三种电解质溶液的真空膜蒸馏比较研究

以氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化镁3种电解质溶液为对象,结合溶液中水的活度、黏度等热力学数据,采用中空纤维膜组件研究了原料浓度、循环速度、进口温度、冷侧真空度等参数对其真空膜蒸馏性能的影响。结果表明:水的活度、黏度等热力学性质是造成3种电解质溶液膜通量差异的主要原因;随着溶液浓度的提高,膜通量逐渐下降,在低浓度范围内,3种电解质溶液的膜通量比较接近,当溶液浓度超过3.0 mol/L时,三者出现分化,尤其是氯化镁溶液的通量出现较大地下降;原料的循环流速显著影响膜组件热侧溶液的进出口温差,从而影响中空纤维膜组件整体的蒸馏效率;原料进口温度和冷侧真空度是影响膜通量的主要因素之一。     

渗透膜蒸馏过程的试验研究及计算

利用纯水-氯化钠溶液(0.5～4.0 mol·L-1)为试验体系,对渗透膜蒸馏过程中氯化钠溶液流量,温度和浓度对渗透通量的影响进行了试验研究,在不同试验条件下考察了料液浓度和水分渗透总量随操作时间的变化.在试验研究的基础上,建立了用于描述渗透蒸馏过程中水分渗透总量和料液浓度变化的关系,并利用试验测定结果,对不同操作条件下的水分渗透总量和料液浓度进行了计算,计算结果与试验结果一致性较好.     

新型气隙式膜蒸馏组件盐水浓缩的试验研究

利用新型气隙式膜蒸馏组件对氯化钠溶液进行膜蒸馏试验研究。考察了进料温度、流速、浓度对膜通量、造水比和截留率的影响。结果表明,膜通量和造水比随着进料温度T3升高而增大,随着进料浓度的增加而减小;料液流量增加时膜通量增大,造水比降低;试验过程中截留率基本保持不变,稳定在99.8%以上。当料液浓度为3.0%,进料温度T1为30.0℃,T3为95.0℃、流量为7.0 L/h时,膜通量为4.1 L/(m2·h),造水比为7.0,截留率可达99.8%,经过60 d浓缩试验后,膜通量、造水比和截留率均保持稳定。     

膜蒸馏浓缩硫氰酸铵溶液的研究

以PVDF膜为材料,采用减压膜蒸馏对硫氰酸铵溶液进行浓缩,研究各种影响因素对膜通量的影响。结果表明:膜通量随进料液温度和冷侧真空度的增加而显著增加;流速增加,膜通量略有增加;浓度较低时,膜通量随浓度的增加缓慢下降,浓度较高时,膜通量随浓度的增加骤降;高浓度连续运行时,膜通量的衰减随时间的增加而加剧;PVDF膜疏水性较好,截留率保持在99.9%左右。膜丝用去离子水清洗、烘干后,膜通量与初始值相当。     

减压膜蒸馏淡化罗布泊地下苦咸水研究

考察了减压膜蒸馏淡化高浓度盐溶液过程中料液温度、浓度、冷侧真空度对膜通量及截留率的影响，结果表明：温度与膜的渗透通量成指数关系；浓度对膜渗透通量的影响呈倒S形；冷侧真空度拐点后膜的通量与膜两侧水蒸汽分压平方根的差成直线关系，这种关系说明了水蒸汽在膜孔内的传质过程是以扩散为主；将减压膜蒸馏过程应用于新疆某地下电导率达到102500μS／cm的地下苦咸水淡化处理，可获得馏出液电导率均小于10μS／cm的较好效果。设计了出水量约为1m^3／h的减压膜蒸馏装置，并初步进行了经济评价。     

聚丙烯中空纤维膜的应用与清洗方法

采用聚丙烯中空纤维微孔膜的减压膜蒸馏技术对氯化钠、氯化钙和硫酸镁等盐溶液进行脱盐处理，考察了料液温度、料液流量、料液浓度和冷测真空度对膜的渗透通量和去除率的影响。实验表明：随着真空度及料液流量、温度的提高，膜的渗透通量有增加的趋势。在相同条件下处理不同的盐溶液，膜的渗透通量相差不大，膜的去除率达到99％以上。使用0．5mol／L盐酸以及0．05mol／L EDTA清洗被污染的膜效果最明显，可迅速有效地将附着在中空纤维膜上的无机污染物去除，使膜渗透通量得到基本恢复。     

