiCl4水解、氧化反应速率的计算表明:在一定温度下,当同时存在充足的H2O和O2时,SiCl4氧化反应速率远高于水解反应速率.当载料气体为H2,Sicl4流量为25g/min时,观察火焰中SiO2粒子的微观形态发现存在大量非球状无定形聚集体,表明SiCl4未反应完全,沉积速率较低,约为220～240 g/h.同样SiCl4流量下.采用O2作为载料气体时火焰中颗粒均为球状,SiCl4全部反应,沉积速率较高,达到300～350 g/h.当SiCl4流量为15 g/min时,载料气体的改变对SiO2粒子形态和尺寸没有影响,SiCl4可以全部反应,沉积速率基本相同.当SiCl4流量较高(25 g/min)时,载料气体对反应机理和沉积速率有显著影响,若要SiCl4在极短时间内完全反应生成球状SiO2粒子,需选择O2作为载料气体,充足的O2保证SiCl4可以通过氧化反应全部反应完毕,沉积速率相应提高.     

富乙烯气预分馏系统对裂解装置的影响分析

燕山石化于2005年建成一套回收催化裂化干气制乙烯系统,包括干气变压吸附与净化装置（在炼厂）和富乙烯气预分馏装置（在乙烯厂）.分析了富乙烯气预分馏装置的运行对乙烯装置的影响及解决措施.