聚偏氟乙烯平板膜处理MgCl2水溶液的实验研究

采用聚偏氟乙烯平板膜,研究MgCl2水溶液在40g／L时减压膜蒸馏性能。实验结果表明,随着温度的升高,膜的渗透通量明显增大,通量随着膜后真空侧的压力增大而减小。聚偏氟乙烯平板膜表现了很好的疏水性,MgC2。水溶液的截留率在99．9％以上。     

浓水溶液的膜蒸馏行为：Ⅰ浓度对通量的影响及膜蒸馏—结晶现象

膜蒸馏过程与其他膜过程相比,一个很突出的优点是这一膜过程可以处理极高浓度的水溶液。本文以葡萄糖和氯化钠水溶液为蒸馏对象,讨论了浓度对蒸馏通量的影响。由于葡萄糖是不易结晶物质,当达到饱和状态时溶液过于粘稠,使蒸馏过程不能进行,氯化钠容易结晶,当达到饱和状态时会出现膜蒸馏—结晶现象,伴随膜蒸馏的进行不断析出氯化钠晶体,使采用膜技术直接从溶液中分离出结晶产物成为可能。     

舰船冷却海水真空膜蒸馏淡化实验研究

采用 NACE膜设计舰船冷却海水真空膜蒸馏淡化工艺流程,实验考察海水温度、海水流量、渗透侧真空度对产水通量的影响,通过连续运行实验考察膜通量的变化,并采取多种清洗方法比较膜通量的恢复情况。结果表明：舰船冷却水真空膜蒸馏海水淡化的产水通量受海水温度、海水流量、渗透侧真空度影响显著,适宜操作条件为进料海水温度 70～80 ℃,海水流量 35～40 L/min,真空度 0.08～0.09 MPa。膜通量下降时采用 0.5 mol/L 稀盐酸清洗,通量能恢复98.8%。当海水流量40 L/min,水温80 ℃,真空度0.09 MPa时,膜通量达到18 L/（m²·h）。     

利用多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩硫酸和磷酸水溶液

利用自制中空纤维气隙式多效膜蒸馏组件进行了多效膜蒸馏过程浓缩稀硫酸和磷酸溶液的研究, 考察了膜入口温度、料液进口浓度和料液流量对渗透通量和造水比的影响。结果表明,膜入口温度升高时渗透通量和造水比增加;料液流量增加,渗透通量增加,而造水比随之降低;料液酸浓度增加,渗透通量和造水比均随之下降,且硫酸的影响更为显著。实验过程中渗透通量和造水比最高可达5.3 L/(m²·h)和11.5。在适当的操作条件下,该过程可将质量分数(下同)为2%的稀硫酸或稀磷酸溶液浓缩至40%以上,且渗透液最大的电导率仍小于200 μS/cm。以10%的硫酸溶液为料液,利用2个不同的膜组件进行了持续30 d的多效膜蒸馏过程稳定性实验研究,实验期间所用膜组件操作性能没有明显下降,没有观察到膜渗漏现象。     

Integrated forward osmosis–membrane distillation (FO–MD) hybrid system for the concentration of protein solutions

For the first time, an integrated forward osmosis–membrane distillation (FO–MD) hybrid system has been demonstrated for the concentration of protein solutions, specifically a bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution. A hydrophilic polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofiltration hollow fiber membrane and a hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride-polytetrafluoroethylene (PVDF-PTFE) hollow fiber membrane were fabricated and employed in the FO and MD processes, respectively. A concentrated NaCl solution was employed as the draw solute to dehydrate proteins in FO, while distillate water is a by-product during the re-concentration of diluted NaCl draw solution in MD. To determine suitable operating conditions for the hybrid system, independent characterizations were carried out for both FO and MD processes using different NaCl concentrations as draw solutes in FO and different feed temperatures in MD. It was found that the integrated system is stable in continuous operation when the dehydration rate across the FO membrane is the same as the water vapor rate across the MD membrane. Simple mathematical models consistent with the experimental results were also developed for the FO and the FO–MD hybrid systems. The newly developed FO–MD hybrid system is promising for the concentration of pharmaceuticals/protein solutions in the foreseeable future.     

Nanofiltration of textile wastewater for water reuse

The textile industry produces a large amount of wastewater that is highly coloured with high loading of inorganic salt. Crossflow nanofiltration using thin film composite polysulfone membrane was used to recover the electrolyte solution and reject the colour. Using a synthetic textile effluent of reactive dye and NaCl solution, the study focused on the mechanism controlling flux and rejection by varying four main parameter; crossflow velocity, initial dye concentration, feed pressure, and electrolyte concentration. Results show that flux was dominated by the osmotic pressure created from the presence of NaCl, and that dye concentration did not significantly effect the flux or rejection. Working at low pressures of up to 500 kPa, relatively high fluxes were obtained, with an average dye rejection of 98% and NaCl rejections of less than 14%. Thus, a high quality of reuse water could be recovered. Even after a number of cycles, the membrane did not foul irreversibly, with an overall mean waterflux recovery of 99%.     

十二烷基硫酸钠对膜蒸馏过程影响

膜蒸馏具有较低的操作压力、操作温度以及运行成本等优点，因此在水处理方面有广泛的应用前景。但是膜蒸馏过程中的膜润湿和膜污染现象仍然是阻碍其工业化应用的主要问题。表面活性剂作为一种能显著降低溶液表面张力、改变进料液性质的物质，对膜蒸馏造成的影响值得被研究。基于此，研究了在直接接触式膜蒸馏（DCMD）过程中表面活性剂对不同商业微孔疏水膜造成的影响，选用了一种常见的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)进行实验。结果表明，进料液中SDS浓度的上升会引起更为严重的膜润湿现象，并且所使用的三种商业膜中，双疏膜抗润湿性最强，而PVDF膜最弱。而当Ca²⁺大量存在于进料液中时，Ca²⁺与SDS的聚集降低了膜润湿的程度但其在膜表面的沉积造成了严重的膜污染。界面相互作用自由能的计算结果表明Ca²⁺/SDS与PVDF膜之间的吸引力最大、PTFE膜其次、双疏膜最小，这一结果与膜蒸馏过程中通量变化情况相符。     

CFD simulation on membrane distillation of NaCl solution

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation that coupled an established heat and mass transfer model was carried out for the air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) of NaCl solution to predict mass and heat behaviors of the process. The effects of temperature and flowrate on fluxes were first simulated and compared with available experimental data to verify the approach. The profiles of temperature, temperature polarization factor, and mass flux adjacent to the tubular carbon membrane surface were then examined under different feed Reynolds number in the computational domain. Results show that the temperature polarization phenomena can be reduced, and mass flux can be enhanced with increase in the feed Reynolds number.     

超声作用对NaCl和MgSO4溶液在纳滤膜内传质的影响

将超声波用于强化电解质溶液在纳滤膜内的传质过程,研究超声作用下NaCl和MgSO₄溶液在聚酰胺纳滤膜内的传质机理,考察超声作用对膜通量、截留率和跨膜电位随跨膜压差变化规律的影响。实验结果表明,与无超声作用相比,施加在膜表面的超声作用增大了膜通量,降低了截留率,提高了跨膜电位。     

Transport Phenomena of Chitosan Membrane in Pervaporation of Water-Ethanol Mixture

ABSTRACT

The pervaporation transport process of H₂O-EtOH solution was studied on a chitosan membrane and on a H₂SO₄ crosslinked chitosan membrane. The influence of concentration, temperature, and crosslinking was also studied. The dependence of permeation fluxes on feed concentration showed strong coupling effects existed in the permeation process. That the thermodynamic swelling—distribution relationship changed with the feed concentration also showed that a strong coupling effect existed in the thermodynamic swelling process. The permeation fluxes and thermodynamic swelling processes showed analogous relationships versus the concentration in the feed. The high swelling ratio and the high selectivity of the membrane in the thermodynamic swelling distribution process was the basis ofhigh flux and high permselectivity of pervaporation. With an increase of temperature, the permeation fluxes increased quickly, but the swelling ratio of water and EtOH in the membrane scarcely changed. This showed that an increase of temperature promoted the diffusion process but had little influence on permselectivity. The permselectivity of pervaporation depended strongly on the thermodynamic swelling process.     

Sorption and pervaporation separation of ethyl tert—butyl ether and ethanol mixtures through a blended membrane

A new kind of membrane was prepared by blending poly(acrylic acid) with cellulose acetate propionate for the separation of ethyl tert—butyl ether and ethanol mixtures. The properties of the membranes were evaluated by the pervaporation separation of mixtures of ethyl tert—butyl ether/ethanol and the sorption experiments. The experimental results showed that the selectivity and the fluxes of this membrane depend on the blend composition and on that of processed feed mixtures. With respect to temperature, the ethanol fluxes obey the Arrhenius equation. The fluxes increase with the increase of the poly(acrylic acid) content in the blended membrane, the ethanol concentration in the feed, and the experimental temperature. But the selectivity decreases as the poly(acrylic acid) content and the experimental temperature are raised up. When the feed composition is varied, this membrane shows the special characteristics at the azeotropic composition. In the vicinity of the azeotropic point, the minimum values of ethanol concentration in the permeate and in sorption solution are obtained. The swelling ratios increase with an increase in the temperature and the ethanol concentration. The ethanol concentration in the sorption solution is also influenced by the temperature and composition of the mixtures. When the temperature increases, the sorption selectivity of the membrane decreases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1631–1638, 1997     

微乳液膜法萃取钕

进行了微乳液膜法萃取Nd3+的研究,考察了不同盐酸浓度时微乳液的溶水量及其对Nd3+的萃取率、内相富集浓度的影响,同时还考察了温度、料液浓度、缓冲剂对萃取Nd3+的影响.结果表明,随着盐酸浓度增大,微乳液溶水量增加;内相Nd3+富集倍数最高为24.3倍,料液Nd3+浓度相同时,内相Nd3+富集浓度和富集倍数随溶水量增加而减小,萃取率则变化不大,一般在70%～80%范围,于料液中加入缓冲剂对Nd3+的萃取率有很大影响.根据微乳液膜渗透速率方程计算了传质系数.通过在微乳液和料液之间加载一层亲水性微孔滤膜,避免了微乳液与料液直接接触所产生的乳化,内相泄漏也得到了抑制.     

Effects of polyethylene glycol on the structure and filtration performance of thin-film PA-Psf composite forward osmosis membranes

In forward osmosis, internal concentration polarization is related to the properties (e.g., hydrophilicity, porosity, structural resistant) of membrane support layer. In this work, polyethylene glycol with a low molecular weight of 400 Da was introduced as a support layer additive during the fabrication of thin-film polyamide-polysulfone composite forward osmosis membranes. The forward osmosis performances including water flux and reverse salt flux of the membranes were tested in the mode of AL-FS where the membrane active layer faced toward feed solution. Results showed that the addition of polyethylene glycol would reduce internal concentration polarization and improve membrane performance in forward osmosis by means of enhancing membrane hydrophilicity and changing pore morphologies of membrane support layer. The membrane prepared with 6 wt.% polyethylene glycol was found to exhibit the highest water flux of 47.4 Lm^?2h^?1 with a reverse salt flux of 7.6 gm^?2h^?1 when using DI water and 2.0 M NaCl as the feed and the draw solution, respectively, indicating an optimal polyethylene glycol dosage of 6 wt.% in this work.     

Permeate-Flux Declination for Ultrafiltration along Membrane Tubes

The correlation equations for predicting local permeate fluxes in tubular-membrane ultrafilters were derived from mass and momentum balances by the modified resistance-in-series model with the considerations of the increment of concentration polarization and the declines of transmembrane pressure and flow rate, along the membrane tube. Ultrafiltration of dextran T500 aqueous solution in a tubular microporous ceramic module has been carried out under various feed concentrations, transmembrane pressures, and feed flow rates, and many experimental data of ten-point local permeate fluxes along the tube were obtained to confirm the correlation predictions. The increment of concentration polarization, as well as the decline of permeate flux, along the tube was also discussed.